{ "approval": { "reviewedBy": "Admin", "reviewedAt": "2026-10-07T12:31:25.567Z", "contentApproved": true, "sourceRightsApproved": true, "packHash": "7effe1565a6fb552d81f17d22bb760889079b42c818182a66851eeb9583497a0", "sourcesHash": "2f17843ec1bfef474051052d8fee0e5ca0afaf4cfa29ce9e5deeb0ac88305c26" }, "pack": { "schemaVersion": 1, "status": "editorial_draft", "preparedAt": "2026-10-07T12:03:26.248Z", "generatedBy": "GitHub Copilot / GPT-6.1 Sol; Valyzer / openrouter / openai/gpt-5-mini", "scope": "All remaining World country-level units, including territories and entities with particular status. Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment or declaration of sovereignty.", "countries": [ { "iso2": "AD", "name": { "en": "Andorra", "es": "Andorra" }, "summary": { "en": "Andorra is a landlocked principality in the eastern Pyrenees, headed by two co-princes; capital Andorra la Vella; not a member of the EU.", "es": "Andorra es un principado sin salida al mar en los Pirineos; lo dirigen dos copríncipes; capital Andorra la Vella; no es miembro de la UE." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "A diarchy headed by the Bishop of Urgell and the president of France; member of Council of Europe and the UN.", "es": "Diarquía presidida por el obispo de Urgell y el presidente de Francia; miembro del Consejo de Europa y de la ONU.", "sourceIds": [ "AD:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Tourism is a major sector, bringing about eight million visitors annually.", "es": "El turismo es un sector clave, con aproximadamente ocho millones de visitantes al año.", "sourceIds": [ "AD:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "AD:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Not an EU member; member of the Council of Europe and the United Nations.", "es": "No es miembro de la UE; es miembro del Consejo de Europa y de las Naciones Unidas.", "sourceIds": [ "AD:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "AE", "name": { "en": "United Arab Emirates", "es": "Emiratos Árabes Unidos" }, "summary": { "en": "The United Arab Emirates is a federal semi-constitutional monarchy of seven emirates, Arabic official language; oil and gas wealth and a diversified economy; described by the source as authoritarian with human-rights concerns.", "es": "Los Emiratos Árabes Unidos son una monarquía federal semi-constitucional de siete emiratos, con árabe oficial; riquezas de petróleo y gas y economía diversificada; el texto los califica de autoritarios con problemas de derechos humanos." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Federal system led by the Federal Supreme Council of seven ruling emirs; presidential and cabinet appointment processes described.", "es": "Sistema federal dirigido por el Consejo Supremo Federal de los siete emires; el texto describe el nombramiento del presidente y del gabinete.", "sourceIds": [ "AE:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Economy diversifying away from hydrocarbons; Dubai is an international finance and tourism hub.", "es": "Economía diversificándose más allá de los hidrocarburos; Dubái es un centro internacional de finanzas y turismo.", "sourceIds": [ "AE:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source reports severe restrictions on individual rights and repression of freedoms, with documented human-rights abuses.", "es": "El texto informa restricciones severas a derechos individuales y represión de libertades, con denuncias de abusos de derechos humanos.", "sourceIds": [ "AE:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Member of numerous international organisations including the UN, Arab League, WTO and BRICS (source list).", "es": "Miembro de varias organizaciones internacionales: ONU, Liga Árabe, OMC y BRICS (según el texto).", "sourceIds": [ "AE:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "AF", "name": { "en": "Afghanistan", "es": "Afganistán" }, "summary": { "en": "Afghanistan is a landlocked Asian country; the source describes the Taliban's 2021 return to government, human-rights concerns and severe development challenges.", "es": "Afganistán es un país asiático sin litoral; la fuente describe el regreso de los talibanes al Gobierno en 2021, preocupaciones sobre derechos humanos y graves retos de desarrollo." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source records the Taliban's 2021 return and human-rights concerns; present recognition and governing arrangements require verification.", "es": "La fuente recoge el regreso talibán de 2021 y preocupaciones sobre derechos humanos; reconocimiento y organización gubernamental actuales requieren verificación.", "sourceIds": [ "AF:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source describes mineral wealth alongside severe underdevelopment.", "es": "La fuente describe riqueza mineral junto a graves problemas de desarrollo.", "sourceIds": [ "AF:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source links decades of war to terrorism, poverty and child malnutrition; this is not a live incident assessment.", "es": "La fuente vincula décadas de guerra con terrorismo, pobreza y desnutrición infantil; no es una evaluación de incidentes en directo.", "sourceIds": [ "AF:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source records South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation participation.", "es": "La fuente recoge participación en la Asociación de Asia Meridional para la Cooperación Regional y la Organización de Cooperación Islámica.", "sourceIds": [ "AF:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "AG", "name": { "en": "Antigua & Barbuda", "es": "Antigua y Barbuda" }, "summary": { "en": "Antigua and Barbuda is an archipelagic Commonwealth realm in the Caribbean; unitary state with a Barbuda Council; service-based, high-income economy per the source.", "es": "Antigua y Barbuda es un país archipelágico y reino de la Commonwealth en el Caribe; estado unitario con el Consejo de Barbuda; economía basada en servicios y de altos ingresos según la fuente." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "A constitutional monarchy and Commonwealth realm with a bicameral legislature; Barbuda has local administration via the Barbuda Council.", "es": "Monarquía constitucional y reino de la Commonwealth con legislatura bicameral; Barbuda tiene administración local mediante el Consejo de Barbuda.", "sourceIds": [ "AG:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Mostly service-based economy; described as high-income and the most developed Caribbean country by HDI in the source.", "es": "Economía mayoritariamente de servicios; la fuente la califica de ingresos altos y la más desarrollada del Caribe según el IDH.", "sourceIds": [ "AG:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Member of regional security arrangements, including the Regional Security System (per source).", "es": "Miembro de mecanismos regionales de seguridad, incluido el Regional Security System (según la fuente).", "sourceIds": [ "AG:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Member of the UN, OECS, CARICOM and the World Trade Organization (source).", "es": "Miembro de la ONU, la OECS, CARICOM y la Organización Mundial del Comercio (según la fuente).", "sourceIds": [ "AG:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "AI", "name": { "en": "Anguilla", "es": "Anguila" }, "summary": { "en": "Anguilla is a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean; main island plus small cays; capital The Valley.", "es": "Anguila es un Territorio Británico de Ultramar en el Caribe; isla principal y pequeñas cayos; capital The Valley." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The territory is constitutionally a British Overseas Territory (as stated in the source).", "es": "El texto indica que el territorio es un Territorio Británico de Ultramar.", "sourceIds": [ "AI:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "AI:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "AI:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "AI:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "AL", "name": { "en": "Albania", "es": "Albania" }, "summary": { "en": "Albania, the Republic of Albania, is in Southeastern Europe and the Balkans; a parliamentary constitutional republic and official EU candidate per the source.", "es": "Albania, la República de Albania, está en el sureste de Europa y los Balcanes; es una república constitucional parlamentaria y, según la fuente, candidata oficial a la UE." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Governed under a constitution with separation of powers: parliament, ceremonial president, and a prime minister-led government.", "es": "Gobernada por una constitución con separación de poderes: parlamento, presidente ceremonial y un gobierno dirigido por el primer ministro.", "sourceIds": [ "AL:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Described as an upper‑middle income developing country driven by services; tourism and manufacturing are important sectors.", "es": "Descrita como país en desarrollo de ingresos medios-altos impulsado por los servicios; el turismo y la manufactura son sectores importantes.", "sourceIds": [ "AL:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source notes involvement of the illegal drug trade in the economy.", "es": "La fuente señala la participación del tráfico ilegal de drogas en la economía.", "sourceIds": [ "AL:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Official candidate for European Union membership; accession negotiations began in 2022 (per source).", "es": "Candidata oficial para la adhesión a la Unión Europea; las negociaciones de adhesión empezaron en 2022 (según la fuente).", "sourceIds": [ "AL:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "AM", "name": { "en": "Armenia", "es": "Armenia" }, "summary": { "en": "Landlocked Republic in the Armenian highlands; a unitary, multi‑party democratic nation‑state that participates in European and Eurasian organisations; supported Artsakh until Azerbaijan reincorporated it in 2023.", "es": "República sin litoral en las mesetas armenias; un Estado-nación unitario, multipartidista y democrático que participa en organizaciones europeas y eurasiáticas; apoyó Artsaj hasta su reincorporación por Azerbaiyán en 2023." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Unitary, multi‑party democratic nation‑state; independent after the Soviet dissolution in 1991.", "es": "Estado-nación unitario, multipartidista y democrático; independiente tras la disolución soviética en 1991.", "sourceIds": [ "AM:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Developing economy based mainly on industrial output and mineral extraction.", "es": "Economía en desarrollo basada principalmente en la industria y la extracción de minerales.", "sourceIds": [ "AM:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source states Armenia supported the once de facto Republic of Artsakh until Azerbaijan reincorporated the region in 2023.", "es": "La fuente indica que Armenia apoyó la entonces de facto República de Artsaj hasta que Azerbaiyán reincorporó la región en 2023.", "sourceIds": [ "AM:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Views itself as part of Europe and is a member of multiple European and regional Eurasian organisations.", "es": "Se considera parte de Europa y es miembro de diversas organizaciones europeas y grupos regionales eurasiáticos.", "sourceIds": [ "AM:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "AO", "name": { "en": "Angola", "es": "Angola" }, "summary": { "en": "Republic on Africa's southwest coast and a major Portuguese‑speaking state; gained independence in 1975 and endured a protracted civil war, with post‑2002 political transition and international memberships.", "es": "República en la costa suroeste de África y gran país lusófono; logró la independencia en 1975 y vivió una larga guerra civil, con transición política tras 2002 y membresías internacionales." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Independence in 1975 followed by a destructive civil war among competing movements; since 2002 described as a constitutional republic.", "es": "Independencia en 1975 seguida de una guerra civil destructiva entre movimientos; desde 2002 se describe como república constitucional.", "sourceIds": [ "AO:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Post‑war growth described as rapid but uneven, with most wealth concentrated in a small part of the population.", "es": "El crecimiento posbélico se describe como rápido pero desigual, con la mayor parte de la riqueza concentrada en una pequeña fracción de la población.", "sourceIds": [ "AO:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source documents a protracted civil war that ended in 2002, after which the country underwent a political transition.", "es": "La fuente documenta una guerra civil prolongada que finalizó en 2002, tras la cual el país experimentó una transición política.", "sourceIds": [ "AO:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Member of the United Nations, African Union, Community of Portuguese Language Countries, and SADC.", "es": "Miembro de las Naciones Unidas, la Unión Africana, la Comunidad de Países de Lengua Portuguesa y la SADC.", "sourceIds": [ "AO:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "AQ", "name": { "en": "Antarctica", "es": "Antártida" }, "summary": { "en": "Antarctica is Earth's southernmost continent, largely covered by ice and subject to the Antarctic Treaty System; it is not an independent country.", "es": "La Antártida es el continente más austral de la Tierra, mayoritariamente cubierto de hielo y sujeto al Sistema del Tratado Antártico; no es un país independiente." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes international governance through the Antarctic Treaty System, without treating territorial claims as settled sovereign ownership.", "es": "La fuente describe gobernanza internacional mediante el Sistema del Tratado Antártico, sin tratar las reclamaciones territoriales como propiedad soberana resuelta.", "sourceIds": [ "AQ:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Tourism, fishing and research are human activities identified in and around Antarctica.", "es": "Turismo, pesca e investigación son actividades humanas identificadas en la Antártida y sus alrededores.", "sourceIds": [ "AQ:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source describes Antarctic Treaty System restrictions on military activity, mining, nuclear explosions and nuclear waste disposal.", "es": "La fuente describe restricciones del Sistema del Tratado Antártico sobre actividad militar, minería, explosiones nucleares y eliminación de residuos nucleares.", "sourceIds": [ "AQ:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source describes a multilateral treaty framework rather than ordinary national diplomacy.", "es": "La fuente describe un marco de tratados multilateral, no diplomacia nacional ordinaria.", "sourceIds": [ "AQ:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "AS", "name": { "en": "American Samoa", "es": "Samoa Americana" }, "summary": { "en": "Self‑governing, unincorporated and unorganized territory of the United States in Polynesia; has its own constitution and local republican government, but residents are non‑citizen US nationals.", "es": "Territorio autónomo, no incorporado y no organizado de Estados Unidos en la Polinesia; posee su propia constitución y gobierno republicano local, pero sus habitantes son nacionales no ciudadanos de EE. UU." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Self‑governing, unincorporated and unorganized U.S. territory with a locally adopted constitution and separate executive, legislative and judicial branches.", "es": "Territorio estadounidense autónomo, no incorporado y no organizado con constitución local adoptada y poderes ejecutivo, legislativo y judicial separados.", "sourceIds": [ "AS:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Tuna products are the main exports; tourism is underdeveloped and the territory experiences high poverty and emigration.", "es": "Los productos de atún son las principales exportaciones; el turismo está poco desarrollado y el territorio afronta altos niveles de pobreza y emigración.", "sourceIds": [ "AS:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The U.S. military has a significant presence and plays a major role in the territory's economy and society per the source.", "es": "Según la fuente, las fuerzas armadas de EE. UU. tienen una presencia significativa y desempeñan un papel importante en la economía y la sociedad del territorio.", "sourceIds": [ "AS:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Listed as a UN non‑self‑governing territory and is a member of regional organisations like the Pacific Community and Pacific Islands Forum.", "es": "Listado como territorio no autónomo de la ONU y miembro de organizaciones regionales como la Comunidad del Pacífico y el Foro de las Islas del Pacífico.", "sourceIds": [ "AS:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "AW", "name": { "en": "Aruba", "es": "Aruba" }, "summary": { "en": "Constituent country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands since 1986, located in the southern Caribbean; shares Dutch nationality with other Kingdom countries.", "es": "País constituyente dentro del Reino de los Países Bajos desde 1986, en el Caribe meridional; comparte la nacionalidad neerlandesa con otros países del Reino." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "A constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which acquired its present status and official name in 1986; capital Oranjestad.", "es": "País constituyente del Reino de los Países Bajos, que adoptó su estatus y nombre oficial en 1986; capital Oranjestad.", "sourceIds": [ "AW:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "AW:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "AW:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Part of the Dutch Caribbean and the ABC islands grouping within the region.", "es": "Forma parte del Caribe neerlandés y del grupo de islas ABC en la región.", "sourceIds": [ "AW:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "AX", "name": { "en": "Åland Islands", "es": "Islas Aland" }, "summary": { "en": "Åland is an autonomous, demilitarised region of Finland since 1920 with Swedish as its official language and Mariehamn as its capital.", "es": "Åland es una región autónoma y desmilitarizada de Finlandia desde 1920, con el sueco como idioma oficial y Mariehamn como capital." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Autonomy means provincial powers normally exercised by Finland's central government are largely exercised by Åland's own government.", "es": "La autonomía implica que las competencias provinciales normalmente ejercidas por el Gobierno central de Finlandia son en gran parte desempeñadas por el propio gobierno de Åland.", "sourceIds": [ "AX:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "AX:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Åland's demilitarised, neutral status dates back to the Paris Peace arrangements after the Åland War in the 1850s.", "es": "La condición desmilitarizada y neutral de Åland proviene de los acuerdos de paz de París tras la guerra de Åland en la década de 1850.", "sourceIds": [ "AX:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "AX:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "AZ", "name": { "en": "Azerbaijan", "es": "Azerbaiyán" }, "summary": { "en": "Azerbaijan is a landlocked country on the boundary of Western Asia and Eastern Europe; a unitary semi‑presidential republic with recent military action in Nagorno‑Karabakh (2023).", "es": "Azerbaiyán es un país sin salida al mar en el límite entre Asia Occidental y Europa Oriental; república unitaria semipresidencial con acción militar reciente en Nagorno‑Karabaj (2023)." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Unitary semi‑presidential republic; ruling party has been accused of authoritarianism and media and rights restrictions.", "es": "República unitaria semipresidencial; el partido gobernante ha sido acusado de autoritarismo y de restricciones a los medios y derechos.", "sourceIds": [ "AZ:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Azerbaijan is described as a developing country.", "es": "Azerbaiyán se describe como un país en desarrollo.", "sourceIds": [ "AZ:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Nagorno‑Karabakh became a self‑proclaimed entity in 1991; parts returned to Azerbaijani control after 2020 war; 2023 offensive ended Artsakh.", "es": "Nagorno‑Karabaj se autoproclamó en 1991; partes volvieron al control azerí tras la guerra de 2020; la ofensiva de 2023 terminó Artsaj.", "sourceIds": [ "AZ:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Active internationally: member of multiple organisations; diplomatic relations with many states; observer at the WTO; member of Turkic organisations.", "es": "Activo internacionalmente: miembro de varias organizaciones; relaciones diplomáticas amplias; observador en la OMC; miembro de organizaciones túrquicas.", "sourceIds": [ "AZ:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "BA", "name": { "en": "Bosnia & Herzegovina", "es": "Bosnia y Herzegovina" }, "summary": { "en": "Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country in Southeastern Europe with a decentralized state structure of two entities and a tripartite presidency.", "es": "Bosnia y Herzegovina es un país del sureste de Europa con una estructura descentralizada, dos entidades y una presidencia tripartita." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Bicameral legislature and a three‑member presidency representing the three main ethnic groups; central government powers are limited.", "es": "Legislatura bicameral y presidencia de tres miembros por las principales comunidades; el gobierno central tiene poderes limitados.", "sourceIds": [ "BA:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Developing, upper‑middle‑income economy dominated by industry and agriculture, with growing tourism and services.", "es": "País en desarrollo, renta media alta, economía dominada por industria y agricultura, con turismo y servicios en crecimiento.", "sourceIds": [ "BA:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Experienced the Bosnian War (1992–1995), which ended with the Dayton Agreement.", "es": "Sufrió la guerra de Bosnia (1992–1995), que concluyó con el Acuerdo de Dayton.", "sourceIds": [ "BA:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Member of the UN, Council of Europe, OSCE, CEFTA; EU candidate since 2022 and NATO candidate since 2010.", "es": "Miembro de la ONU, Consejo de Europa, OSCE, CEFTA; país candidato a la UE desde 2022 y a la OTAN desde 2010.", "sourceIds": [ "BA:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "BB", "name": { "en": "Barbados", "es": "Barbados" }, "summary": { "en": "Barbados is an island nation in the Caribbean; it became a republic within the Commonwealth in 2021 and is a leading regional tourist destination.", "es": "Barbados es una nación insular del Caribe; en 2021 pasó a ser república dentro de la Commonwealth y es un destacado destino turístico regional." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Transitioned from a Commonwealth realm to a republic within the Commonwealth on 30 November 2021.", "es": "Transicionó de reino de la Commonwealth a república dentro de la Commonwealth el 30 de noviembre de 2021.", "sourceIds": [ "BB:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Ranked among the Caribbean's leading tourist destinations.", "es": "Clasificado entre los principales destinos turísticos del Caribe.", "sourceIds": [ "BB:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "BB:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Historically a Commonwealth realm; now a republic within the Commonwealth.", "es": "Históricamente reino de la Commonwealth; actualmente república dentro de la Commonwealth.", "sourceIds": [ "BB:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "BF", "name": { "en": "Burkina Faso", "es": "Burkina Faso" }, "summary": { "en": "Burkina Faso is a landlocked West African country that has experienced repeated coups; governed as a semi‑presidential republic.", "es": "Burkina Faso es un país sin litoral de África occidental que ha sufrido golpes de Estado recurrentes; se gobierna como república semipresidencial." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Governed as a semi‑presidential republic; since independence the country has faced political instability and multiple coups.", "es": "Gobernado como república semipresidencial; desde la independencia ha afrontado inestabilidad política y múltiples golpes de Estado.", "sourceIds": [ "BF:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Described as one of the least developed countries; territory holds mineral reserves including gold and manganese.", "es": "Descrito como uno de los países menos desarrollados; su territorio posee reservas minerales como oro y manganeso.", "sourceIds": [ "BF:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Multiple coups and coup attempts; since 2025 formalized exit from ECOWAS and La Francophonie; suspended from the African Union.", "es": "Múltiples golpes y intentos de golpe; desde 2025 formalizó la salida de CEDEAO y La Francofonía; suspendido de la Unión Africana.", "sourceIds": [ "BF:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Member of the United Nations and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.", "es": "Miembro de las Naciones Unidas y de la Organización de Cooperación Islámica.", "sourceIds": [ "BF:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "BG", "name": { "en": "Bulgaria", "es": "Bulgaria" }, "summary": { "en": "Bulgaria is a country in Southeastern Europe and a parliamentary republic since 1991; member of the EU, NATO and the euro area.", "es": "Bulgaria es un país del sureste de Europa y república parlamentaria desde 1991; miembro de la UE, la OTAN y la zona euro." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Parliamentary republic under a 1991 constitution with 28 provinces and centralised administration.", "es": "República parlamentaria según la constitución de 1991, con 28 provincias y administración centralizada.", "sourceIds": [ "BG:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Developed, high‑income economy integrated in the European single market; services-led, with manufacturing and mining.", "es": "Economía desarrollada de altos ingresos integrada en el mercado único europeo; liderada por servicios, con manufactura y minería.", "sourceIds": [ "BG:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Strategic transit role for natural gas and oil pipelines and a Black Sea location.", "es": "Papel estratégico como tránsito de gas y petróleo y ubicación en el Mar Negro.", "sourceIds": [ "BG:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Member state of the EU, Schengen Area, eurozone, NATO, and regional organisations like the Bucharest Nine.", "es": "Estado miembro de la UE, espacio Schengen, zona euro, OTAN y organizaciones regionales como el Grupo de Bucarest.", "sourceIds": [ "BG:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "BH", "name": { "en": "Bahrain", "es": "Baréin" }, "summary": { "en": "Bahrain, officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, is an island country in West Asia; a semi‑constitutional monarchy since 2002.", "es": "Baréin, oficialmente Reino de Baréin, es un país insular en Asia Occidental; monarquía semiconstitucional desde 2002." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Semi‑constitutional monarchy; constitution names sharia a principal source of legislation; ruled by the Al Khalifa family.", "es": "Monarquía semiconstitucional; la constitución sitúa la sharía como fuente principal de legislación; gobernada por la familia Al Khalifa.", "sourceIds": [ "BH:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "One of the first post‑oil Gulf economies, with major banking and tourism sectors alongside continued oil revenues.", "es": "Una de las primeras economías pospetroleras del Golfo, con sectores bancario y turístico importantes junto a ingresos petroleros.", "sourceIds": [ "BH:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Experienced protests during the 2011 Arab Spring; the ruling family has been criticised over human rights.", "es": "Experimentó protestas en 2011 durante la Primavera Árabe; la familia gobernante ha sido criticada por derechos humanos.", "sourceIds": [ "BH:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Member of the UN, Arab League, OIC, GCC; Dialogue partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.", "es": "Miembro de la ONU, Liga Árabe, OCI y CCG; socio de diálogo de la Organización de Cooperación de Shanghái.", "sourceIds": [ "BH:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "BI", "name": { "en": "Burundi", "es": "Burundi" }, "summary": { "en": "The Republic of Burundi is a landlocked country in East Africa.", "es": "La República de Burundi es un país sin litoral en África Oriental." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Post‑2005 governance reflects the Arusha Agreement and a new constitution; the dominant Hutu-led party is widely accused of authoritarianism and human‑rights abuses (source).", "es": "Desde 2005 se integró el Acuerdo de Arusha en una nueva constitución; el partido dominante, liderado por hutus, es acusado de autoritarismo y violaciones de derechos (fuente).", "sourceIds": [ "BI:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Land is mainly used for subsistence agriculture and grazing; the country faces extreme poverty and underdevelopment (source).", "es": "La tierra se destina sobre todo a agricultura de subsistencia y pastoreo; el país afronta pobreza extrema y subdesarrollo (fuente).", "sourceIds": [ "BI:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source documents historical mass violence, including a 1972 genocide and a subsequent civil war that began after the 1993 assassination.", "es": "La fuente documenta violencia histórica, incluida la genocidio de 1972 y la guerra civil desencadenada tras el asesinato de 1993.", "sourceIds": [ "BI:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Burundi is a member of the African Union, East African Community, United Nations and other regional and international bodies (source).", "es": "Burundi es miembro de la Unión Africana, la Comunidad de África Oriental, las Naciones Unidas y otros organismos regionales e internacionales (fuente).", "sourceIds": [ "BI:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "BJ", "name": { "en": "Benin", "es": "Benín" }, "summary": { "en": "The Republic of Benin is a country in West Africa.", "es": "La República de Benín es un país de África Occidental." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "As a sovereign state, Benin has experienced democratic governments, military coups and a Marxist–Leninist state later replaced by a multi‑party republic (source).", "es": "Como Estado soberano, Benín ha tenido gobiernos democráticos, golpes militares, un Estado marxista‑leninista y luego la república multipartidista (fuente).", "sourceIds": [ "BJ:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The economy is tropical and heavily dependent on agriculture and exports such as palm oil and cotton (source).", "es": "La economía es tropical y depende en gran medida de la agricultura y exportaciones como aceite de palma y algodón (fuente).", "sourceIds": [ "BJ:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "BJ:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Benin is a member of the UN, African Union, ECOWAS and other international organisations (source).", "es": "Benín es miembro de la ONU, la Unión Africana, la CEDEAO y otras organizaciones internacionales (fuente).", "sourceIds": [ "BJ:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "BL", "name": { "en": "St. Barthélemy", "es": "San Bartolomé" }, "summary": { "en": "Saint Barthélemy is an overseas collectivity of France in the Caribbean.", "es": "San Bartolomé es una colectividad de ultramar de Francia en el Caribe." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collectivity is represented in the French Parliament; it separated from Guadeloupe after a 2003 vote to become a distinct overseas collectivity (source).", "es": "La colectividad está representada en el Parlamento francés; en 2003 votó separarse de Guadalupe para formar una colectividad de ultramar distinta (fuente).", "sourceIds": [ "BL:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The island is a tourism destination geared toward a high‑end, luxury market (source).", "es": "La isla es un destino turístico orientado al mercado de lujo (fuente).", "sourceIds": [ "BL:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "BL:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "BL:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "BM", "name": { "en": "Bermuda", "es": "Bermudas" }, "summary": { "en": "Bermuda is a British Overseas Territory in the North Atlantic Ocean.", "es": "Bermudas es un Territorio británico de ultramar en el Océano Atlántico Norte." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Bermuda is a self‑governing parliamentary democracy with a bicameral parliament and a long‑standing House of Assembly (source).", "es": "Bermudas es una democracia parlamentaria autónoma con un parlamento bicameral y una histórica Cámara de la Asamblea (fuente).", "sourceIds": [ "BM:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "BM:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The United Kingdom is responsible for Bermuda's foreign affairs and defence (source).", "es": "El Reino Unido es responsable de los asuntos exteriores y la defensa de Bermudas (fuente).", "sourceIds": [ "BM:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Bermuda has historic ties with other English‑speaking American states and is an associate member of the Caribbean Community (source).", "es": "Bermudas mantiene lazos históricos con otros países anglófonos de América y es miembro asociado de la Comunidad del Caribe (fuente).", "sourceIds": [ "BM:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "BN", "name": { "en": "Brunei", "es": "Brunéi" }, "summary": { "en": "Brunei Darussalam is a country on Borneo's northern coast in Southeast Asia.", "es": "Brunéi Darussalam es un país en la costa norte de Borneo, en el sudeste asiático." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The government is an absolute monarchy under the Sultan; the Legislative Council is consultative with appointed members (source).", "es": "El gobierno es una monarquía absoluta bajo el sultán; el Consejo Legislativo es consultivo y sus miembros son designados (fuente).", "sourceIds": [ "BN:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The country's wealth derives from extensive petroleum and natural gas fields and industrialisation (source).", "es": "La riqueza proviene de amplios yacimientos de petróleo y gas natural y de la industrialización (fuente).", "sourceIds": [ "BN:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source says political stability is maintained by the ruling House of Bolkiah via generous welfare provisions (source).", "es": "La fuente indica que la estabilidad política la mantiene la Casa de Bolkiah mediante amplias políticas de bienestar (fuente).", "sourceIds": [ "BN:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Brunei is a member of the UN, WTO, ASEAN, the Commonwealth and other international organisations (source).", "es": "Brunéi es miembro de la ONU, la OMC, la ASEAN, la Commonwealth y otras organizaciones internacionales (fuente).", "sourceIds": [ "BN:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "BO", "name": { "en": "Bolivia", "es": "Bolivia" }, "summary": { "en": "The Plurinational State of Bolivia is a landlocked country in central South America.", "es": "El Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia es un país sin litoral en el centro de América del Sur." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "La Paz houses the executive and legislative branches; Sucre is the constitutional capital; Bolivia is a unitary state of nine departments (source).", "es": "La Paz alberga los poderes ejecutivo y legislativo; Sucre es la capital constitucional; Bolivia es un Estado unitario dividido en nueve departamentos (fuente).", "sourceIds": [ "BO:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Main resources include agriculture, forestry, mining and notable mineral production such as tin and lithium (source).", "es": "Sus recursos principales incluyen agricultura, forestal, minería y producción mineral destacada como estaño y litio (fuente).", "sourceIds": [ "BO:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The country experienced a succession of military and civilian governments through the 20th century (source).", "es": "El país atravesó una sucesión de gobiernos militares y civiles durante el siglo XX (fuente).", "sourceIds": [ "BO:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Bolivia is a member of the Non‑Aligned Movement, Organization of American States and regional organisations including Mercosur (source).", "es": "Bolivia es miembro del Movimiento de Países No Alineados, la OEA y organizaciones regionales como Mercosur (fuente).", "sourceIds": [ "BO:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "BS", "name": { "en": "Bahamas", "es": "Bahamas" }, "summary": { "en": "The Commonwealth of The Bahamas is an archipelagic country in the Atlantic/Caribbean region; it became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1973, with Nassau as its capital.", "es": "La Commonwealth de Las Bahamas es un país archipélago en el Atlántico/región caribeña; se independizó como reino de la Commonwealth en 1973. La capital es Nassau." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "A Commonwealth realm retaining the monarch; the Crown is represented by a governor-general.", "es": "Reino de la Commonwealth que mantiene al monarca; la Corona está representada por un gobernador general.", "sourceIds": [ "BS:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Economy based on tourism and offshore finance.", "es": "Economía basada en el turismo y las finanzas offshore.", "sourceIds": [ "BS:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The Royal Bahamas Defence Force defines the country's oceanic territory extent.", "es": "La Royal Bahamas Defence Force describe la extensión del territorio oceánico del país.", "sourceIds": [ "BS:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM); considered part of the wider Caribbean region.", "es": "Miembro de la Comunidad del Caribe (CARICOM); se considera parte de la región caribeña amplia.", "sourceIds": [ "BS:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "BT", "name": { "en": "Bhutan", "es": "Bután" }, "summary": { "en": "The Kingdom of Bhutan is a landlocked South Asian country in the Eastern Himalayas, bordering Tibet (China) and India.", "es": "El Reino de Bután es un país sin litoral del sur de Asia, en el Himalaya oriental, fronterizo con el Tíbet (China) e India." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "A democratic constitutional monarchy; the 2008 Constitution established a parliamentary government.", "es": "Monarquía constitucional democrática; la Constitución de 2008 instauró un gobierno parlamentario.", "sourceIds": [ "BT:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Holds substantial water reserves for hydropower.", "es": "Posee grandes reservas hídricas para la energía hidroeléctrica.", "sourceIds": [ "BT:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "While maintaining its own military units, Bhutan is described as dependent on the Indian military.", "es": "Si bien mantiene unidades militares propias, se indica que depende del ejército indio.", "sourceIds": [ "BT:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Member of the UN and SAARC; maintains relations with a limited number of countries.", "es": "Miembro de la ONU y de la SAARC; mantiene relaciones con un número limitado de países.", "sourceIds": [ "BT:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "BW", "name": { "en": "Botswana", "es": "Botsuana" }, "summary": { "en": "The Republic of Botswana is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, with Gaborone as its capital.", "es": "La República de Botsuana es un país sin litoral del sur de África; su capital es Gaborone." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Independent Commonwealth republic since 1966; has a long record of parliamentary elections.", "es": "República independiente de la Commonwealth desde 1966; registra elecciones parlamentarias constantes.", "sourceIds": [ "BW:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Economy dominated by tourism and mining, notably diamond production.", "es": "Economía dominada por el turismo y la minería, destacando la producción de diamantes.", "sourceIds": [ "BW:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "BW:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Member of SACU, SADC, the Commonwealth and the United Nations.", "es": "Miembro de SACU, SADC, la Commonwealth y las Naciones Unidas.", "sourceIds": [ "BW:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "BY", "name": { "en": "Belarus", "es": "Bielorrusia" }, "summary": { "en": "The Republic of Belarus is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe.", "es": "La República de Bielorrusia es un país sin litoral del este de Europa." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Governed by a highly centralised, authoritarian administration; restrictions on press and civil liberties are reported.", "es": "Gobernada por una administración autoritaria y altamente centralizada; existen restricciones en prensa y libertades civiles.", "sourceIds": [ "BY:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Continues several Soviet-era policies, including state ownership of large sectors of the economy.", "es": "Mantiene políticas de la era soviética, incluida la propiedad estatal de amplios sectores económicos.", "sourceIds": [ "BY:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Its limited relationship with the Council of Europe was suspended after reported use of its territory in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.", "es": "Su relación limitada con el Consejo de Europa fue suspendida tras el uso reportado de su territorio en la invasión rusa de Ucrania de 2022.", "sourceIds": [ "BY:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Has a treaty for greater cooperation with Russia (the Union State) and is a member of CIS, CSTO, EAEU, OSCE and others.", "es": "Tiene un tratado de cooperación con Rusia (Estado de la Unión) y es miembro de la CIS, CSTO, EAEU, OSCE y otros.", "sourceIds": [ "BY:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "BZ", "name": { "en": "Belize", "es": "Belice" }, "summary": { "en": "Belize is a country on the north-eastern coast of Central America.", "es": "Belice es un país en la costa nororiental de Centroamérica." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Independent since 1981 and a Commonwealth realm with the monarch represented by a governor-general.", "es": "Independiente desde 1981 y reino de la Commonwealth, con el monarca representado por un gobernador general.", "sourceIds": [ "BZ:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "BZ:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "BZ:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Part of the Caribbean region and a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM).", "es": "Pertenece a la región caribeña y es miembro de la Comunidad del Caribe (CARICOM).", "sourceIds": [ "BZ:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "CD", "name": { "en": "Congo - Kinshasa", "es": "República Democrática del Congo" }, "summary": { "en": "The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a resource-rich Central African country with major development challenges and armed conflicts described in the source.", "es": "La República Democrática del Congo es un país centroafricano rico en recursos con importantes retos de desarrollo y conflictos armados descritos en la fuente." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source records wars, political upheaval and human-rights abuses; present institutional control is not independently verified here.", "es": "La fuente recoge guerras, convulsión política y abusos de derechos humanos; aquí no se verifica independientemente el control institucional actual.", "sourceIds": [ "CD:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source describes natural-resource wealth alongside poverty, instability and corruption, without current income or production measurements.", "es": "La fuente describe riqueza de recursos naturales junto a pobreza, inestabilidad y corrupción, sin mediciones actuales de renta o producción.", "sourceIds": [ "CD:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source describes armed groups in the east, M23 conflict and Rwanda-related tensions; no current force count or front line is asserted.", "es": "La fuente describe grupos armados en el este, conflicto del M23 y tensiones vinculadas a Ruanda; no se afirma un recuento actual de fuerzas ni frentes.", "sourceIds": [ "CD:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "UN, African Union and regional organization membership are documented.", "es": "Se documenta pertenencia a la ONU, la Unión Africana y organizaciones regionales.", "sourceIds": [ "CD:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "CF", "name": { "en": "Central African Republic", "es": "República Centroafricana" }, "summary": { "en": "The Central African Republic is a landlocked country in Central Africa; Sango is its national language and it was formerly a French colony.", "es": "La República Centroafricana es un país sin litoral en África Central; el sango es lengua nacional y fue colonia francesa." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes cycles of civil war since 2004 and widespread human rights abuses by armed groups.", "es": "La fuente señala ciclos de guerra civil desde 2004 y graves violaciones de derechos humanos por grupos armados.", "sourceIds": [ "CF:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Despite abundant natural resources, the source says the CAR is among the poorest countries with very low human development.", "es": "Pese a ricos recursos naturales, la fuente indica que la RCA está entre los países más pobres y con muy bajo desarrollo humano.", "sourceIds": [ "CF:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The introduction links ongoing civil conflict to abuses by various armed groups.", "es": "La introducción relaciona el conflicto civil en curso con abusos cometidos por diversos grupos armados.", "sourceIds": [ "CF:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The CAR is a member of the UN, African Union, ECCAS, La Francophonie and the Non‑Aligned Movement, per the source.", "es": "Según la fuente, la RCA es miembro de la ONU, la Unión Africana, la CEAC, la Francofonía y el Movimiento de Países No Alineados.", "sourceIds": [ "CF:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "CG", "name": { "en": "Congo - Brazzaville", "es": "Congo" }, "summary": { "en": "The Republic of the Congo is a country on Central Africa's western coast, west of the Congo River.", "es": "La República del Congo es un país en la costa occidental de África Central, al oeste del río Congo." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source records a Marxist–Leninist period (1969–1992) and later multiparty politics disrupted by a 1997 civil war.", "es": "La fuente documenta un periodo marxista‑leninista (1969–1992) y posteriores partidos múltiples interrumpidos por la guerra civil de 1997.", "sourceIds": [ "CG:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The introduction states the economy depends on oil, giving some prosperity but causing unequal revenue distribution.", "es": "La fuente indica que la economía depende del petróleo, que aporta prosperidad pero con distribución desigual de ingresos.", "sourceIds": [ "CG:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source notes political and economic instability in some areas linked to oil dependence.", "es": "La fuente señala inestabilidad política y económica en algunas zonas vinculada a la dependencia petrolera.", "sourceIds": [ "CG:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The Republic of the Congo is a member of the African Union, United Nations, La Francophonie, ECCAS and the Non‑Aligned Movement.", "es": "La República del Congo es miembro de la Unión Africana, la ONU, la Francofonía, la CEAC y el Movimiento de Países No Alineados.", "sourceIds": [ "CG:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "CI", "name": { "en": "Côte d’Ivoire", "es": "Côte d’Ivoire" }, "summary": { "en": "Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) is a West African country whose largest city and economic centre is the port of Abidjan.", "es": "Côte d'Ivoire (Costa de Marfil) es un país de África Occidental; su mayor ciudad y centro económico es el puerto de Abiyán." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes a republic with strong executive power and a 2016 constitution.", "es": "La fuente describe una república con fuerte poder ejecutivo y una constitución de 2016.", "sourceIds": [ "CI:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "According to the source, Ivory Coast is the world's largest cocoa bean exporter and still relies heavily on agriculture.", "es": "Según la fuente, Costa de Marfil es el mayor exportador mundial de cacao y depende en gran medida de la agricultura.", "sourceIds": [ "CI:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The introduction records a 1999 coup and two civil wars (2002–2007 and 2010–2011).", "es": "La introducción registra un golpe en 1999 y dos guerras civiles (2002–2007 y 2010–2011).", "sourceIds": [ "CI:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source notes close political‑economic ties with West African neighbours and enduring relations with Western countries, especially France.", "es": "La fuente apunta a estrechos lazos político‑económicos con países vecinos de África Occidental y relaciones duraderas con Occidente, especialmente Francia.", "sourceIds": [ "CI:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "CK", "name": { "en": "Cook Islands", "es": "Islas Cook" }, "summary": { "en": "The Cook Islands is a self‑governing island country in Polynesia in free association with New Zealand.", "es": "Las Islas Cook son un país insular autogobernado en Polinesia, en libre asociación con Nueva Zelanda." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source states the Cook Islands conduct independent foreign and defence policy while most people hold New Zealand citizenship.", "es": "La fuente indica que las Islas Cook llevan política exterior y de defensa propias y que la mayoría tiene ciudadanía neozelandesa.", "sourceIds": [ "CK:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The introduction says tourism is the main industry, ahead of offshore banking, pearls and exports.", "es": "La fuente afirma que el turismo es la principal industria, por delante de la banca offshore, las perlas y las exportaciones.", "sourceIds": [ "CK:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The country has no armed forces; policing of waters is done with a patrol boat provided by Australia.", "es": "El país no tiene fuerzas armadas; la vigilancia marítima se realiza con una patrullera proporcionada por Australia.", "sourceIds": [ "CK:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The Cook Islands are active in regional organisations, members of the Pacific Community and conduct an assertive foreign policy.", "es": "Las Islas Cook participan activamente en organismos regionales, son miembros de la Comunidad del Pacífico y mantienen una política exterior asertiva.", "sourceIds": [ "CK:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "CL", "name": { "en": "Chile", "es": "Chile" }, "summary": { "en": "Chile is a republic in the Southern Cone of South America, extending along a narrow strip between the Andes and the Pacific.", "es": "Chile es una república en el Cono Sur de Sudamérica, que se extiende en una franja entre los Andes y el Pacífico." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source recounts a 1973 coup, a subsequent military dictatorship and the 1980 constitution with documented human rights violations.", "es": "La fuente relata el golpe de 1973, la dictadura posterior y la constitución de 1980, con violaciones de derechos humanos documentadas.", "sourceIds": [ "CL:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The introduction describes Chile as a high‑income economy performing well regionally and an OECD member.", "es": "La introducción describe a Chile como una economía de altos ingresos con buen desempeño regional y miembro de la OCDE.", "sourceIds": [ "CL:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "CL:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Chile is a founding UN member, part of CELAC and the Pacific Alliance, and joined the OECD in 2010.", "es": "Chile es miembro fundador de la ONU, forma parte de CELAC y la Alianza del Pacífico, y se incorporó a la OCDE en 2010.", "sourceIds": [ "CL:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "CM", "name": { "en": "Cameroon", "es": "Camerún" }, "summary": { "en": "Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon, is a Central African country sharing borders with Nigeria, Chad and the Central African Republic.", "es": "Camerún, oficialmente República de Camerún, es un país de África Central que limita con Nigeria, Chad y la República Centroafricana." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source states Cameroon is a unitary presidential republic governed in practice by a dominant party.", "es": "La fuente indica que Camerún es una república presidencial unitaria gobernada en la práctica por un partido dominante.", "sourceIds": [ "CM:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The introduction notes many Cameroonians live as subsistence farmers.", "es": "La introducción indica que muchos cameruneses viven de la agricultura de subsistencia.", "sourceIds": [ "CM:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source documents tensions in English‑speaking regions and escalation to open warfare over Ambazonian secession in 2017.", "es": "La fuente documenta tensiones en las regiones anglófonas y la escalada a guerra abierta por la secesión ambazoniana en 2017.", "sourceIds": [ "CM:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Cameroon is a member of the African Union, UN, La Francophonie, the Commonwealth and other international organisations.", "es": "Camerún es miembro de la Unión Africana, la ONU, la Francofonía, la Commonwealth y otras organizaciones internacionales.", "sourceIds": [ "CM:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "CO", "name": { "en": "Colombia", "es": "Colombia" }, "summary": { "en": "The Republic of Colombia is a South American country with insular regions; mainland borders include the Caribbean and Pacific coasts.", "es": "La República de Colombia es un país de Sudamérica con regiones insulares; su territorio continental limita con el Caribe y el Pacífico." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "A republic divided into 32 departments; experienced prolonged low‑intensity armed conflict, with reported improvements since 2000.", "es": "República dividida en 32 departamentos; sufrió conflicto armado de baja intensidad desde la década de 1960, con mejoras reportadas desde 2000.", "sourceIds": [ "CO:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "A diversified economy with noted macroeconomic stability and long‑term growth prospects.", "es": "Economía diversificada con estabilidad macroeconómica y perspectivas de crecimiento a largo plazo.", "sourceIds": [ "CO:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Historically affected by asymmetric low‑intensity armed conflict; sources note security and rule‑of‑law improvements since 2000.", "es": "Históricamente afectado por conflicto armado asimétrico; la fuente indica mejoras en seguridad y estado de derecho desde 2000.", "sourceIds": [ "CO:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Member of multiple global and regional organisations, and a NATO Global Partner and major non‑NATO US ally.", "es": "Miembro de organizaciones regionales y globales; socio global de la OTAN y aliado no NATO importante de Estados Unidos, según la fuente.", "sourceIds": [ "CO:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "CR", "name": { "en": "Costa Rica", "es": "Costa Rica" }, "summary": { "en": "The Republic of Costa Rica is a Central American country; San José is the capital and largest city.", "es": "La República de Costa Rica es un país de Centroamérica; San José es su capital y mayor ciudad." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "A presidential republic that abolished its army in 1949 under the current constitution.", "es": "República presidencial que abolió las fuerzas armadas en 1949 según la Constitución vigente.", "sourceIds": [ "CR:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Once agriculturally dependent, the economy diversified into finance, corporate services, pharmaceuticals and ecotourism.", "es": "Antes dependiente de la agricultura, la economía se diversificó hacia finanzas, servicios corporativos, farmacéutica y ecoturismo.", "sourceIds": [ "CR:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The constitution permanently abolished the army; the country is described as a robust, stable democracy.", "es": "La Constitución abolió permanentemente el ejército; la fuente describe al país como una democracia robusta y estable.", "sourceIds": [ "CR:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Classified by the World Bank as a high‑income economy and the only OECD country in Central America and the Caribbean.", "es": "Clasificado por el Banco Mundial como economía de altos ingresos y único país de la OCDE en Centroamérica y el Caribe.", "sourceIds": [ "CR:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "CU", "name": { "en": "Cuba", "es": "Cuba" }, "summary": { "en": "The Republic of Cuba is an island country in the Caribbean governed as a socialist state since the 1959 revolution.", "es": "La República de Cuba es un país insular caribeño gobernado como un Estado socialista desde la revolución de 1959." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "A socialist state where the Communist Party’s role is enshrined; political opposition is prohibited and censorship is extensive.", "es": "Estado socialista con el papel del Partido Comunista consagrado; la oposición política está prohibida y la censura es extensa.", "sourceIds": [ "CU:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "A command economy dominated by tourism and exports such as sugar, tobacco, coffee, and skilled labour.", "es": "Economía de mando dominada por el turismo y exportaciones como azúcar, tabaco, café y mano de obra especializada.", "sourceIds": [ "CU:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The United States embargo against Cuba has been ongoing since 1960; Guantánamo Bay base is regarded as illegal by Cuba.", "es": "El embargo estadounidense existe desde 1960; Cuba considera ilegal la base naval de Guantánamo Bay en su territorio, según la fuente.", "sourceIds": [ "CU:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Founding member of the UN, G77, NAM and several regional groups; Cold War alignment with the Soviet Union shaped relations.", "es": "Miembro fundador de la ONU, G77, el Movimiento de Países No Alineados y otros; la alineación con la URSS durante la Guerra Fría marcó sus relaciones.", "sourceIds": [ "CU:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "CV", "name": { "en": "Cape Verde", "es": "Cabo Verde" }, "summary": { "en": "Cape Verde (Republic of Cabo Verde) is an archipelagic country off West Africa, independent since 1975.", "es": "Cabo Verde (República de Cabo Verde) es un país archipelágico frente a África occidental, independiente desde 1975." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Since the early 1990s it has been a stable representative democracy and one of Africa’s more developed democracies.", "es": "Desde principios de los 1990 es una democracia representativa estable y una de las más desarrolladas de África.", "sourceIds": [ "CV:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "A developing, service‑oriented economy focused increasingly on tourism and foreign investment.", "es": "Economía en desarrollo, orientada a los servicios, con un creciente enfoque en turismo e inversión extranjera.", "sourceIds": [ "CV:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "CV:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Member state of the African Union.", "es": "Estado miembro de la Unión Africana.", "sourceIds": [ "CV:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "CW", "name": { "en": "Curaçao", "es": "Curazao" }, "summary": { "en": "Curaçao is a constituent country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, an island in the southern Caribbean.", "es": "Curazao es un país constituyente del Reino de los Países Bajos, situado en el sur del Caribe." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "A constituent country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands; achieved autonomous country status in 2010.", "es": "País constituyente del Reino de los Países Bajos; alcanzó estatus de país autónomo en 2010.", "sourceIds": [ "CW:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The discovery of oil transformed Curaçao into a major refinery location, reshaping its economy.", "es": "El hallazgo de petróleo convirtió a Curazao en un importante centro de refinería, transformando su economía.", "sourceIds": [ "CW:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "CW:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "CW:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "CY", "name": { "en": "Cyprus", "es": "Chipre" }, "summary": { "en": "The Republic of Cyprus is an island country in the eastern Mediterranean; the island is divided along a UN Buffer Zone.", "es": "La República de Chipre es un país insular en el Mediterráneo oriental; la isla está dividida por una Zona de Amortiguamiento de la ONU." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The island is divided between the internationally recognised Republic of Cyprus and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, recognised only by Turkey.", "es": "La isla está dividida entre la República de Chipre, internacionalmente reconocida, y la República Turca del Norte de Chipre, reconocida solo por Turquía.", "sourceIds": [ "CY:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Described as a developed country with a representative democracy and an advanced, high‑income economy.", "es": "Descrito como un país desarrollado con democracia representativa y una economía avanzada de altos ingresos.", "sourceIds": [ "CY:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "A UN Buffer Zone separates the island; the 1974 invasion and displacement events remain part of an ongoing dispute.", "es": "Una Zona de Amortiguamiento de la ONU separa la isla; la invasión de 1974 y los desplazamientos son parte de una disputa en curso.", "sourceIds": [ "CY:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Member of the EU and eurozone; announced intention in 2024 to officially join NATO.", "es": "Miembro de la Unión Europea y de la eurozona; anunció en 2024 la intención de incorporarse oficialmente a la OTAN.", "sourceIds": [ "CY:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "CZ", "name": { "en": "Czechia", "es": "Chequia" }, "summary": { "en": "Czechia (Czech Republic) is a landlocked Central European country and a unitary parliamentary republic with a developed, high-income social market economy and welfare provisions.", "es": "Chequia (República Checa) es un país centroeuropeo sin litoral, república parlamentaria unitaria con una economía de mercado social desarrollada y un estado de bienestar." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Unitary parliamentary republic (constitutional/governmental structure).", "es": "República parlamentaria unitaria (estructura constitucional/gubernamental).", "sourceIds": [ "CZ:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Developed, high-income social market economy; welfare state with universal health care and free-tuition university education.", "es": "Economía de mercado social desarrollada y de altos ingresos; estado de bienestar con salud universal y educación universitaria gratuita.", "sourceIds": [ "CZ:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Member of NATO (security and defence alignment).", "es": "Miembro de la OTAN (alineamiento en seguridad y defensa).", "sourceIds": [ "CZ:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Member of the UN, EU, NATO, OECD, OSCE, Council of Europe and the Visegrád Group.", "es": "Miembro de la ONU, UE, OTAN, OCDE, OSCE, Consejo de Europa y el Grupo de Visegrado.", "sourceIds": [ "CZ:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "DJ", "name": { "en": "Djibouti", "es": "Yibuti" }, "summary": { "en": "Djibouti, the Republic of Djibouti, is a Horn of Africa country bordering the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden; it was established as an independent republic named for its capital.", "es": "Yibuti, República de Yibuti, es un país del Cuerno de África frente al Mar Rojo y el Golfo de Adén; se constituyó como república independiente, llamada por su capital." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Established as the Republic of Djibouti following independence; multi-ethnic national composition noted.", "es": "Constituida como República de Yibuti tras la independencia; se indica composición multiétnica.", "sourceIds": [ "DJ:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Functions as a key refuelling, transshipment centre and principal maritime port for neighbouring Ethiopia; controls access to major shipping lanes.", "es": "Actúa como centro clave de reabastecimiento y transbordo y puerto marítimo principal para Etiopía; controla accesos a rutas marítimas importantes.", "sourceIds": [ "DJ:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Hosts various foreign military bases (strategic military presence).", "es": "Sede de diversas bases militares extranjeras (presencia militar estratégica).", "sourceIds": [ "DJ:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Joined the UN in its first year; hosts the IGAD regional headquarters in Djibouti City.", "es": "Ingresó en la ONU en su primer año; alberga la sede regional de IGAD en Yibuti Ciudad.", "sourceIds": [ "DJ:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "DM", "name": { "en": "Dominica", "es": "Dominica" }, "summary": { "en": "Dominica, the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island country in the Caribbean, part of the Windward Islands in the Lesser Antilles.", "es": "Dominica, la Mancomunidad de Dominica, es un país insular del Caribe, parte de las Islas de Sotavento en las Antillas Menores." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Member of the Commonwealth of Nations and multiple international organisations.", "es": "Miembro de la Mancomunidad y varias organizaciones internacionales.", "sourceIds": [ "DM:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "DM:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "DM:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Holds memberships in the Commonwealth, UN, OAS, La Francophonie, OECS and Non-Aligned Movement.", "es": "Posee membresías en la Mancomunidad, ONU, OEA, La Francophonie, OECS y el Movimiento de Países No Alineados.", "sourceIds": [ "DM:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "DO", "name": { "en": "Dominican Republic", "es": "República Dominicana" }, "summary": { "en": "The Dominican Republic is an island country occupying the eastern part of Hispaniola in the Caribbean, sharing a land border with Haiti.", "es": "La República Dominicana es un país insular que ocupa la parte oriental de La Hispaniola en el Caribe, compartiendo frontera terrestre con Haití." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Since 1996 the country has moved towards representative democracy.", "es": "Desde 1996 el país avanzó hacia la democracia representativa.", "sourceIds": [ "DO:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Largest economy in the Caribbean; growth driven by construction, manufacturing, tourism and mining.", "es": "Mayor economía del Caribe; el crecimiento lo impulsan construcción, manufactura, turismo y minería.", "sourceIds": [ "DO:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "DO:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "DO:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "DZ", "name": { "en": "Algeria", "es": "Argelia" }, "summary": { "en": "Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a Maghreb country in North Africa with large petroleum and natural gas resources.", "es": "Argelia, oficialmente la República Democrática Popular de Argelia, es un país del Magreb en el norte de África con amplos recursos de petróleo y gas natural." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Semi-presidential republic divided into provinces (wilayas) and communes (administrative structure).", "es": "República semipresidencial dividida en provincias (wilayas) y comunas (estructura administrativa).", "sourceIds": [ "DZ:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Economy driven largely by petroleum and natural gas reserves; Sonatrach is the national oil company.", "es": "Economía impulsada principalmente por reservas de petróleo y gas natural; Sonatrach es la compañía petrolera nacional.", "sourceIds": [ "DZ:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source reports a civil war from 1992–2002 and a prolonged state of emergency until the 2010–2012 protests.", "es": "La fuente relata una guerra civil (1992–2002) y un estado de emergencia prolongado hasta las protestas de 2010–2012.", "sourceIds": [ "DZ:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Member of the African Union, Arab League, OIC, OPEC, UN and Arab Maghreb Union (founding member).", "es": "Miembro de la Unión Africana, Liga Árabe, OCI, OPEP, ONU y la Unión del Magreb Árabe (miembro fundador).", "sourceIds": [ "DZ:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "EC", "name": { "en": "Ecuador", "es": "Ecuador" }, "summary": { "en": "Ecuador is a northwestern South American republic including the Galápagos Islands, with an economy dependent on petroleum and agricultural exports.", "es": "Ecuador es una república del noroeste sudamericano que incluye las islas Galápagos, con una economía dependiente de exportaciones de petróleo y productos agrícolas." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes plurinational presidential republican institutions, not an independent assessment of current governance.", "es": "La fuente describe instituciones republicanas presidenciales plurinacionales, no una evaluación independiente de la gobernanza actual.", "sourceIds": [ "EC:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Petroleum and agricultural commodity exports are economic dependencies identified in the source.", "es": "Exportaciones de petróleo y materias primas agrícolas son dependencias económicas identificadas en la fuente.", "sourceIds": [ "EC:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "EC:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source records participation in the UN and Organization of American States.", "es": "La fuente recoge participación en la ONU y la Organización de Estados Americanos.", "sourceIds": [ "EC:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "EE", "name": { "en": "Estonia", "es": "Estonia" }, "summary": { "en": "Estonia is a Baltic parliamentary republic with EU and NATO membership and a high-income economic profile described in the source.", "es": "Estonia es una república parlamentaria báltica, miembro de la UE y la OTAN, con un perfil económico de renta alta descrito en la fuente." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes a unitary parliamentary republic with municipal-level local government.", "es": "La fuente describe una república parlamentaria unitaria con gobierno local de ámbito municipal.", "sourceIds": [ "EE:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source highlights a high-income economy, eurozone membership, digital public services and technology businesses.", "es": "La fuente destaca una economía de renta alta, pertenencia a la eurozona, servicios públicos digitales y empresas tecnológicas.", "sourceIds": [ "EE:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "EE:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "EU and NATO membership since 2004 are documented.", "es": "Se documenta pertenencia a la UE y la OTAN desde 2004.", "sourceIds": [ "EE:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "EH", "name": { "en": "Western Sahara", "es": "Sáhara Occidental" }, "summary": { "en": "Western Sahara is a UN-designated non-self-governing territory in northwestern Africa contested between Morocco and the Polisario Front/Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.", "es": "El Sáhara Occidental es un territorio no autónomo designado por la ONU en el noroeste africano, disputado entre Marruecos y el Frente Polisario/República Árabe Saharaui Democrática." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source records competing claims, divided administration and a stalled UN referendum; this entry does not settle sovereignty.", "es": "La fuente recoge reclamaciones enfrentadas, administración dividida y un referéndum de la ONU estancado; esta ficha no resuelve la soberanía.", "sourceIds": [ "EH:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "EH:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source records a ceasefire agreement reached in 1991 and the mined Berm; it does not establish a currently effective ceasefire.", "es": "La fuente recoge un acuerdo de alto el fuego alcanzado en 1991 y el muro minado; no establece que el alto el fuego siga vigente actualmente.", "sourceIds": [ "EH:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source describes partial SADR recognition and African Union membership, alongside competing diplomatic positions.", "es": "La fuente describe reconocimiento parcial de la RASD y pertenencia a la Unión Africana, junto a posiciones diplomáticas enfrentadas.", "sourceIds": [ "EH:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "ER", "name": { "en": "Eritrea", "es": "Eritrea" }, "summary": { "en": "Eritrea, officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa with multiethnic languages and de jure independence since 1993.", "es": "Eritrea, oficialmente el Estado de Eritrea, es un país del Cuerno de África, multietnia y con independencia de jure desde 1993." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Unitary one‑party presidential republic described in the source as a de facto totalitarian system without held national elections.", "es": "República presidencial unitaria de partido único descrita en la fuente como un sistema de facto totalitario sin elecciones nacionales celebradas.", "sourceIds": [ "ER:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "ER:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Source reports severe human‑rights concerns and government dismissal of those allegations.", "es": "La fuente informa de graves problemas de derechos humanos y que el gobierno rechaza esas acusaciones.", "sourceIds": [ "ER:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Member of the African Union and United Nations; observer status in the Arab League.", "es": "Miembro de la Unión Africana y de las Naciones Unidas; Estado observador en la Liga Árabe.", "sourceIds": [ "ER:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "ET", "name": { "en": "Ethiopia", "es": "Etiopía" }, "summary": { "en": "Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked Horn of Africa country with a long multiethnic history and federal constitution.", "es": "Etiopía, oficialmente la República Federal Democrática de Etiopía, es un país sin litoral del Cuerno de África con larga historia multiétnica y constitución federal." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Federal democratic republic with ethnic‑based federalism established after 1991; political instability and authoritarian trends noted in source.", "es": "República federal democrática con federalismo étnico instaurado tras 1991; la fuente señala inestabilidad política y tendencias autoritarias.", "sourceIds": [ "ET:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Agriculture is the largest sector; source describes rapid recent growth driven by FDI into agriculture and manufacturing despite low per‑capita income.", "es": "La agricultura es el sector principal; la fuente describe crecimiento reciente impulsado por IED en agricultura y manufactura, pese a bajo ingreso per cápita.", "sourceIds": [ "ET:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source documents prolonged inter‑ethnic clashes and multiple ongoing armed conflicts since 2018.", "es": "La fuente documenta enfrentamientos interétnicos prolongados y múltiples conflictos armados en curso desde 2018.", "sourceIds": [ "ET:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Founding UN member; hosts African Union Commission headquarters and joined BRICS in 2024.", "es": "Miembro fundador de la ONU; alberga la Comisión de la Unión Africana y se incorporó a BRICS en 2024.", "sourceIds": [ "ET:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "FJ", "name": { "en": "Fiji", "es": "Fiyi" }, "summary": { "en": "Fiji, officially the Republic of Fiji, is an archipelagic country in Melanesia (Oceania) composed of over 330 islands, with most people on two main islands.", "es": "Fiyi, oficialmente la República de Fiyi, es un país insular en Melanesia (Oceanía) compuesto por más de 330 islas, con la mayoría de la población en dos islas principales." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Experienced military coups in the late 20th and early 21st centuries; democratic elections were held in 2014.", "es": "Experimentó golpes militares a finales del siglo XX y principios del XXI; en 2014 se celebraron elecciones democráticas.", "sourceIds": [ "FJ:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "One of the more developed Pacific economies; resources include forestry, minerals, fisheries, tourism and sugar cane exports.", "es": "Una de las economías más desarrolladas del Pacífico; recursos: bosques, minerales, pesca, turismo y exportación de caña de azúcar.", "sourceIds": [ "FJ:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "FJ:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "FJ:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "FK", "name": { "en": "Falkland Islands", "es": "Islas Malvinas" }, "summary": { "en": "The Falkland Islands are a British Overseas Territory in the South Atlantic with internal self‑governance and an ongoing sovereignty dispute with Argentina.", "es": "Las Islas Malvinas son un Territorio Británico de Ultramar en el Atlántico Sur, con autogobierno interno y una disputa de soberanía en curso con Argentina." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "As a UK Overseas Territory, the islands have internal self‑government while the United Kingdom handles defence and foreign affairs.", "es": "Como Territorio Británico de Ultramar, las islas tienen autogobierno interno y el Reino Unido se ocupa de la defensa y las relaciones exteriores.", "sourceIds": [ "FK:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Economic activities include fishing, tourism, and sheep farming, with emphasis on high‑quality wool exports.", "es": "Actividades económicas: pesca, turismo y ganadería ovina, con énfasis en exportaciones de lana de alta calidad.", "sourceIds": [ "FK:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The United Kingdom is responsible for defence; a significant RAF base hosts temporary residents and military personnel.", "es": "El Reino Unido es responsable de la defensa; una base importante de la RAF alberga residentes temporales y personal militar.", "sourceIds": [ "FK:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Sovereignty remains disputed between the UK and Argentina; past 1982 invasion and subsequent restoration of British administration noted.", "es": "La soberanía sigue en disputa entre el Reino Unido y Argentina; se menciona la invasión de 1982 y la posterior restauración de la administración británica.", "sourceIds": [ "FK:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "FM", "name": { "en": "Micronesia", "es": "Micronesia" }, "summary": { "en": "The Federated States of Micronesia is an island federation of four states in Micronesia and a sovereign state in free association with the United States.", "es": "Los Estados Federados de Micronesia son una federación insular de cuatro estados en Micronesia y un Estado soberano en libre asociación con Estados Unidos." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "A constitutional federation of four states (Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei, Kosrae) with ratified constitutional government.", "es": "Federación constitucional de cuatro estados (Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei, Kosrae) con gobierno constitucional ratificado.", "sourceIds": [ "FM:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Maritime domain large: waters give the country a very large exclusive economic zone.", "es": "Dominio marítimo extenso: sus aguas le otorgan una zona económica exclusiva de gran tamaño.", "sourceIds": [ "FM:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "FM:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Holds a Compact of Free Association with the United States and a United Nations seat.", "es": "Posee un Pacto de Libre Asociación con Estados Unidos y un escaño en las Naciones Unidas.", "sourceIds": [ "FM:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "FO", "name": { "en": "Faroe Islands", "es": "Islas Feroe" }, "summary": { "en": "The Faroe Islands are an autonomous territory (rigsdel) of the Kingdom of Denmark, an archipelago in the North Atlantic.", "es": "Las Islas Feroe son un territorio autónomo (rigsdel) del Reino de Dinamarca, un archipiélago en el Atlántico Norte." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Self-governing within the Kingdom of Denmark; Denmark retains defence, policing, justice and currency; partial foreign affairs.", "es": "Autogobierno dentro del Reino de Dinamarca; Dinamarca conserva defensa, policía, justicia y moneda; control parcial de asuntos exteriores.", "sourceIds": [ "FO:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Fishing dominates exports; the islands control their own trade policy and can sign trade agreements.", "es": "La pesca domina las exportaciones; las islas controlan su propia política comercial y pueden firmar acuerdos comerciales.", "sourceIds": [ "FO:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Defence and policing responsibilities remain with Denmark.", "es": "Las responsabilidades de defensa y policía recaen en Dinamarca.", "sourceIds": [ "FO:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Have partial control over foreign affairs and an extensive bilateral agreement with Iceland (Hoyvík Agreement).", "es": "Tienen control parcial de asuntos exteriores y un amplio acuerdo bilateral con Islandia (Acuerdo de Hoyvík).", "sourceIds": [ "FO:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "GA", "name": { "en": "Gabon", "es": "Gabón" }, "summary": { "en": "Gabon (Gabonese Republic) is a Central African country on the Atlantic coast that gained independence from France in 1960.", "es": "Gabón (República Gabonesa) es un país de África Central en la costa atlántica que obtuvo la independencia de Francia en 1960." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Introduced a multi‑party constitution in the 1990s; source notes the dominant party was removed during the 2023 coup.", "es": "Introdujo una constitución multipartidista en la década de 1990; la fuente indica que el partido dominante fue eliminado durante el golpe de 2023.", "sourceIds": [ "GA:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Classified as a developing country with notable per‑capita income and resource‑based revenues.", "es": "Clasificado como país en desarrollo con elevado ingreso per cápita y rentas vinculadas a recursos.", "sourceIds": [ "GA:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "GA:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "GA:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "GD", "name": { "en": "Grenada", "es": "Granada" }, "summary": { "en": "Grenada is an archipelagic sovereign state in the eastern Caribbean (the southernmost Windward Island).", "es": "Granada es un Estado soberano insular en el Caribe oriental (la isla más meridional de las Antillas de Sotavento)." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Independent since 1974; member of the Commonwealth with the monarch represented by a Governor‑General.", "es": "Independiente desde 1974; miembro de la Commonwealth con el monarca representado por un Gobernador General.", "sourceIds": [ "GD:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Known as the \"Island of Spice\" for nutmeg and mace production; small island economy.", "es": "Conocida como la \"Isla de las Especias\" por su producción de nuez moscada y macis; economía insular pequeña.", "sourceIds": [ "GD:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source records a U.S.‑led invasion in October 1983 (historical event noted by the source).", "es": "La fuente registra una invasión liderada por EE. UU. en octubre de 1983 (hecho histórico indicado por la fuente).", "sourceIds": [ "GD:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "GD:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "GE", "name": { "en": "Georgia", "es": "Georgia" }, "summary": { "en": "Georgia is a Caucasus country on the Black Sea; the source describes parliamentary institutions, an emerging market economy and EU candidate status.", "es": "Georgia es un país del Cáucaso situado junto al mar Negro; la fuente describe instituciones parlamentarias, una economía de mercado emergente y estatus de candidato a la UE." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes a unitary parliamentary republic; present governance and electoral conditions require separate verification.", "es": "La fuente describe una república parlamentaria unitaria; gobernanza y condiciones electorales actuales requieren verificación separada.", "sourceIds": [ "GE:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source describes an emerging market economy, without asserting current growth rates or investment rankings.", "es": "La fuente describe una economía de mercado emergente, sin afirmar tasas actuales de crecimiento ni clasificaciones de inversión.", "sourceIds": [ "GE:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source records secessionist wars in Abkhazia and South Ossetia; present territorial control and incidents are not established here.", "es": "La fuente recoge guerras secesionistas en Abjasia y Osetia del Sur; aquí no se establecen el control territorial ni los incidentes actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "GE:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "EU candidate status is documented, not EU or NATO membership.", "es": "Se documenta estatus de candidato a la UE, no pertenencia a la UE ni a la OTAN.", "sourceIds": [ "GE:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "GG", "name": { "en": "Guernsey", "es": "Guernesey" }, "summary": { "en": "Guernsey is the largest island of the Bailiwick of Guernsey and a self‑governing dependency of the British Crown in the Channel Islands.", "es": "Guernesey es la isla principal del Bailiazgo de Guernesey y una dependencia autónoma de la Corona británica en las Islas del Canal." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Administered as part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey; the UK retains certain responsibilities; local parliament is the States of Guernsey.", "es": "Administrada como parte del Bailiazgo de Guernesey; el Reino Unido mantiene ciertas responsabilidades; el parlamento local es el States of Guernsey.", "sourceIds": [ "GG:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Financial services are the largest industry, followed by tourism and agriculture.", "es": "Los servicios financieros son la principal industria, seguidos por el turismo y la agricultura.", "sourceIds": [ "GG:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The UK government has certain responsibilities for the Bailiwick (per the source).", "es": "El gobierno del Reino Unido tiene ciertas responsabilidades sobre el Bailiazgo (según la fuente).", "sourceIds": [ "GG:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "GG:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "GH", "name": { "en": "Ghana", "es": "Ghana" }, "summary": { "en": "Ghana is a West African republic whose diplomatic profile includes African, regional and Commonwealth cooperation.", "es": "Ghana es una república de África occidental cuyo perfil diplomático incluye cooperación africana, regional y con la Commonwealth." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "GH:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "GH:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "GH:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source records membership of the African Union, ECOWAS, the UN and the Commonwealth.", "es": "La fuente recoge pertenencia a la Unión Africana, la CEDEAO, la ONU y la Commonwealth.", "sourceIds": [ "GH:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "GL", "name": { "en": "Greenland", "es": "Groenlandia" }, "summary": { "en": "Greenland is an autonomous territory within the Kingdom of Denmark, with Arctic strategic importance and substantial dependence on Danish support.", "es": "Groenlandia es un territorio autónomo del Reino de Dinamarca, con importancia estratégica ártica y una fuerte dependencia del apoyo danés." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes autonomy within Denmark and greater local powers following the 2008 self-government referendum.", "es": "La fuente describe autonomía dentro de Dinamarca y mayores competencias locales tras el referéndum de autogobierno de 2008.", "sourceIds": [ "GL:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The economic description highlights reliance on financial support from Denmark.", "es": "La descripción económica destaca la dependencia del apoyo financiero de Dinamarca.", "sourceIds": [ "GL:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "GL:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "GL:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "GM", "name": { "en": "Gambia", "es": "Gambia" }, "summary": { "en": "The Gambia is a West African republic whose economy is described as relying on agriculture, fishing and tourism.", "es": "Gambia es una república de África occidental cuya economía se describe como dependiente de la agricultura, la pesca y el turismo." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "GM:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Farming, fishing and tourism are the main activities identified by the source.", "es": "La agricultura, la pesca y el turismo son las principales actividades identificadas por la fuente.", "sourceIds": [ "GM:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "GM:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "GM:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "GN", "name": { "en": "Guinea", "es": "Guinea" }, "summary": { "en": "Guinea is a coastal West African republic with an economy centered on agriculture and mineral production; the source documents political disruption.", "es": "Guinea es una república costera de África occidental con una economía centrada en agricultura y minerales; la fuente documenta rupturas políticas." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source records a 2021 coup and subsequent changes to African Union participation; current arrangements require verification.", "es": "La fuente recoge un golpe de 2021 y cambios posteriores en la participación en la Unión Africana; la situación actual requiere verificación.", "sourceIds": [ "GN:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Agriculture and mineral production underpin the economy described.", "es": "La agricultura y la producción minera sostienen la economía descrita.", "sourceIds": [ "GN:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "GN:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "GN:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "GQ", "name": { "en": "Equatorial Guinea", "es": "Guinea Ecuatorial" }, "summary": { "en": "Equatorial Guinea is a Central African republic where Spanish is official; the source describes authoritarian government and serious rights concerns.", "es": "Guinea Ecuatorial es una república centroafricana donde el español es oficial; la fuente describe un gobierno autoritario y graves preocupaciones sobre derechos." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source characterizes government as authoritarian and reports restrictions on political and civil rights.", "es": "La fuente caracteriza al Gobierno como autoritario y recoge restricciones de derechos políticos y civiles.", "sourceIds": [ "GQ:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "GQ:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "GQ:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "GQ:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "GS", "name": { "en": "South Georgia & South Sandwich Islands", "es": "Islas Georgia del Sur y Sandwich del Sur" }, "summary": { "en": "South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is a British overseas territory in the South Atlantic, also claimed by Argentina.", "es": "Georgia del Sur y las Islas Sandwich del Sur constituyen un territorio británico de ultramar en el Atlántico sur, también reclamado por Argentina." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "GS:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "GS:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "GS:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source records British administration and an Argentine sovereignty claim, without resolving the dispute.", "es": "La fuente recoge administración británica y una reclamación argentina de soberanía, sin resolver la disputa.", "sourceIds": [ "GS:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "GT", "name": { "en": "Guatemala", "es": "Guatemala" }, "summary": { "en": "Guatemala is a Central American republic; the source identifies food insecurity, poverty, crime and corruption as important contextual challenges.", "es": "Guatemala es una república centroamericana; la fuente identifica inseguridad alimentaria, pobreza, delincuencia y corrupción como retos importantes de su contexto." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "GT:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "GT:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Crime, drug trafficking and civil instability are concerns described by the source, not a current incident assessment.", "es": "La delincuencia, el narcotráfico y la inestabilidad civil son preocupaciones descritas por la fuente, no una evaluación actual de incidentes.", "sourceIds": [ "GT:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "GT:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "GU", "name": { "en": "Guam", "es": "Guam" }, "summary": { "en": "Guam is a US unincorporated territory in the western Pacific; tourism and the US military feature prominently in its economic context.", "es": "Guam es un territorio estadounidense no incorporado del Pacífico occidental; el turismo y la presencia militar estadounidense destacan en su contexto económico." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source identifies an organized, unincorporated US territory, not an independent state.", "es": "La fuente identifica un territorio estadounidense organizado y no incorporado, no un Estado independiente.", "sourceIds": [ "GU:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Tourism and the US military are described as principal economic supports.", "es": "El turismo y la presencia militar estadounidense se describen como apoyos económicos principales.", "sourceIds": [ "GU:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "GU:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "GU:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "GW", "name": { "en": "Guinea-Bissau", "es": "Guinea-Bisáu" }, "summary": { "en": "Guinea-Bissau is a West African republic with a documented history of political instability and military coups.", "es": "Guinea-Bisáu es una república de África occidental con una historia documentada de inestabilidad política y golpes militares." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes repeated military interruptions of political transfers, including a reported 2025 coup; present governance requires verification.", "es": "La fuente describe repetidas interrupciones militares de las transiciones políticas, incluido un golpe referido en 2025; el gobierno actual requiere verificación.", "sourceIds": [ "GW:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "GW:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "GW:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "GW:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "GY", "name": { "en": "Guyana", "es": "Guyana" }, "summary": { "en": "Guyana is a republic on South America's northern coast whose economic transformation is linked in the source to oil development.", "es": "Guyana es una república en la costa norte de Sudamérica cuya transformación económica se vincula en la fuente al desarrollo petrolero." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "GY:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source links economic transformation to oil extraction, while noting poverty and structural growth-management risks.", "es": "La fuente vincula la transformación económica a la extracción petrolera y señala pobreza y riesgos estructurales en la gestión del crecimiento.", "sourceIds": [ "GY:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "GY:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "GY:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "HK", "name": { "en": "Hong Kong SAR China", "es": "RAE de Hong Kong (China)" }, "summary": { "en": "Hong Kong is a special administrative region of China, with separate governing and economic systems described under one country, two systems.", "es": "Hong Kong es una región administrativa especial de China, con sistemas de gobierno y economía diferenciados bajo el principio de un país, dos sistemas." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes a Chinese special administrative region with differentiated governing arrangements, not a sovereign state.", "es": "La fuente describe una región administrativa especial china con organización de gobierno diferenciada, no un Estado soberano.", "sourceIds": [ "HK:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "HK:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "HK:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "HK:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "HM", "name": { "en": "Heard & McDonald Islands", "es": "Islas Heard y McDonald" }, "summary": { "en": "Heard Island and McDonald Islands is an uninhabited Australian external territory comprising sub-Antarctic volcanic islands in the southern Indian Ocean.", "es": "Las Islas Heard y McDonald forman un territorio externo australiano deshabitado, compuesto por islas volcánicas subantárticas en el océano Índico meridional." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source identifies Australian territorial status and no resident population; ordinary national-government comparisons are not applicable.", "es": "La fuente identifica dependencia territorial australiana y ausencia de población residente; no procede compararla con un gobierno nacional ordinario.", "sourceIds": [ "HM:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "HM:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "HM:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "HM:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "HN", "name": { "en": "Honduras", "es": "Honduras" }, "summary": { "en": "Honduras is a Central American republic; the source describes political instability and an agricultural economy exposed to natural disasters.", "es": "Honduras es una república centroamericana; la fuente describe inestabilidad política y una economía agrícola expuesta a desastres naturales." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "HN:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Agriculture is a principal economic base, with vulnerability to natural disasters in the source's historical account.", "es": "La agricultura es una base económica principal, con vulnerabilidad a desastres naturales en la descripción histórica de la fuente.", "sourceIds": [ "HN:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "HN:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "HN:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "HR", "name": { "en": "Croatia", "es": "Croacia" }, "summary": { "en": "Croatia is an Adriatic republic with a developed economy and a prominent tourism sector, participating in the EU and NATO.", "es": "Croacia es una república adriática con una economía desarrollada y un destacado sector turístico, participante en la UE y la OTAN." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "HR:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Services, industry and agriculture underpin the economy; tourism is especially prominent in the source.", "es": "Servicios, industria y agricultura sostienen la economía; el turismo ocupa un lugar destacado en la fuente.", "sourceIds": [ "HR:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "HR:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source records EU, NATO and UN participation.", "es": "La fuente recoge participación en la UE, la OTAN y la ONU.", "sourceIds": [ "HR:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "HT", "name": { "en": "Haiti", "es": "Haití" }, "summary": { "en": "Haiti is a Caribbean republic on Hispaniola; the source describes severe political and economic crises and displacement linked to gang activity.", "es": "Haití es una república caribeña en La Española; la fuente describe graves crisis políticas y económicas y desplazamientos vinculados a las bandas." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "HT:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "HT:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source describes gang-related displacement and institutional collapse; present violence and humanitarian conditions require current primary evidence.", "es": "La fuente describe desplazamientos ligados a bandas y colapso institucional; la violencia y las condiciones humanitarias actuales requieren evidencia primaria vigente.", "sourceIds": [ "HT:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "HT:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "HU", "name": { "en": "Hungary", "es": "Hungría" }, "summary": { "en": "Hungary is a landlocked Central European country with a high-income economy and participation in the EU and NATO.", "es": "Hungría es un país centroeuropeo sin litoral, con una economía de renta alta y participación en la UE y la OTAN." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "HU:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source describes a high-income economy with public health care and tuition-free tertiary education.", "es": "La fuente describe una economía de renta alta con atención sanitaria pública y educación superior gratuita.", "sourceIds": [ "HU:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "HU:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source records EU, NATO and UN membership.", "es": "La fuente recoge pertenencia a la UE, la OTAN y la ONU.", "sourceIds": [ "HU:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "IE", "name": { "en": "Ireland", "es": "Irlanda" }, "summary": { "en": "Ireland here means the sovereign Republic of Ireland, which covers most of the island; Northern Ireland belongs to the United Kingdom.", "es": "Irlanda se refiere aquí a la República de Irlanda, Estado soberano que ocupa la mayor parte de la isla; Irlanda del Norte pertenece al Reino Unido." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source distinguishes the sovereign republic from Northern Ireland, avoiding conflation of the state and the entire island.", "es": "La fuente distingue la república soberana de Irlanda del Norte, evitando confundir el Estado con toda la isla.", "sourceIds": [ "IE:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "IE:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "IE:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "IE:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "IM", "name": { "en": "Isle of Man", "es": "Isla de Man" }, "summary": { "en": "The Isle of Man is a self-governing British Crown Dependency in the Irish Sea, with an economy involving offshore banking.", "es": "La Isla de Man es una dependencia de la Corona británica con autogobierno en el mar de Irlanda, con actividad económica de banca extraterritorial." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source identifies internal self-government under Crown Dependency status, not an independent state.", "es": "La fuente identifica autogobierno interno bajo la condición de dependencia de la Corona, no un Estado independiente.", "sourceIds": [ "IM:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Offshore banking and a low-tax framework feature in the economic description.", "es": "La banca extraterritorial y un marco de baja fiscalidad figuran en la descripción económica.", "sourceIds": [ "IM:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "IM:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "IM:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "IO", "name": { "en": "British Indian Ocean Territory", "es": "Territorio Británico del Océano Índico" }, "summary": { "en": "The source describes British administration of the Chagos territory and a sovereignty-transfer treaty with Mauritius subject to ratification; present implementation requires verification.", "es": "La fuente describe administración británica de Chagos y un tratado de transferencia de soberanía a Mauricio sujeto a ratificación; la aplicación actual requiere verificación." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "IO:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "IO:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "IO:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source records a 2025 transfer treaty and arrangements for Diego Garcia; it does not verify current ratification or implementation.", "es": "La fuente recoge un tratado de transferencia de 2025 y acuerdos sobre Diego García; no verifica su ratificación ni aplicación actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "IO:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "IQ", "name": { "en": "Iraq", "es": "Irak" }, "summary": { "en": "Iraq is a West Asian federal parliamentary republic; its institutional context is shaped by a documented history of war and continuing conflict.", "es": "Irak es una república parlamentaria federal de Asia occidental; su contexto institucional está marcado por una historia documentada de guerra y conflictos." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes a federal parliamentary republic; this does not verify current coalition arrangements.", "es": "La fuente describe una república parlamentaria federal; esto no verifica los acuerdos de coalición actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "IQ:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "IQ:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source describes post-war conflict and the earlier rise of Islamic State; current incident intensity is not established.", "es": "La fuente describe conflictos de posguerra y el anterior ascenso del Estado Islámico; no se establece la intensidad actual de incidentes.", "sourceIds": [ "IQ:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "IQ:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "IS", "name": { "en": "Iceland", "es": "Islandia" }, "summary": { "en": "Iceland is a Nordic island country with a market economy; the source identifies NATO membership without a standing army.", "es": "Islandia es un país insular nórdico con economía de mercado; la fuente identifica pertenencia a la OTAN sin ejército permanente." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "IS:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "IS:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source describes a coast guard and NATO membership, not current threat levels.", "es": "La fuente describe una guardia costera y pertenencia a la OTAN, no niveles actuales de amenaza.", "sourceIds": [ "IS:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "IS:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "JE", "name": { "en": "Jersey", "es": "Jersey" }, "summary": { "en": "Jersey is a self-governing British Crown Dependency near France, with its own financial, legal and judicial systems.", "es": "Jersey es una dependencia de la Corona británica con autogobierno cerca de Francia y sistemas financieros, legales y judiciales propios." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes parliamentary democracy within Crown Dependency status, rather than an independent sovereign state.", "es": "La fuente describe democracia parlamentaria bajo la condición de dependencia de la Corona, no un Estado soberano independiente.", "sourceIds": [ "JE:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "JE:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "JE:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "JE:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "JM", "name": { "en": "Jamaica", "es": "Jamaica" }, "summary": { "en": "Jamaica is a Caribbean island country and parliamentary constitutional monarchy whose economic context prominently involves tourism.", "es": "Jamaica es un país insular caribeño y una monarquía constitucional parlamentaria en cuyo contexto económico destaca el turismo." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "A bicameral parliament operates within a constitutional monarchy, according to the source.", "es": "Según la fuente, un parlamento bicameral funciona dentro de una monarquía constitucional.", "sourceIds": [ "JM:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source describes substantial economic dependence on tourism.", "es": "La fuente describe una importante dependencia económica del turismo.", "sourceIds": [ "JM:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "JM:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "JM:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "JO", "name": { "en": "Jordan", "es": "Jordania" }, "summary": { "en": "Jordan is a Levantine country whose economic context is affected by limited natural resources, refugee movements and regional turmoil.", "es": "Jordania es un país del Levante cuyo contexto económico está afectado por recursos naturales limitados, movimientos de refugiados y tensiones regionales." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "JO:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source identifies a skilled workforce alongside constraints from scarce resources and regional pressures.", "es": "La fuente identifica personal cualificado junto a limitaciones por escasez de recursos y presiones regionales.", "sourceIds": [ "JO:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "JO:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "JO:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "KE", "name": { "en": "Kenya", "es": "Kenia" }, "summary": { "en": "Kenya is an East African republic whose economic context combines agriculture with services, particularly tourism.", "es": "Kenia es una república de África oriental cuyo contexto económico combina agricultura y servicios, especialmente turismo." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "KE:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Agriculture, including tea, coffee and flowers, and tourism are important activities described by the source.", "es": "La agricultura, incluidos té, café y flores, y el turismo son actividades importantes descritas por la fuente.", "sourceIds": [ "KE:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "KE:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "KE:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "KG", "name": { "en": "Kyrgyzstan", "es": "Kirguistán" }, "summary": { "en": "Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked Central Asian republic whose economic description emphasizes re-exports, gold production and regional integration.", "es": "Kirguistán es una república centroasiática sin litoral cuya descripción económica destaca reexportaciones, producción de oro e integración regional." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "KG:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source identifies re-exporting Chinese goods and gold production as important economic supports.", "es": "La fuente identifica la reexportación de productos chinos y la producción de oro como apoyos económicos importantes.", "sourceIds": [ "KG:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "KG:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "WTO and Eurasian Economic Union participation frame the trade relationships described.", "es": "La participación en la OMC y la Unión Económica Euroasiática enmarca las relaciones comerciales descritas.", "sourceIds": [ "KG:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "KH", "name": { "en": "Cambodia", "es": "Camboya" }, "summary": { "en": "Cambodia is a Southeast Asian kingdom with agricultural, textile and tourism activity; the source notes corruption and rights concerns.", "es": "Camboya es un reino del sudeste asiático con actividad agrícola, textil y turística; la fuente señala corrupción y preocupaciones sobre derechos." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "KH:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Agriculture, textiles, construction and tourism feature in the economic description.", "es": "Agricultura, textiles, construcción y turismo figuran en la descripción económica.", "sourceIds": [ "KH:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source identifies organized crime and rights issues as development challenges, not a current incident assessment.", "es": "La fuente identifica delincuencia organizada y problemas de derechos como retos de desarrollo, no una evaluación actual de incidentes.", "sourceIds": [ "KH:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "KH:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "KI", "name": { "en": "Kiribati", "es": "Kiribati" }, "summary": { "en": "Kiribati is a Pacific island republic whose economic context includes fisheries, subsistence farming and copra exports.", "es": "Kiribati es una república insular del Pacífico cuyo contexto económico incluye pesca, agricultura de subsistencia y exportaciones de copra." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "KI:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Fisheries, subsistence agriculture and copra are the activities identified, particularly on outer islands.", "es": "Pesca, agricultura de subsistencia y copra son las actividades identificadas, especialmente en las islas periféricas.", "sourceIds": [ "KI:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "KI:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "KI:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "KM", "name": { "en": "Comoros", "es": "Comoras" }, "summary": { "en": "Comoros is an Indian Ocean archipelagic country with a documented history of coups and persistent poverty in the source's account.", "es": "Comoras es un país insular del océano Índico con una historia documentada de golpes de Estado y pobreza persistente en la descripción de la fuente." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source records repeated coups or attempted coups; it does not establish present government stability.", "es": "La fuente recoge repetidos golpes o intentos de golpe; no establece la estabilidad actual del Gobierno.", "sourceIds": [ "KM:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "KM:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "KM:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "KM:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "KN", "name": { "en": "St. Kitts & Nevis", "es": "San Cristóbal y Nieves" }, "summary": { "en": "Saint Kitts and Nevis is an independent Caribbean federation comprising two principal islands.", "es": "San Cristóbal y Nieves es una federación caribeña independiente formada por dos islas principales." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes a federation that gained independence in 1983.", "es": "La fuente describe una federación que obtuvo la independencia en 1983.", "sourceIds": [ "KN:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "KN:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "KN:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "KN:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "KP", "name": { "en": "North Korea", "es": "Corea del Norte" }, "summary": { "en": "North Korea is an East Asian country described by the source as a hereditary dictatorship possessing nuclear weapons.", "es": "Corea del Norte es un país de Asia oriental descrito por la fuente como una dictadura hereditaria que posee armas nucleares." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes hereditary, totalitarian rule and a state officially characterized as communist.", "es": "La fuente describe un régimen hereditario y totalitario y un Estado caracterizado oficialmente como comunista.", "sourceIds": [ "KP:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "KP:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Nuclear-weapons possession is recorded in the source; current arsenal size and activity are not established.", "es": "La posesión de armas nucleares está recogida en la fuente; no se establecen el tamaño ni la actividad actuales del arsenal.", "sourceIds": [ "KP:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "KP:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "KW", "name": { "en": "Kuwait", "es": "Kuwait" }, "summary": { "en": "Kuwait is a West Asian state whose high-income economic profile is associated with oil resources and Gulf regional cooperation.", "es": "Kuwait es un Estado de Asia occidental cuyo perfil económico de renta alta está vinculado a recursos petroleros y cooperación regional del Golfo." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "KW:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source links the economy to substantial oil resources, without establishing current production or prices.", "es": "La fuente vincula la economía a importantes recursos petroleros, sin establecer producción ni precios actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "KW:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "KW:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source records Gulf Cooperation Council, OPEC and UN participation.", "es": "La fuente recoge participación en el Consejo de Cooperación del Golfo, la OPEP y la ONU.", "sourceIds": [ "KW:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "KY", "name": { "en": "Cayman Islands", "es": "Islas Caimán" }, "summary": { "en": "The Cayman Islands is a self-governing British overseas territory in the Caribbean with a low-tax financial context described by the source.", "es": "Las Islas Caimán son un territorio británico de ultramar con autogobierno en el Caribe y un contexto financiero de baja fiscalidad descrito por la fuente." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source identifies British overseas territorial status with self-government, not sovereign independence.", "es": "La fuente identifica condición de territorio británico de ultramar con autogobierno, no independencia soberana.", "sourceIds": [ "KY:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source describes tax-haven characteristics associated with the absence of income tax.", "es": "La fuente describe características de refugio fiscal asociadas a la ausencia de impuesto sobre la renta.", "sourceIds": [ "KY:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "KY:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "KY:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "KZ", "name": { "en": "Kazakhstan", "es": "Kazajistán" }, "summary": { "en": "Kazakhstan is a landlocked country centered in Central Asia, with oil, gas and mineral resources; the source describes authoritarian government.", "es": "Kazajistán es un país sin litoral principalmente centroasiático, con recursos de petróleo, gas y minerales; la fuente describe un gobierno autoritario." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source distinguishes formal republican institutions from its characterization of government as authoritarian.", "es": "La fuente distingue las instituciones republicanas formales de su caracterización del Gobierno como autoritario.", "sourceIds": [ "KZ:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Oil, gas and mineral production are major parts of the economic profile described.", "es": "Petróleo, gas y producción minera son partes importantes del perfil económico descrito.", "sourceIds": [ "KZ:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "KZ:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "KZ:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "LA", "name": { "en": "Laos", "es": "Laos" }, "summary": { "en": "Laos is a landlocked Southeast Asian country participating in ASEAN and regional economic cooperation.", "es": "Laos es un país del sudeste asiático sin litoral que participa en la ASEAN y en la cooperación económica regional." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "LA:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "LA:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "LA:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source identifies ASEAN, WTO and Greater Mekong economic-cooperation participation.", "es": "La fuente identifica participación en la ASEAN, la OMC y la cooperación económica del Gran Mekong.", "sourceIds": [ "LA:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "LB", "name": { "en": "Lebanon", "es": "Líbano" }, "summary": { "en": "Lebanon is a Levantine republic; the source describes a severe economic crisis associated with currency collapse, political instability and resource shortages.", "es": "Líbano es una república del Levante; la fuente describe una grave crisis económica asociada al colapso monetario, la inestabilidad política y la escasez de recursos." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "LB:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source describes currency collapse, unemployment and poverty during a major crisis; current indicators are not verified.", "es": "La fuente describe colapso monetario, desempleo y pobreza durante una gran crisis; los indicadores actuales no están verificados.", "sourceIds": [ "LB:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "LB:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "LB:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "LC", "name": { "en": "St. Lucia", "es": "Santa Lucía" }, "summary": { "en": "Saint Lucia is an independent Caribbean island state participating in CARICOM and eastern Caribbean regional cooperation.", "es": "Santa Lucía es un Estado insular caribeño independiente que participa en la CARICOM y en la cooperación regional del Caribe oriental." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "LC:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "LC:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "LC:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source records CARICOM, eastern Caribbean organizations and UN participation.", "es": "La fuente recoge participación en la CARICOM, organizaciones del Caribe oriental y la ONU.", "sourceIds": [ "LC:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "LI", "name": { "en": "Liechtenstein", "es": "Liechtenstein" }, "summary": { "en": "Liechtenstein is an Alpine principality participating in the European Economic Area and Schengen without being an EU member.", "es": "Liechtenstein es un principado alpino que participa en el Espacio Económico Europeo y Schengen sin ser miembro de la UE." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes a monarchy headed by a prince.", "es": "La fuente describe una monarquía encabezada por un príncipe.", "sourceIds": [ "LI:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "LI:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "LI:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "EEA and Schengen participation are distinguished from EU membership.", "es": "La participación en el EEE y Schengen se distingue de la pertenencia a la UE.", "sourceIds": [ "LI:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "LK", "name": { "en": "Sri Lanka", "es": "Sri Lanka" }, "summary": { "en": "Sri Lanka is a South Asian island republic with strategically important Indian Ocean harbors and a history of civil war.", "es": "Sri Lanka es una república insular de Asia meridional con puertos estratégicos en el océano Índico y una historia de guerra civil." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "LK:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "LK:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source records a civil war ending in 2009; this historical account does not establish present security conditions.", "es": "La fuente recoge una guerra civil terminada en 2009; esta descripción histórica no establece las condiciones actuales de seguridad.", "sourceIds": [ "LK:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "LK:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "LR", "name": { "en": "Liberia", "es": "Liberia" }, "summary": { "en": "Liberia is a West African coastal republic whose economic and institutional history has been deeply affected by civil wars.", "es": "Liberia es una república costera de África occidental cuya historia económica e institucional ha estado profundamente afectada por guerras civiles." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "LR:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source identifies mining as a historical economic driver and major disruption during the civil wars.", "es": "La fuente identifica la minería como motor económico histórico y una importante disrupción durante las guerras civiles.", "sourceIds": [ "LR:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "LR:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "LR:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "LS", "name": { "en": "Lesotho", "es": "Lesoto" }, "summary": { "en": "Lesotho is a southern African kingdom entirely surrounded by South Africa; the source describes substantial socioeconomic challenges.", "es": "Lesoto es un reino del África austral rodeado íntegramente por Sudáfrica; la fuente describe importantes retos socioeconómicos." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "LS:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source describes a lower-middle-income economy facing significant socioeconomic challenges, without verifying current indicators.", "es": "La fuente describe una economía de renta media-baja con importantes retos socioeconómicos, sin verificar indicadores actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "LS:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "LS:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "LS:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "LT", "name": { "en": "Lithuania", "es": "Lituania" }, "summary": { "en": "Lithuania is a Baltic republic with a developed high-income economy and participation in the EU, eurozone and NATO.", "es": "Lituania es una república báltica con una economía desarrollada de renta alta y participación en la UE, la eurozona y la OTAN." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "LT:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "LT:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "LT:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "EU, eurozone and NATO participation are documented institutional anchors.", "es": "La participación en la UE, la eurozona y la OTAN constituye un anclaje institucional documentado.", "sourceIds": [ "LT:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "LU", "name": { "en": "Luxembourg", "es": "Luxemburgo" }, "summary": { "en": "Luxembourg is a landlocked Western European grand duchy with an advanced economy and longstanding European and Atlantic institutional ties.", "es": "Luxemburgo es un gran ducado de Europa occidental sin litoral, con una economía avanzada y prolongados vínculos institucionales europeos y atlánticos." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "LU:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source describes an advanced economy; its income rankings are not current measurements.", "es": "La fuente describe una economía avanzada; sus clasificaciones de renta no son mediciones actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "LU:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "LU:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source records founding membership of the EU, NATO and Benelux.", "es": "La fuente recoge su condición de miembro fundador de la UE, la OTAN y el Benelux.", "sourceIds": [ "LU:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "LV", "name": { "en": "Latvia", "es": "Letonia" }, "summary": { "en": "Latvia is a Baltic parliamentary republic with a developed high-income economy and EU, eurozone and NATO participation.", "es": "Letonia es una república parlamentaria báltica con una economía desarrollada de renta alta y participación en la UE, la eurozona y la OTAN." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes a unitary parliamentary republic, not a current assessment of government performance.", "es": "La fuente describe una república parlamentaria unitaria, no una evaluación actual del desempeño del Gobierno.", "sourceIds": [ "LV:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "LV:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "LV:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "EU, eurozone and NATO membership frame the institutional profile.", "es": "La pertenencia a la UE, la eurozona y la OTAN enmarca el perfil institucional.", "sourceIds": [ "LV:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "LY", "name": { "en": "Libya", "es": "Libia" }, "summary": { "en": "Libya is a North African state; the source describes a prolonged political and humanitarian crisis involving rival authorities and armed groups.", "es": "Libia es un Estado norteafricano; la fuente describe una prolongada crisis política y humanitaria con autoridades rivales y grupos armados." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "LY:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "LY:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source describes divided authority and civil-war history; current control, incidents and ceasefires require fresh evidence.", "es": "La fuente describe autoridad dividida e historia de guerra civil; el control territorial, los incidentes y los altos el fuego actuales requieren evidencia reciente.", "sourceIds": [ "LY:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "LY:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "MA", "name": { "en": "Morocco", "es": "Marruecos" }, "summary": { "en": "Morocco is a North African kingdom; the source situates its regional context alongside the unresolved sovereignty dispute over Western Sahara.", "es": "Marruecos es un reino norteafricano; la fuente sitúa su contexto regional junto a la disputa de soberanía no resuelta sobre el Sáhara Occidental." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "MA:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "MA:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "MA:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source records an unresolved Western Sahara sovereignty dispute; this description does not settle territorial recognition.", "es": "La fuente recoge una disputa de soberanía no resuelta sobre el Sáhara Occidental; esta descripción no determina el reconocimiento territorial.", "sourceIds": [ "MA:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "MC", "name": { "en": "Monaco", "es": "Mónaco" }, "summary": { "en": "Monaco is a sovereign European city-state and principality with a semi-constitutional monarchy and a historical economy linked to its casino development.", "es": "Mónaco es una ciudad-Estado y principado europeo soberano con una monarquía semiconstitucional y una economía histórica vinculada al desarrollo de sus casinos." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes a monarchy in which the prince holds substantial political powers.", "es": "La fuente describe una monarquía en la que el príncipe conserva importantes poderes políticos.", "sourceIds": [ "MC:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "MC:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "MC:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "MC:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "MD", "name": { "en": "Moldova", "es": "Moldavia" }, "summary": { "en": "Moldova is a landlocked Eastern European republic with parliamentary institutions and an emerging upper-middle-income economic profile.", "es": "Moldavia es una república de Europa oriental sin litoral, con instituciones parlamentarias y un perfil económico emergente de renta media-alta." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes a constitutional republic with a unicameral parliamentary government.", "es": "La fuente describe una república constitucional con un gobierno parlamentario unicameral.", "sourceIds": [ "MD:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "An emerging upper-middle-income economy is described; current growth and financial conditions are not established.", "es": "Se describe una economía emergente de renta media-alta; no se establecen el crecimiento ni las condiciones financieras actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "MD:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "MD:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "MD:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "ME", "name": { "en": "Montenegro", "es": "Montenegro" }, "summary": { "en": "Montenegro is a southeastern European country with a largely service-based economy and NATO participation.", "es": "Montenegro es un país del sudeste europeo con una economía basada principalmente en servicios y participación en la OTAN." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "ME:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source describes a service-oriented upper-middle-income economy transitioning toward a market system.", "es": "La fuente describe una economía de renta media-alta orientada a servicios y en transición hacia un sistema de mercado.", "sourceIds": [ "ME:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "ME:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "NATO, UN and regional trade participation are documented.", "es": "Se documenta participación en la OTAN, la ONU y el comercio regional.", "sourceIds": [ "ME:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "MF", "name": { "en": "St. Martin", "es": "San Martín" }, "summary": { "en": "Saint Martin is a French overseas collectivity in the Caribbean, occupying the northern part of the island and nearby islets.", "es": "San Martín es una colectividad francesa de ultramar en el Caribe que ocupa la parte norte de la isla y pequeños islotes próximos." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source identifies a French overseas collectivity, not an independent state.", "es": "La fuente identifica una colectividad francesa de ultramar, no un Estado independiente.", "sourceIds": [ "MF:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "MF:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "MF:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "MF:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "MG", "name": { "en": "Madagascar", "es": "Madagascar" }, "summary": { "en": "Madagascar is an Indian Ocean island republic; the source describes inequality and a reported military takeover following protests in 2025.", "es": "Madagascar es una república insular del océano Índico; la fuente describe desigualdad y una toma militar del poder tras protestas en 2025." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source reports a 2025 coup and military junta; current governing arrangements require primary verification.", "es": "La fuente refiere un golpe de 2025 y una junta militar; la organización actual del Gobierno requiere verificación primaria.", "sourceIds": [ "MG:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "MG:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "MG:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "MG:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "MH", "name": { "en": "Marshall Islands", "es": "Islas Marshall" }, "summary": { "en": "The Marshall Islands is a Pacific republic in free association with the United States, with services, fishing, agriculture and US assistance shaping its economy.", "es": "Las Islas Marshall son una república del Pacífico en libre asociación con Estados Unidos, con servicios, pesca, agricultura y asistencia estadounidense en su economía." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "MH:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Services, fishing and agriculture coexist with substantial reliance on US assistance.", "es": "Servicios, pesca y agricultura conviven con una importante dependencia de la asistencia estadounidense.", "sourceIds": [ "MH:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "MH:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Free association includes US defense and assistance arrangements, according to the source.", "es": "Según la fuente, la libre asociación incluye acuerdos de defensa y asistencia estadounidenses.", "sourceIds": [ "MH:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "MK", "name": { "en": "North Macedonia", "es": "Macedonia del Norte" }, "summary": { "en": "North Macedonia is a landlocked southeastern European republic with an open, reforming economy and NATO membership.", "es": "Macedonia del Norte es una república del sudeste europeo sin litoral, con una economía abierta y en reforma y pertenencia a la OTAN." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "MK:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source describes an upper-middle-income economy and reforms toward greater openness.", "es": "La fuente describe una economía de renta media-alta y reformas hacia una mayor apertura.", "sourceIds": [ "MK:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "MK:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source records NATO, UN and regional cooperation participation.", "es": "La fuente recoge participación en la OTAN, la ONU y la cooperación regional.", "sourceIds": [ "MK:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "ML", "name": { "en": "Mali", "es": "Mali" }, "summary": { "en": "Mali is a landlocked West African republic; the source describes military rule and armed conflict disrupting economic activity.", "es": "Mali es una república de África occidental sin litoral; la fuente describe gobierno militar y conflicto armado que perturba la actividad económica." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source records coups and military rule; current institutions and officeholders require verification.", "es": "La fuente recoge golpes de Estado y gobierno militar; las instituciones y los mandatarios actuales requieren verificación.", "sourceIds": [ "ML:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "ML:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source reports insurgent disruption and a 2026 offensive; current locations and intensity are not independently established.", "es": "La fuente refiere disrupción insurgente y una ofensiva de 2026; las localizaciones y la intensidad actuales no se establecen independientemente.", "sourceIds": [ "ML:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "ML:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "MM", "name": { "en": "Myanmar (Burma)", "es": "Myanmar (Birmania)" }, "summary": { "en": "Myanmar is a Southeast Asian country; the source describes military influence over the economy, rights violations and a major civil-war humanitarian crisis.", "es": "Myanmar es un país del sudeste asiático; la fuente describe influencia militar sobre la economía, violaciones de derechos y una grave crisis humanitaria por guerra civil." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "MM:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source identifies military control over a substantial part of the economy and marked inequality.", "es": "La fuente identifica control militar sobre una parte importante de la economía y una marcada desigualdad.", "sourceIds": [ "MM:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Civil-war displacement and systemic rights violations are documented in the source; present incidents and humanitarian access require fresh evidence.", "es": "La fuente documenta desplazamientos por guerra civil y violaciones sistémicas de derechos; los incidentes y el acceso humanitario actuales requieren evidencia reciente.", "sourceIds": [ "MM:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "MM:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "MN", "name": { "en": "Mongolia", "es": "Mongolia" }, "summary": { "en": "Mongolia is a landlocked East Asian country whose institutional history includes multiparty politics and a transition toward a market economy.", "es": "Mongolia es un país de Asia oriental sin litoral cuya historia institucional incluye política multipartidista y transición hacia una economía de mercado." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source links multiparty institutions and a new constitution to the transition of the early 1990s.", "es": "La fuente vincula instituciones multipartidistas y una nueva constitución con la transición de principios de los años noventa.", "sourceIds": [ "MN:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "MN:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "MN:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "UN and WTO participation and a NATO partnership are documented; partnership does not imply NATO membership.", "es": "Se documentan participación en la ONU y la OMC y una asociación con la OTAN; la asociación no implica pertenencia.", "sourceIds": [ "MN:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "MO", "name": { "en": "Macao SAR China", "es": "RAE de Macao (China)" }, "summary": { "en": "Macao is a Chinese special administrative region with differentiated governing and economic systems under one country, two systems.", "es": "Macao es una región administrativa especial china con sistemas de gobierno y economía diferenciados bajo el principio de un país, dos sistemas." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source identifies special administrative status within China, not sovereign independence.", "es": "La fuente identifica un estatus administrativo especial dentro de China, no independencia soberana.", "sourceIds": [ "MO:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "MO:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "MO:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "MO:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "MP", "name": { "en": "Northern Mariana Islands", "es": "Islas Marianas del Norte" }, "summary": { "en": "The Northern Mariana Islands is a US unincorporated territory and commonwealth in the northwestern Pacific, not an independent sovereign state.", "es": "Las Islas Marianas del Norte son un territorio estadounidense no incorporado y mancomunidad en el Pacífico noroccidental, no un Estado soberano independiente." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes territorial affiliation with the United States and US citizenship for the population.", "es": "La fuente describe vinculación territorial con Estados Unidos y ciudadanía estadounidense para la población.", "sourceIds": [ "MP:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "MP:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "MP:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "MP:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "MR", "name": { "en": "Mauritania", "es": "Mauritania" }, "summary": { "en": "Mauritania is a West African republic whose economic description emphasizes agriculture and fishing, alongside a history of military interventions.", "es": "Mauritania es una república de África occidental cuya descripción económica destaca agricultura y pesca, junto a una historia de intervenciones militares." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source records recurring coups and periods of military dictatorship, not a current institutional assessment.", "es": "La fuente recoge golpes recurrentes y periodos de dictadura militar, no una evaluación institucional actual.", "sourceIds": [ "MR:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source describes agriculture and fishing as principal economic activities, with persistent poverty.", "es": "La fuente describe agricultura y pesca como actividades económicas principales, con pobreza persistente.", "sourceIds": [ "MR:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "MR:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "MR:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "MS", "name": { "en": "Montserrat", "es": "Montserrat" }, "summary": { "en": "Montserrat is a British overseas territory in the Caribbean that participates in Caribbean regional organizations without being fully sovereign.", "es": "Montserrat es un territorio británico de ultramar en el Caribe que participa en organizaciones regionales caribeñas sin ser plenamente soberano." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "MS:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "MS:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "MS:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source identifies participation in CARICOM and the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States despite dependent territorial status.", "es": "La fuente identifica participación en la CARICOM y la Organización de Estados del Caribe Oriental pese a su dependencia territorial.", "sourceIds": [ "MS:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "MT", "name": { "en": "Malta", "es": "Malta" }, "summary": { "en": "Malta is a Mediterranean island parliamentary republic with a developed economy and EU and eurozone membership.", "es": "Malta es una república parlamentaria insular mediterránea con una economía desarrollada y pertenencia a la UE y la eurozona." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes a parliamentary republic established in 1974.", "es": "La fuente describe una república parlamentaria establecida en 1974.", "sourceIds": [ "MT:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "MT:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "MT:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "EU and eurozone membership are documented alongside UN and Commonwealth participation.", "es": "La pertenencia a la UE y la eurozona está documentada junto a la participación en la ONU y la Commonwealth.", "sourceIds": [ "MT:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "MU", "name": { "en": "Mauritius", "es": "Mauricio" }, "summary": { "en": "Mauritius is an Indian Ocean island republic with a high-income economic profile described by the source.", "es": "Mauricio es una república insular del océano Índico con un perfil económico de renta alta descrito por la fuente." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "MU:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source identifies a high-income economy; its development rankings are dated comparisons, not current forecasts.", "es": "La fuente identifica una economía de renta alta; sus clasificaciones de desarrollo son comparaciones fechadas, no previsiones actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "MU:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "MU:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "MU:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "MV", "name": { "en": "Maldives", "es": "Maldivas" }, "summary": { "en": "The Maldives is an Indian Ocean archipelagic republic whose economic profile centers on tourism and fishing.", "es": "Maldivas es una república archipelágica del océano Índico cuyo perfil económico se centra en turismo y pesca." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "MV:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Tourism and fishing are the principal sectors identified in the source.", "es": "El turismo y la pesca son los principales sectores identificados en la fuente.", "sourceIds": [ "MV:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "MV:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "MV:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "MW", "name": { "en": "Malawi", "es": "Malaui" }, "summary": { "en": "Malawi is a landlocked southeastern African republic with multiparty institutions and an economy strongly based on agriculture.", "es": "Malaui es una república del sudeste africano sin litoral, con instituciones multipartidistas y una economía fuertemente basada en la agricultura." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes multiparty republican institutions and an elected president, without assessing current government performance.", "es": "La fuente describe instituciones republicanas multipartidistas y una presidencia elegida, sin evaluar el desempeño actual del Gobierno.", "sourceIds": [ "MW:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Agriculture is the main economic base in a largely rural society.", "es": "La agricultura es la principal base económica en una sociedad mayoritariamente rural.", "sourceIds": [ "MW:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "MW:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "MW:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "MY", "name": { "en": "Malaysia", "es": "Malasia" }, "summary": { "en": "Malaysia is a Southeast Asian federal constitutional monarchy whose economy is driven by services and manufacturing.", "es": "Malasia es una monarquía constitucional federal del sudeste asiático cuya economía está impulsada por servicios y manufactura." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes a federation divided between peninsular territory and Borneo.", "es": "La fuente describe una federación dividida entre territorio peninsular y Borneo.", "sourceIds": [ "MY:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Services and manufacturing have replaced earlier reliance on agriculture and primary commodities in the source's account.", "es": "Servicios y manufactura han sustituido la anterior dependencia agrícola y de materias primas en la descripción de la fuente.", "sourceIds": [ "MY:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "MY:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "MY:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "MZ", "name": { "en": "Mozambique", "es": "Mozambique" }, "summary": { "en": "Mozambique is a southeastern African republic with agricultural, fishing and industrial activity; the source also identifies insurgency.", "es": "Mozambique es una república del sudeste africano con actividad agrícola, pesquera e industrial; la fuente también identifica insurgencia." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "MZ:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Fishing and agriculture coexist with food processing, chemicals, aluminium and oil-related industry.", "es": "Pesca y agricultura conviven con transformación alimentaria, química, aluminio e industria vinculada al petróleo.", "sourceIds": [ "MZ:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source describes insurgency away from the capital; it does not verify current incident locations or intensity.", "es": "La fuente describe insurgencia lejos de la capital; no verifica las localizaciones ni la intensidad actuales de los incidentes.", "sourceIds": [ "MZ:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "MZ:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "NA", "name": { "en": "Namibia", "es": "Namibia" }, "summary": { "en": "Namibia is a southern African republic whose economic base includes mining, agriculture and tourism, alongside poverty and inequality described in the source.", "es": "Namibia es una república del África austral cuya base económica incluye minería, agricultura y turismo, junto a pobreza y desigualdad descritas en la fuente." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "NA:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Mining, agriculture and tourism are principal activities; the source's poverty figures are not current measurements.", "es": "Minería, agricultura y turismo son actividades principales; las cifras de pobreza de la fuente no son mediciones actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "NA:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "NA:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "NA:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "NC", "name": { "en": "New Caledonia", "es": "Nueva Caledonia" }, "summary": { "en": "New Caledonia is a French Pacific territory with a distinct constitutional legal status, rather than an independent state.", "es": "Nueva Caledonia es un territorio francés del Pacífico con un estatus jurídico constitucional específico, no un Estado independiente." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source identifies a sui generis collectivity within the French Republic.", "es": "La fuente identifica una colectividad de carácter especial dentro de la República Francesa.", "sourceIds": [ "NC:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "NC:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "NC:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source describes EU association as an overseas country and territory, not ordinary EU state membership.", "es": "La fuente describe asociación con la UE como país y territorio de ultramar, no pertenencia ordinaria de un Estado.", "sourceIds": [ "NC:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "NE", "name": { "en": "Niger", "es": "Níger" }, "summary": { "en": "Niger is a landlocked West African republic; the source describes military rule and an economy centered on agriculture and raw-material exports.", "es": "Níger es una república de África occidental sin litoral; la fuente describe gobierno militar y una economía centrada en agricultura y exportación de materias primas." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source records a military junta after the 2023 coup; current governing arrangements require verification.", "es": "La fuente recoge una junta militar tras el golpe de 2023; la organización actual del Gobierno requiere verificación.", "sourceIds": [ "NE:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Subsistence agriculture, some export farming and raw materials including uranium feature in the economic description.", "es": "Agricultura de subsistencia, cultivos de exportación y materias primas como uranio figuran en la descripción económica.", "sourceIds": [ "NE:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "NE:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "NE:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "NF", "name": { "en": "Norfolk Island", "es": "Isla Norfolk" }, "summary": { "en": "Norfolk Island is an Australian external territory in the Pacific between New Zealand and New Caledonia.", "es": "La Isla Norfolk es un territorio externo australiano del Pacífico situado entre Nueva Zelanda y Nueva Caledonia." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source identifies Australian external territorial status, not sovereign independence.", "es": "La fuente identifica condición de territorio externo australiano, no independencia soberana.", "sourceIds": [ "NF:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "NF:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "NF:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "NF:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "NI", "name": { "en": "Nicaragua", "es": "Nicaragua" }, "summary": { "en": "Nicaragua is a Central American republic; the source describes democratic backsliding, repression and authoritarian government.", "es": "Nicaragua es una república centroamericana; la fuente describe retroceso democrático, represión y gobierno autoritario." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source distinguishes nominal republican institutions from its account of authoritarian rule and restrictions on political competition.", "es": "La fuente distingue instituciones republicanas nominales de su descripción de gobierno autoritario y restricciones a la competencia política.", "sourceIds": [ "NI:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "NI:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "NI:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "NI:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "NP", "name": { "en": "Nepal", "es": "Nepal" }, "summary": { "en": "Nepal is a landlocked South Asian federal parliamentary republic whose diplomatic description emphasizes neutrality and multilateral cooperation.", "es": "Nepal es una república parlamentaria federal de Asia meridional sin litoral cuya descripción diplomática destaca neutralidad y cooperación multilateral." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes a federal parliamentary republic under the 2015 Constitution.", "es": "La fuente describe una república parlamentaria federal bajo la Constitución de 2015.", "sourceIds": [ "NP:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "NP:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "NP:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Neutrality, sovereignty and multilateral cooperation are diplomatic principles identified in the source.", "es": "Neutralidad, soberanía y cooperación multilateral son principios diplomáticos identificados en la fuente.", "sourceIds": [ "NP:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "NR", "name": { "en": "Nauru", "es": "Nauru" }, "summary": { "en": "Nauru is a Pacific island republic whose economic and environmental history is closely linked to phosphate mining and resource depletion.", "es": "Nauru es una república insular del Pacífico cuya historia económica y ambiental está estrechamente vinculada a la minería de fosfatos y al agotamiento de recursos." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "NR:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source links historical phosphate depletion and mining-wealth mismanagement to financial difficulties, without establishing present fiscal conditions.", "es": "La fuente vincula el agotamiento histórico de fosfatos y la gestión de riqueza minera con dificultades financieras, sin establecer la situación fiscal actual.", "sourceIds": [ "NR:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "NR:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "NR:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "NU", "name": { "en": "Niue", "es": "Niue" }, "summary": { "en": "Niue is a self-governing Pacific island country in free association with New Zealand, with parliamentary institutions.", "es": "Niue es un país insular del Pacífico con autogobierno, en libre asociación con Nueva Zelanda y con instituciones parlamentarias." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Self-government and parliamentary democracy are documented alongside free association with New Zealand.", "es": "Se documentan autogobierno y democracia parlamentaria junto a la libre asociación con Nueva Zelanda.", "sourceIds": [ "NU:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "NU:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "NU:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source distinguishes freely associated status from UN membership and records participation in specialized UN agencies.", "es": "La fuente distingue el estatus de libre asociación de la pertenencia a la ONU y recoge participación en agencias especializadas.", "sourceIds": [ "NU:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "NZ", "name": { "en": "New Zealand", "es": "Nueva Zelanda" }, "summary": { "en": "New Zealand is a southwestern Pacific island country with elected parliamentary institutions and a prime-minister-led government.", "es": "Nueva Zelanda es un país insular del Pacífico sudoccidental con instituciones parlamentarias elegidas y un Gobierno dirigido por un primer ministro." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "An elected unicameral parliament legislates, while government exercises executive authority, according to the source.", "es": "Según la fuente, un parlamento unicameral elegido legisla y el Gobierno ejerce la autoridad ejecutiva.", "sourceIds": [ "NZ:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "NZ:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "NZ:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "NZ:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "OM", "name": { "en": "Oman", "es": "Omán" }, "summary": { "en": "Oman is an Arabian Peninsula sultanate described as an absolute monarchy, with oil resources and regional Gulf cooperation.", "es": "Omán es un sultanato de la península arábiga descrito como una monarquía absoluta, con recursos petroleros y cooperación regional del Golfo." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes a sultan holding both head-of-state and head-of-government roles.", "es": "La fuente describe un sultán que ejerce tanto la jefatura del Estado como la del Gobierno.", "sourceIds": [ "OM:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Oil resources coexist with tourism, fishing and agricultural trade in the economic context described.", "es": "Los recursos petroleros conviven con turismo, pesca y comercio agrícola en el contexto económico descrito.", "sourceIds": [ "OM:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "OM:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "OM:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "PA", "name": { "en": "Panama", "es": "Panamá" }, "summary": { "en": "Panama is a Central American republic whose economic context is strongly connected to canal revenues and international shipping.", "es": "Panamá es una república centroamericana cuyo contexto económico está estrechamente conectado con los ingresos del canal y el transporte marítimo internacional." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "PA:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source identifies canal toll revenues as an important economic contribution, not a current traffic or revenue measurement.", "es": "La fuente identifica los peajes del canal como una aportación económica importante, no una medición actual de tráfico o ingresos.", "sourceIds": [ "PA:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "PA:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "PA:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "PE", "name": { "en": "Peru", "es": "Perú" }, "summary": { "en": "Peru is a western South American republic whose economic activities include mining, manufacturing, agriculture and fishing.", "es": "Perú es una república del oeste sudamericano cuyas actividades económicas incluyen minería, manufactura, agricultura y pesca." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "PE:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Mining, manufacturing, agriculture and fishing are principal activities identified in the source.", "es": "Minería, manufactura, agricultura y pesca son actividades principales identificadas en la fuente.", "sourceIds": [ "PE:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "PE:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source records APEC, Pacific Alliance and WTO participation.", "es": "La fuente recoge participación en APEC, la Alianza del Pacífico y la OMC.", "sourceIds": [ "PE:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "PF", "name": { "en": "French Polynesia", "es": "Polinesia Francesa" }, "summary": { "en": "French Polynesia is a French Pacific overseas collectivity with administrative autonomy; the source also records its UN non-self-governing-territory classification.", "es": "La Polinesia Francesa es una colectividad francesa de ultramar del Pacífico con autonomía administrativa; la fuente recoge también su clasificación como territorio no autónomo por la ONU." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "French overseas collectivity status and administrative autonomy are distinguished from sovereign independence.", "es": "La condición de colectividad francesa de ultramar y la autonomía administrativa se distinguen de la independencia soberana.", "sourceIds": [ "PF:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "PF:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "PF:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "PF:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "PG", "name": { "en": "Papua New Guinea", "es": "Papúa Nueva Guinea" }, "summary": { "en": "Papua New Guinea is a Pacific island state whose economic context combines natural-resource exports and extensive subsistence farming.", "es": "Papúa Nueva Guinea es un Estado insular del Pacífico cuyo contexto económico combina exportaciones de recursos naturales y una amplia agricultura de subsistencia." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "PG:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Natural resources support exports, while subsistence agriculture remains important in the source's description.", "es": "Los recursos naturales sostienen exportaciones y la agricultura de subsistencia sigue siendo importante en la descripción de la fuente.", "sourceIds": [ "PG:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "PG:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "PG:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "PH", "name": { "en": "Philippines", "es": "Filipinas" }, "summary": { "en": "The Philippines is a Southeast Asian archipelagic republic with a service- and manufacturing-oriented economic transition and exposure to natural disasters.", "es": "Filipinas es una república archipelágica del sudeste asiático con transición económica hacia servicios y manufactura y exposición a desastres naturales." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "PH:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source describes a transition from agriculture toward services and manufacturing, alongside persistent inequality.", "es": "La fuente describe una transición desde la agricultura hacia servicios y manufactura, junto a desigualdad persistente.", "sourceIds": [ "PH:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Earthquakes, monsoon rains and typhoons are documented hazards, not a live disaster alert.", "es": "Terremotos, lluvias monzónicas y tifones son riesgos documentados, no una alerta de desastre en tiempo real.", "sourceIds": [ "PH:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "PH:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "PM", "name": { "en": "St. Pierre & Miquelon", "es": "San Pedro y Miquelón" }, "summary": { "en": "Saint Pierre and Miquelon is a self-governing French overseas collectivity near Newfoundland, with EU overseas association rather than integral EU membership.", "es": "San Pedro y Miquelón es una colectividad francesa de ultramar con autogobierno próxima a Terranova, asociada a la UE sin formar parte integral de ella." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes a self-governing French territorial collectivity, not an independent sovereign state.", "es": "La fuente describe una colectividad territorial francesa con autogobierno, no un Estado soberano independiente.", "sourceIds": [ "PM:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "PM:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "PM:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "PM:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "PN", "name": { "en": "Pitcairn Islands", "es": "Islas Pitcairn" }, "summary": { "en": "The Pitcairn Islands form a British Overseas Territory in the southern Pacific, comprising four volcanic islands.", "es": "Las Islas Pitcairn forman un territorio británico de ultramar en el Pacífico sur, compuesto por cuatro islas volcánicas." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source identifies British overseas territorial status, rather than sovereign independence.", "es": "La fuente identifica condición de territorio británico de ultramar, no independencia soberana.", "sourceIds": [ "PN:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "PN:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "PN:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "PN:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "PR", "name": { "en": "Puerto Rico", "es": "Puerto Rico" }, "summary": { "en": "Puerto Rico is a self-governing, unincorporated US Caribbean territory whose economy includes pharmaceuticals and other manufacturing, services and tourism.", "es": "Puerto Rico es un territorio estadounidense no incorporado del Caribe con autogobierno, cuya economía incluye industria farmacéutica y otras manufacturas, servicios y turismo." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes a territorial constitution with elected executive and legislative institutions under US territorial status.", "es": "La fuente describe una constitución territorial con instituciones ejecutivas y legislativas elegidas bajo condición de territorio estadounidense.", "sourceIds": [ "PR:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Manufacturing, especially pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals and electronics, is followed by services, tourism and hospitality.", "es": "La manufactura, especialmente farmacéutica, petroquímica y electrónica, va seguida de servicios, turismo y hostelería.", "sourceIds": [ "PR:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "PR:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "PR:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "PS", "name": { "en": "Palestinian Territories", "es": "Territorios Palestinos" }, "summary": { "en": "The Palestinian territories comprise the West Bank and Gaza; the source describes conflict, movement restrictions and unresolved borders and Jerusalem's status.", "es": "Los territorios palestinos comprenden Cisjordania y Gaza; la fuente describe conflicto, restricciones de movimiento y cuestiones no resueltas sobre fronteras y el estatus de Jerusalén." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source records UN observer-state status while borders and Jerusalem's legal and diplomatic status remain unresolved.", "es": "La fuente recoge estatus de Estado observador en la ONU y cuestiones no resueltas sobre fronteras y el estatus jurídico y diplomático de Jerusalén.", "sourceIds": [ "PS:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "PS:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source describes war-related displacement and a humanitarian crisis in Gaza; present conditions are not independently verified here.", "es": "La fuente describe desplazamientos por la guerra y crisis humanitaria en Gaza; las condiciones actuales no se verifican independientemente aquí.", "sourceIds": [ "PS:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "PS:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "PW", "name": { "en": "Palau", "es": "Palaos" }, "summary": { "en": "Palau is a Pacific island presidential republic in free association with the United States, with tourism, fishing and subsistence agriculture.", "es": "Palaos es una república presidencial insular del Pacífico en libre asociación con Estados Unidos, con turismo, pesca y agricultura de subsistencia." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "PW:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Tourism, subsistence agriculture, fishing and foreign aid feature in the economic description.", "es": "Turismo, agricultura de subsistencia, pesca y ayuda exterior figuran en la descripción económica.", "sourceIds": [ "PW:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "PW:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source describes US defense, funding and social-service support under free association.", "es": "La fuente describe apoyo estadounidense en defensa, financiación y servicios sociales bajo libre asociación.", "sourceIds": [ "PW:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "PY", "name": { "en": "Paraguay", "es": "Paraguay" }, "summary": { "en": "Paraguay is a landlocked South American republic whose economic description highlights beef and soybean exports, manufacturing and construction.", "es": "Paraguay es una república sudamericana sin litoral cuya descripción económica destaca exportaciones de carne bovina y soja, manufactura y construcción." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "PY:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source's 2024 account highlights agricultural exports, manufacturing and construction; it is not a current growth forecast.", "es": "La descripción de 2024 destaca exportaciones agrícolas, manufactura y construcción; no es una previsión actual de crecimiento.", "sourceIds": [ "PY:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "PY:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "Mercosur, UN and Organization of American States membership are documented.", "es": "Se documenta pertenencia al Mercosur, la ONU y la Organización de Estados Americanos.", "sourceIds": [ "PY:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "QA", "name": { "en": "Qatar", "es": "Catar" }, "summary": { "en": "Qatar is a Gulf country on the Arabian Peninsula whose economic profile is strongly supported by natural gas and oil resources.", "es": "Catar es un país del Golfo situado en la península arábiga cuyo perfil económico está fuertemente sustentado por recursos de gas natural y petróleo." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "QA:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source describes a high-income, resource-supported economy; reserve rankings are not reproduced as current measurements.", "es": "La fuente describe una economía de renta alta sustentada en recursos; las clasificaciones de reservas no se reproducen como mediciones actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "QA:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "QA:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source records US non-NATO ally status and a regional diplomatic role.", "es": "La fuente recoge condición de aliado estadounidense fuera de la OTAN y un papel diplomático regional.", "sourceIds": [ "QA:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "RO", "name": { "en": "Romania", "es": "Rumanía" }, "summary": { "en": "Romania is a European country on the Black Sea with EU and NATO membership and a high-income economic profile described in the source.", "es": "Rumanía es un país europeo del mar Negro, miembro de la UE y la OTAN, con un perfil económico de renta alta descrito en la fuente." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "RO:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "RO:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "RO:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source records European Union, NATO and United Nations membership.", "es": "La fuente recoge pertenencia a la Unión Europea, la OTAN y las Naciones Unidas.", "sourceIds": [ "RO:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "RS", "name": { "en": "Serbia", "es": "Serbia" }, "summary": { "en": "Serbia is a landlocked European parliamentary republic; the source describes an upper-middle-income economy and EU accession negotiations.", "es": "Serbia es una república parlamentaria europea sin litoral; la fuente describe una economía de renta media alta y negociaciones de adhesión a la UE." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes separate executive, legislative and judicial institutions under a parliamentary republican constitution.", "es": "La fuente describe instituciones ejecutivas, legislativas y judiciales separadas bajo una constitución republicana parlamentaria.", "sourceIds": [ "RS:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "RS:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "RS:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source records EU accession negotiations, not EU membership.", "es": "La fuente recoge negociaciones de adhesión a la UE, no pertenencia a ella.", "sourceIds": [ "RS:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "RW", "name": { "en": "Rwanda", "es": "Ruanda" }, "summary": { "en": "Rwanda is a landlocked East African republic whose economic base includes services, agricultural exports and manufacturing.", "es": "Ruanda es una república del África oriental sin litoral cuya base económica incluye servicios, exportaciones agrícolas y manufactura." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "RW:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Services, agricultural exports and manufacturing are documented; the source's poverty survey is dated 2024.", "es": "Se documentan servicios, exportaciones agrícolas y manufactura; la encuesta de pobreza de la fuente está fechada en 2024.", "sourceIds": [ "RW:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "RW:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source records African Union, UN, Commonwealth and East African Community membership.", "es": "La fuente recoge pertenencia a la Unión Africana, la ONU, la Commonwealth y la Comunidad de África Oriental.", "sourceIds": [ "RW:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "SB", "name": { "en": "Solomon Islands", "es": "Islas Salomón" }, "summary": { "en": "Solomon Islands is a Pacific archipelagic country in Melanesia whose independence established a constitutional monarchy.", "es": "Las Islas Salomón son un país archipelágico del Pacífico en Melanesia cuya independencia estableció una monarquía constitucional." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source records constitutional monarchy at independence, rather than a current assessment of institutional performance.", "es": "La fuente recoge una monarquía constitucional desde la independencia, no una evaluación actual del desempeño institucional.", "sourceIds": [ "SB:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "SB:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "SB:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "SB:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "SC", "name": { "en": "Seychelles", "es": "Seychelles" }, "summary": { "en": "Seychelles is an Indian Ocean archipelagic republic whose economy includes services, public-sector activity and tourism.", "es": "Seychelles es una república archipelágica del océano Índico cuya economía incluye servicios, actividad del sector público y turismo." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "SC:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source describes a diversified market economy developed from an earlier agricultural base.", "es": "La fuente describe una economía de mercado diversificada desarrollada desde una base agrícola anterior.", "sourceIds": [ "SC:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "SC:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "SC:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "SD", "name": { "en": "Sudan", "es": "Sudán" }, "summary": { "en": "Sudan is a northeastern African republic with an agriculture-centered economy; the source describes civil war between the army and Rapid Support Forces.", "es": "Sudán es una república del noreste africano con economía centrada en la agricultura; la fuente describe guerra civil entre el ejército y las Fuerzas de Apoyo Rápido." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "SD:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Agriculture features prominently in an economy affected by instability and international isolation, according to the source.", "es": "Según la fuente, la agricultura destaca en una economía afectada por inestabilidad y aislamiento internacional.", "sourceIds": [ "SD:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source dates the army–Rapid Support Forces civil war to 2023; this description does not track live front lines.", "es": "La fuente sitúa en 2023 el inicio de la guerra entre ejército y Fuerzas de Apoyo Rápido; esta descripción no sigue frentes en directo.", "sourceIds": [ "SD:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "SD:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "SG", "name": { "en": "Singapore", "es": "Singapur" }, "summary": { "en": "Singapore is a Southeast Asian island republic; the source describes longstanding People's Action Party dominance and participation in ASEAN and global institutions.", "es": "Singapur es una república insular del sudeste asiático; la fuente describe predominio prolongado del Partido de Acción Popular y participación en ASEAN e instituciones globales." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes regular elections alongside continuous People's Action Party political dominance since 1959.", "es": "La fuente describe elecciones periódicas junto al predominio político continuado del Partido de Acción Popular desde 1959.", "sourceIds": [ "SG:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "SG:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "SG:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "ASEAN founding membership and UN and WTO participation are documented.", "es": "Se documentan condición de miembro fundador de ASEAN y participación en la ONU y la OMC.", "sourceIds": [ "SG:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "SH", "name": { "en": "St. Helena", "es": "Santa Elena" }, "summary": { "en": "Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha form a British Overseas Territory in the South Atlantic.", "es": "Santa Elena, Ascensión y Tristán de Acuña forman un territorio británico de ultramar en el Atlántico sur." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes three constituent territories under the Crown, not an independent sovereign country.", "es": "La fuente describe tres territorios constituyentes bajo la Corona, no un país soberano independiente.", "sourceIds": [ "SH:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "SH:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "SH:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "SH:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "SI", "name": { "en": "Slovenia", "es": "Eslovenia" }, "summary": { "en": "Slovenia is a Central European republic with EU and NATO membership and a trade-dependent economy spanning traditional industries and modern services.", "es": "Eslovenia es una república centroeuropea, miembro de la UE y la OTAN, con economía dependiente del comercio que combina industrias tradicionales y servicios modernos." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "SI:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Manufacturing, agriculture, information technology and financial services feature in an economy strongly connected to exports.", "es": "Manufactura, agricultura, tecnologías de la información y servicios financieros figuran en una economía muy vinculada a las exportaciones.", "sourceIds": [ "SI:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "SI:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "SI:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "SK", "name": { "en": "Slovakia", "es": "Eslovaquia" }, "summary": { "en": "Slovakia is a landlocked Central European republic with EU, eurozone and NATO membership and a high-income market economy described in the source.", "es": "Eslovaquia es una república centroeuropea sin litoral, miembro de la UE, la eurozona y la OTAN, con economía de mercado de renta alta descrita en la fuente." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "SK:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "SK:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "SK:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source records European Union, eurozone, NATO and OECD membership.", "es": "La fuente recoge pertenencia a la Unión Europea, la eurozona, la OTAN y la OCDE.", "sourceIds": [ "SK:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "SL", "name": { "en": "Sierra Leone", "es": "Sierra Leona" }, "summary": { "en": "Sierra Leone is a West African coastal republic participating in the UN, African Union and ECOWAS; the source records substantial poverty in a dated survey.", "es": "Sierra Leona es una república costera de África occidental que participa en la ONU, la Unión Africana y CEDEAO; la fuente recoge pobreza elevada en una encuesta fechada." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "SL:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source's 2019 survey reports extensive multidimensional poverty; it does not measure conditions today.", "es": "La encuesta de 2019 recogida por la fuente informa de amplia pobreza multidimensional; no mide las condiciones actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "SL:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "SL:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "SL:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "SM", "name": { "en": "San Marino", "es": "San Marino" }, "summary": { "en": "San Marino is a southern European republic surrounded by Italy, with an economy based on finance, industry, services, retail and tourism.", "es": "San Marino es una república del sur de Europa rodeada por Italia, con una economía basada en finanzas, industria, servicios, comercio minorista y turismo." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "SM:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Finance, industry, services, retail and tourism are the economic activities identified in the source.", "es": "Finanzas, industria, servicios, comercio minorista y turismo son las actividades económicas identificadas en la fuente.", "sourceIds": [ "SM:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "SM:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "SM:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "SN", "name": { "en": "Senegal", "es": "Senegal" }, "summary": { "en": "Senegal is an Atlantic coastal West African republic with semi-presidential institutions and participation in regional and global organizations.", "es": "Senegal es una república costera atlántica de África occidental con instituciones semipresidenciales y participación en organizaciones regionales y globales." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source identifies a semi-presidential republic; its historical stability comparison is not treated as a present safety assessment.", "es": "La fuente identifica una república semipresidencial; su comparación histórica de estabilidad no se trata como una evaluación actual de seguridad.", "sourceIds": [ "SN:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "SN:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "SN:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "African Union, UN and ECOWAS membership are documented.", "es": "Se documenta pertenencia a la Unión Africana, la ONU y CEDEAO.", "sourceIds": [ "SN:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "SO", "name": { "en": "Somalia", "es": "Somalia" }, "summary": { "en": "Somalia is an eastern African federal republic with an economy centered on livestock, remittances and telecommunications; the source also reports serious food-security concerns.", "es": "Somalia es una república federal del África oriental con economía centrada en ganadería, remesas y telecomunicaciones; la fuente también recoge graves problemas de seguridad alimentaria." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "SO:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Livestock, overseas remittances and telecommunications underpin the informal economic activity described.", "es": "Ganadería, remesas del exterior y telecomunicaciones sustentan la actividad económica informal descrita.", "sourceIds": [ "SO:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source's 2026 account reports drought-related food crises and reduced aid; it is not a live humanitarian assessment.", "es": "La descripción de 2026 recoge crisis alimentarias vinculadas a sequía y menor ayuda; no es una evaluación humanitaria en directo.", "sourceIds": [ "SO:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "SO:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "SR", "name": { "en": "Suriname", "es": "Surinam" }, "summary": { "en": "Suriname is a northern South American republic whose economy depends strongly on natural resources, including bauxite, gold, petroleum and agricultural products.", "es": "Surinam es una república del norte sudamericano cuya economía depende fuertemente de recursos naturales, como bauxita, oro, petróleo y productos agrícolas." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "SR:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Bauxite, gold, petroleum and agricultural products are resource sectors identified in the source.", "es": "Bauxita, oro, petróleo y productos agrícolas son sectores de recursos identificados en la fuente.", "sourceIds": [ "SR:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "SR:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source records close Netherlands ties and CARICOM, UN and Organization of American States membership.", "es": "La fuente recoge vínculos estrechos con Países Bajos y pertenencia a CARICOM, la ONU y la Organización de Estados Americanos.", "sourceIds": [ "SR:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "SS", "name": { "en": "South Sudan", "es": "Sudán del Sur" }, "summary": { "en": "South Sudan is a landlocked East African republic; the source describes recovery from civil war alongside persistent ethnic violence.", "es": "Sudán del Sur es una república del África oriental sin litoral; la fuente describe recuperación tras la guerra civil junto a violencia étnica persistente." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "SS:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "SS:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source records the 2013–2018 civil war and subsequent ethnic violence; present incidents and territorial control require independent verification.", "es": "La fuente recoge la guerra civil de 2013–2018 y posterior violencia étnica; incidentes actuales y control territorial requieren verificación independiente.", "sourceIds": [ "SS:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "UN, African Union and East African Community membership are documented.", "es": "Se documenta pertenencia a la ONU, la Unión Africana y la Comunidad de África Oriental.", "sourceIds": [ "SS:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "ST", "name": { "en": "São Tomé & Príncipe", "es": "Santo Tomé y Príncipe" }, "summary": { "en": "São Tomé and Príncipe is a Gulf of Guinea island republic whose economic history includes plantation crops such as coffee and cocoa.", "es": "Santo Tomé y Príncipe es una república insular del golfo de Guinea cuya historia económica incluye cultivos de plantación como café y cacao." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "ST:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Coffee and cocoa feature in the source's agricultural history; no present production or income figures are established here.", "es": "Café y cacao figuran en la historia agrícola de la fuente; aquí no se establecen cifras actuales de producción o renta.", "sourceIds": [ "ST:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "ST:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "ST:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "SV", "name": { "en": "El Salvador", "es": "El Salvador" }, "summary": { "en": "El Salvador is a Central American republic whose economic description highlights diversification from coffee toward manufacturing, trade and financial links.", "es": "El Salvador es una república centroamericana cuya descripción económica destaca diversificación desde el café hacia manufactura, comercio y vínculos financieros." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "SV:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source describes manufacturing expansion and broader trading and financial relationships, rather than current growth or employment measurements.", "es": "La fuente describe expansión manufacturera y relaciones comerciales y financieras más amplias, no mediciones actuales de crecimiento o empleo.", "sourceIds": [ "SV:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "SV:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "SV:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "SX", "name": { "en": "Sint Maarten", "es": "Sint Maarten" }, "summary": { "en": "Sint Maarten is a Caribbean constituent country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, with EU overseas status rather than integral EU membership.", "es": "Sint Maarten es un país constituyente caribeño dentro del Reino de los Países Bajos, con estatus de ultramar de la UE sin pertenencia integral." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "Constituent-country status within the Dutch kingdom is distinguished from separate sovereign independence.", "es": "La condición de país constituyente dentro del reino neerlandés se distingue de una independencia soberana separada.", "sourceIds": [ "SX:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "SX:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "SX:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "SX:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "SY", "name": { "en": "Syria", "es": "Siria" }, "summary": { "en": "Syria is a Levantine republic; the source describes political transition, continuing armed clashes and an economy damaged by civil war.", "es": "Siria es una república del Levante; la fuente describe transición política, enfrentamientos armados continuados y una economía dañada por la guerra civil." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes transitional government under a Constitutional Declaration; current officeholders and institutional control are not verified here.", "es": "La fuente describe un Gobierno transitorio bajo una Declaración Constitucional; aquí no se verifican los titulares actuales ni el control institucional.", "sourceIds": [ "SY:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "SY:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source describes continuing clashes after the Assad government's fall; this is not a current battlefield or safety assessment.", "es": "La fuente describe enfrentamientos tras la caída del Gobierno de Assad; no es una evaluación actual del frente ni de seguridad.", "sourceIds": [ "SY:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "SY:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "SZ", "name": { "en": "Eswatini", "es": "Esuatini" }, "summary": { "en": "Eswatini is a landlocked southern African kingdom described as an absolute monarchy, with strong economic links to South Africa.", "es": "Esuatini es un reino del África austral sin litoral descrito como una monarquía absoluta, con fuertes vínculos económicos con Sudáfrica." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source identifies an absolute monarchy, without establishing current individual officeholders.", "es": "La fuente identifica una monarquía absoluta, sin establecer los titulares individuales actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "SZ:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "South Africa is identified as the main local trading partner, and the lilangeni is linked to the rand.", "es": "Sudáfrica se identifica como principal socio comercial local y el lilangeni está vinculado al rand.", "sourceIds": [ "SZ:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "SZ:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "SZ:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "TC", "name": { "en": "Turks & Caicos Islands", "es": "Islas Turcas y Caicos" }, "summary": { "en": "The Turks and Caicos Islands form a British Overseas Territory in the Atlantic and northern West Indies, with autonomous territorial administration described in the source.", "es": "Las Islas Turcas y Caicos forman un territorio británico de ultramar en el Atlántico y las Antillas septentrionales, con administración territorial autónoma descrita en la fuente." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes British overseas territorial status and autonomous administration, not sovereign independence.", "es": "La fuente describe condición de territorio británico de ultramar y administración autónoma, no independencia soberana.", "sourceIds": [ "TC:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "TC:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "TC:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "TC:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "TD", "name": { "en": "Chad", "es": "Chad" }, "summary": { "en": "Chad is a landlocked Central African republic; the source describes poverty, subsistence farming and herding, and political violence.", "es": "Chad es una república centroafricana sin litoral; la fuente describe pobreza, agricultura y pastoreo de subsistencia y violencia política." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "TD:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source describes widespread poverty and subsistence farming and herding, without providing a verified present household-income assessment.", "es": "La fuente describe pobreza extendida, agricultura y pastoreo de subsistencia, sin ofrecer una evaluación verificada actual de ingresos familiares.", "sourceIds": [ "TD:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Political violence and attempted coups are described in the source; no current incident map or safety rating is inferred.", "es": "La fuente describe violencia política e intentos de golpe; no se infiere un mapa actual de incidentes ni una valoración de seguridad.", "sourceIds": [ "TD:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "TD:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "TF", "name": { "en": "French Southern Territories", "es": "Territorios Australes Franceses" }, "summary": { "en": "The French Southern Territories are described as French overseas territory without permanent settlement; Antarctic sovereignty claims are subject to the Antarctic Treaty context.", "es": "Los Territorios Australes Franceses se describen como territorio francés de ultramar sin población permanente; las reclamaciones de soberanía antártica están sujetas al contexto del Tratado Antártico." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source distinguishes French administration from recognition of the Adélie Land claim under the Antarctic Treaty System.", "es": "La fuente distingue la administración francesa del reconocimiento de la reclamación de Tierra Adelia bajo el Sistema del Tratado Antártico.", "sourceIds": [ "TF:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "TF:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "TF:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "TF:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "TG", "name": { "en": "Togo", "es": "Togo" }, "summary": { "en": "Togo is a West African republic whose economy depends largely on agriculture, with participation in regional and international organizations.", "es": "Togo es una república de África occidental cuya economía depende principalmente de la agricultura, con participación en organizaciones regionales e internacionales." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "TG:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Agriculture is the main economic dependency identified in the source.", "es": "La agricultura es la principal dependencia económica identificada en la fuente.", "sourceIds": [ "TG:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "TG:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source records UN, African Union, Commonwealth and ECOWAS membership.", "es": "La fuente recoge pertenencia a la ONU, la Unión Africana, la Commonwealth y CEDEAO.", "sourceIds": [ "TG:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "TH", "name": { "en": "Thailand", "es": "Tailandia" }, "summary": { "en": "Thailand is a mainland Southeast Asian kingdom with manufacturing, agriculture and tourism; the source also records border tensions with Cambodia.", "es": "Tailandia es un reino del sudeste asiático continental con manufactura, agricultura y turismo; la fuente también recoge tensiones fronterizas con Camboya." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "TH:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Manufacturing, agriculture and tourism are principal economic activities identified in the source.", "es": "Manufactura, agricultura y turismo son actividades económicas principales identificadas en la fuente.", "sourceIds": [ "TH:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source records Cambodian border disputes and clashes, including a 2025 crisis; present border conditions are not established here.", "es": "La fuente recoge disputas fronterizas y enfrentamientos con Camboya, incluida una crisis de 2025; aquí no se establecen las condiciones fronterizas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "TH:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "TH:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "TJ", "name": { "en": "Tajikistan", "es": "Tayikistán" }, "summary": { "en": "Tajikistan is a landlocked Central Asian presidential republic whose economic description highlights remittances, aluminium and cotton.", "es": "Tayikistán es una república presidencial de Asia central sin litoral cuya descripción económica destaca remesas, aluminio y algodón." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "TJ:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Remittances and aluminium and cotton production are dependencies identified in the source's transitional-economy description.", "es": "Las remesas y la producción de aluminio y algodón son dependencias identificadas en la descripción de una economía en transición.", "sourceIds": [ "TJ:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "TJ:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "TJ:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "TL", "name": { "en": "Timor-Leste", "es": "Timor-Leste" }, "summary": { "en": "Timor-Leste is a Southeast Asian republic with semi-presidential institutions and an economy described as dependent on natural resources, especially oil, and foreign aid.", "es": "Timor-Leste es una república del sudeste asiático con instituciones semipresidenciales y una economía descrita como dependiente de recursos naturales, especialmente petróleo, y ayuda exterior." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes a popularly elected president sharing authority with a parliamentary-appointed prime minister.", "es": "La fuente describe una presidencia elegida popularmente que comparte autoridad con un primer ministro nombrado por el Parlamento.", "sourceIds": [ "TL:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Natural resources, especially oil, and foreign aid are dependencies identified in the source.", "es": "Recursos naturales, especialmente petróleo, y ayuda exterior son dependencias identificadas en la fuente.", "sourceIds": [ "TL:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "TL:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "TL:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "TM", "name": { "en": "Turkmenistan", "es": "Turkmenistán" }, "summary": { "en": "Turkmenistan is a landlocked Central Asian country; the source describes repressive government and substantial natural-gas resources.", "es": "Turkmenistán es un país de Asia central sin litoral; la fuente describe gobierno represivo y recursos importantes de gas natural." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes repression and elections criticized as unfree or unfair; current individual officeholders are not independently verified here.", "es": "La fuente describe represión y elecciones criticadas por falta de libertad o imparcialidad; aquí no se verifican independientemente los titulares individuales actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "TM:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Natural-gas resources feature in the source; no current reserve ranking, output or export measurement is asserted.", "es": "Los recursos de gas natural figuran en la fuente; no se afirma una clasificación actual de reservas ni mediciones de producción o exportación.", "sourceIds": [ "TM:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "TM:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "TM:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "TN", "name": { "en": "Tunisia", "es": "Túnez" }, "summary": { "en": "Tunisia is a North African republic; the source describes democratic backsliding and close economic and political links with European countries.", "es": "Túnez es una república norteafricana; la fuente describe retroceso democrático y estrechos vínculos económicos y políticos con países europeos." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source's dated assessments describe democratic backsliding and restrictions on electoral freedom; they are not a new independent assessment.", "es": "Las evaluaciones fechadas de la fuente describen retroceso democrático y restricciones a la libertad electoral; no son una nueva evaluación independiente.", "sourceIds": [ "TN:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "TN:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "TN:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source identifies EU association and close relations with France and Italy, not EU membership.", "es": "La fuente identifica asociación con la UE y relaciones estrechas con Francia e Italia, no pertenencia a la UE.", "sourceIds": [ "TN:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "TO", "name": { "en": "Tonga", "es": "Tonga" }, "summary": { "en": "Tonga is a Polynesian island kingdom; the source describes a shift toward semi-constitutional monarchy and participation in Pacific and global institutions.", "es": "Tonga es un reino insular polinesio; la fuente describe una transición hacia monarquía semiconstitucional y participación en instituciones del Pacífico y globales." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source links the 2010 reforms to partial representative elections and a move away from traditional absolute monarchy.", "es": "La fuente vincula las reformas de 2010 con elecciones representativas parciales y un alejamiento de la monarquía absoluta tradicional.", "sourceIds": [ "TO:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "TO:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "TO:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "TO:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "TT", "name": { "en": "Trinidad & Tobago", "es": "Trinidad y Tobago" }, "summary": { "en": "Trinidad and Tobago is a Caribbean archipelagic republic whose economy is primarily industrial and based on oil and gas resources.", "es": "Trinidad y Tobago es una república archipelágica caribeña cuya economía es principalmente industrial y se basa en recursos de petróleo y gas." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "TT:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source distinguishes an oil- and gas-based industrial economy from tourism-dependent economic profiles elsewhere in the Caribbean.", "es": "La fuente distingue una economía industrial basada en petróleo y gas de perfiles económicos dependientes del turismo en otras partes del Caribe.", "sourceIds": [ "TT:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "TT:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "TT:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "TV", "name": { "en": "Tuvalu", "es": "Tuvalu" }, "summary": { "en": "Tuvalu is a Polynesian Pacific island country and constitutional monarchy; fishing permits, aid and seafarer remittances are economic activities described in the source.", "es": "Tuvalu es un país insular polinesio del Pacífico y monarquía constitucional; permisos de pesca, ayuda y remesas de marinos son actividades económicas descritas en la fuente." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "TV:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Fishing-license income, grants, aid projects and seafarer remittances contribute to the economy described.", "es": "Ingresos por licencias pesqueras, subvenciones, proyectos de ayuda y remesas de marinos contribuyen a la economía descrita.", "sourceIds": [ "TV:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "TV:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "TV:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "TW", "name": { "en": "Taiwan", "es": "Taiwán" }, "summary": { "en": "Taiwan is a self-governed East Asian entity with democratic institutions and export-oriented manufacturing; the source records a competing PRC sovereignty claim.", "es": "Taiwán es una entidad de Asia oriental con gobierno propio, instituciones democráticas y manufactura exportadora; la fuente recoge una reclamación de soberanía de la República Popular China." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "TW:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source describes export-oriented steel, machinery, electronics and chemical manufacturing, without reproducing current GDP rankings.", "es": "La fuente describe manufactura exportadora de acero, maquinaria, electrónica y química, sin reproducir clasificaciones actuales de PIB.", "sourceIds": [ "TW:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "TW:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source records the PRC's sovereignty claim and diplomatic restrictions; this description does not resolve recognition or sovereignty.", "es": "La fuente recoge la reclamación de soberanía de la República Popular China y restricciones diplomáticas; esta descripción no resuelve reconocimiento ni soberanía.", "sourceIds": [ "TW:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "TZ", "name": { "en": "Tanzania", "es": "Tanzania" }, "summary": { "en": "Tanzania is an East African presidential republic; the source describes longstanding Chama Cha Mapinduzi dominance and participation in regional institutions.", "es": "Tanzania es una república presidencial del África oriental; la fuente describe predominio prolongado de Chama Cha Mapinduzi y participación en instituciones regionales." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes presidential constitutional institutions alongside longstanding ruling-party dominance, not an independent present electoral assessment.", "es": "La fuente describe instituciones constitucionales presidenciales junto al predominio prolongado del partido gobernante, no una evaluación electoral actual independiente.", "sourceIds": [ "TZ:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "TZ:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "TZ:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "UN, African Union and East African Community membership are documented.", "es": "Se documenta pertenencia a la ONU, la Unión Africana y la Comunidad de África Oriental.", "sourceIds": [ "TZ:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "UG", "name": { "en": "Uganda", "es": "Uganda" }, "summary": { "en": "Uganda is a landlocked East African republic whose economic description emphasizes services and tourism alongside agriculture.", "es": "Uganda es una república del África oriental sin litoral cuya descripción económica destaca servicios y turismo junto a agricultura." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "UG:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source describes services as larger than agriculture and identifies wildlife tourism as economically important.", "es": "La fuente describe servicios de mayor tamaño que la agricultura e identifica el turismo de fauna como económicamente importante.", "sourceIds": [ "UG:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "UG:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "UG:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "UY", "name": { "en": "Uruguay", "es": "Uruguay" }, "summary": { "en": "Uruguay is a southeastern South American constitutional republic with presidential institutions and a high-income economic classification described in the source.", "es": "Uruguay es una república constitucional del sureste sudamericano con instituciones presidenciales y clasificación económica de renta alta descrita en la fuente." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes a constitutional republic whose president is both head of state and head of government.", "es": "La fuente describe una república constitucional cuya presidencia ejerce tanto la jefatura del Estado como la del Gobierno.", "sourceIds": [ "UY:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "UY:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "UY:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source records founding membership of the UN, Organization of American States and Mercosur.", "es": "La fuente recoge condición de miembro fundador de la ONU, la Organización de Estados Americanos y Mercosur.", "sourceIds": [ "UY:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "UZ", "name": { "en": "Uzbekistan", "es": "Uzbekistán" }, "summary": { "en": "Uzbekistan is a doubly landlocked Central Asian republic; the source describes limited civil rights, reforms and a gradual transition toward a market economy.", "es": "Uzbekistán es una república de Asia central sin litoral y rodeada de países sin litoral; la fuente describe derechos civiles limitados, reformas y transición gradual hacia una economía de mercado." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source attributes authoritarian-state concerns to NGOs while also describing reforms; this is not a new independent governance assessment.", "es": "La fuente atribuye a ONG preocupaciones sobre autoritarismo y también describe reformas; no es una nueva evaluación independiente de gobernanza.", "sourceIds": [ "UZ:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "A gradual market-economy transition and import-substitution trade policy are described in the source.", "es": "La fuente describe una transición gradual hacia una economía de mercado y política comercial de sustitución de importaciones.", "sourceIds": [ "UZ:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "UZ:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "UZ:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "VA", "name": { "en": "Vatican City", "es": "Ciudad del Vaticano" }, "summary": { "en": "Vatican City is a sovereign southern European city-state governed by the Holy See, with financial support from donations, museums, publications and related sales.", "es": "La Ciudad del Vaticano es una ciudad-Estado soberana del sur de Europa gobernada por la Santa Sede, con financiación de donaciones, museos, publicaciones y ventas relacionadas." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes governance by the Holy See, itself a sovereign entity under international law.", "es": "La fuente describe gobierno de la Santa Sede, entidad soberana por derecho internacional.", "sourceIds": [ "VA:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Donations, postage stamps, souvenirs, museum admission and publications provide financial support described in the source.", "es": "Donaciones, sellos, recuerdos, entradas a museos y publicaciones proporcionan el apoyo financiero descrito en la fuente.", "sourceIds": [ "VA:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "VA:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "VA:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "VC", "name": { "en": "St. Vincent & Grenadines", "es": "San Vicente y las Granadinas" }, "summary": { "en": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is an eastern Caribbean archipelagic country; the source records a major La Soufrière volcanic eruption in 2021.", "es": "San Vicente y las Granadinas es un país archipelágico del Caribe oriental; la fuente recoge una importante erupción del volcán La Soufrière en 2021." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "VC:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "VC:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "The source records the 2021 La Soufrière eruption and evacuations; no active hazard alert or forecast is provided.", "es": "La fuente recoge la erupción de La Soufrière de 2021 y evacuaciones; no se ofrece una alerta de riesgo activa ni una previsión.", "sourceIds": [ "VC:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "VC:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "VE", "name": { "en": "Venezuela", "es": "Venezuela" }, "summary": { "en": "Venezuela is a northern South American republic; the source describes authoritarian backsliding, economic and social crises and large-scale displacement.", "es": "Venezuela es una república del norte sudamericano; la fuente describe deriva autoritaria, crisis económicas y sociales y desplazamiento a gran escala." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source contrasts formal federal presidential institutions with authoritarian backsliding; current officeholders are not independently verified here.", "es": "La fuente contrasta instituciones federales presidenciales formales con deriva autoritaria; aquí no se verifican independientemente los titulares actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "VE:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source describes inflation, shortages, unemployment and poverty; no current rates or estimates are asserted.", "es": "La fuente describe inflación, escasez, desempleo y pobreza; no se afirman tasas ni estimaciones actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "VE:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "VE:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "VE:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "VG", "name": { "en": "British Virgin Islands", "es": "Islas Vírgenes Británicas" }, "summary": { "en": "The British Virgin Islands form a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean, with an economy centered on tourism and financial services.", "es": "Las Islas Vírgenes Británicas forman un territorio británico de ultramar del Caribe, con economía centrada en turismo y servicios financieros." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "VG:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Tourism and financial services dominate the economic profile described; the source also records use of the US dollar.", "es": "Turismo y servicios financieros dominan el perfil económico descrito; la fuente recoge también el uso del dólar estadounidense.", "sourceIds": [ "VG:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "VG:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "VG:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "VI", "name": { "en": "U.S. Virgin Islands", "es": "Islas Vírgenes de EE. UU." }, "summary": { "en": "The US Virgin Islands are a Caribbean unincorporated US territory whose principal economic activities are tourism and services.", "es": "Las Islas Vírgenes de EE. UU. son un territorio estadounidense no incorporado del Caribe cuyas principales actividades económicas son turismo y servicios." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source identifies organized, unincorporated US territorial status, rather than sovereign independence.", "es": "La fuente identifica condición de territorio estadounidense organizado y no incorporado, no independencia soberana.", "sourceIds": [ "VI:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Tourism and services are the principal economic activities identified in the source.", "es": "Turismo y servicios son las principales actividades económicas identificadas en la fuente.", "sourceIds": [ "VI:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "VI:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "VI:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "VU", "name": { "en": "Vanuatu", "es": "Vanuatu" }, "summary": { "en": "Vanuatu is a South Pacific archipelagic republic in Melanesia, participating in the UN, Commonwealth and Pacific Islands Forum.", "es": "Vanuatu es una república archipelágica del Pacífico sur en Melanesia que participa en la ONU, la Commonwealth y el Foro de las Islas del Pacífico." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "VU:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "VU:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "VU:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source records UN, Commonwealth, Francophonie and Pacific Islands Forum membership.", "es": "La fuente recoge pertenencia a la ONU, la Commonwealth, la Francofonía y el Foro de las Islas del Pacífico.", "sourceIds": [ "VU:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "WF", "name": { "en": "Wallis & Futuna", "es": "Wallis y Futuna" }, "summary": { "en": "Wallis and Futuna is a French island collectivity in the South Pacific, composed of volcanic islands and small islets.", "es": "Wallis y Futuna es una colectividad insular francesa del Pacífico sur, compuesta por islas volcánicas y pequeños islotes." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes French collectivity status, rather than an independent sovereign state.", "es": "La fuente describe condición de colectividad francesa, no de Estado soberano independiente.", "sourceIds": [ "WF:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "WF:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "WF:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "WF:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "WS", "name": { "en": "Samoa", "es": "Samoa" }, "summary": { "en": "Samoa is a Polynesian South Pacific island country with parliamentary institutions and participation in the UN, Commonwealth and Pacific Islands Forum.", "es": "Samoa es un país insular polinesio del Pacífico sur con instituciones parlamentarias y participación en la ONU, la Commonwealth y el Foro de las Islas del Pacífico." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes a unitary parliamentary democracy, without evaluating current institutional performance.", "es": "La fuente describe una democracia parlamentaria unitaria, sin evaluar el desempeño institucional actual.", "sourceIds": [ "WS:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "WS:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "WS:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "WS:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "XK", "name": { "en": "Kosovo", "es": "Kosovo" }, "summary": { "en": "Kosovo is a landlocked southeastern European entity with partial diplomatic recognition; Serbia contests its sovereignty, while the source describes an upper-middle-income economy.", "es": "Kosovo es una entidad del sureste europeo sin litoral con reconocimiento diplomático parcial; Serbia disputa su soberanía y la fuente describe una economía de renta media alta." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "XK:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source describes an upper-middle-income economy; historical growth observations are not current forecasts.", "es": "La fuente describe una economía de renta media alta; las observaciones históricas de crecimiento no son previsiones actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "XK:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "XK:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The source records partial recognition and Serbia's competing claim; the World entry does not settle sovereign status.", "es": "La fuente recoge reconocimiento parcial y la reclamación de Serbia; la ficha de World no resuelve el estatus soberano.", "sourceIds": [ "XK:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "YE", "name": { "en": "Yemen", "es": "Yemen" }, "summary": { "en": "Yemen is a southern Arabian republic; the source describes civil war, competing governing authorities and a severe humanitarian crisis.", "es": "Yemen es una república del sur de Arabia; la fuente describe guerra civil, autoridades de gobierno enfrentadas y una grave crisis humanitaria." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source describes rival governing authorities, including the internationally recognized government and Houthi institutions; current territorial control is not established here.", "es": "La fuente describe autoridades rivales, incluido el Gobierno reconocido internacionalmente e instituciones hutíes; aquí no se establece el control territorial actual.", "sourceIds": [ "YE:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current economic conditions.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las condiciones económicas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "YE:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Civil war and severe humanitarian consequences are documented; the source's aid estimates are historical, not live measurements.", "es": "Se documentan guerra civil y graves consecuencias humanitarias; las estimaciones de ayuda de la fuente son históricas, no mediciones en directo.", "sourceIds": [ "YE:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "YE:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "ZM", "name": { "en": "Zambia", "es": "Zambia" }, "summary": { "en": "Zambia is a landlocked southern African republic whose economic hubs include Lusaka and Copperbelt Province, according to the source.", "es": "Zambia es una república del África austral sin litoral cuyos centros económicos incluyen Lusaka y la provincia de Copperbelt, según la fuente." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish the present political situation.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece la situación política actual.", "sourceIds": [ "ZM:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "Lusaka and Copperbelt Province are identified as core economic hubs; no present sector output or income measurements are established here.", "es": "Lusaka y la provincia de Copperbelt se identifican como centros económicos principales; aquí no se establecen mediciones actuales de producción sectorial o renta.", "sourceIds": [ "ZM:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "ZM:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "ZM:overview" ] } } }, { "iso2": "ZW", "name": { "en": "Zimbabwe", "es": "Zimbabue" }, "summary": { "en": "Zimbabwe is a landlocked southeastern African republic; the source describes a history of authoritarian rule, economic crises and the 2017 leadership change.", "es": "Zimbabue es una república del sudeste africano sin litoral; la fuente describe una historia de autoritarismo, crisis económicas y el cambio de liderazgo de 2017." }, "freshnessNote": { "en": "Brief secondary-source context, not a live assessment. Territory labels do not imply sovereignty or recognition. Current leadership, economic indicators and security developments require primary-source verification.", "es": "Contexto breve de una fuente secundaria, no una evaluación en tiempo real. Las etiquetas territoriales no implican soberanía ni reconocimiento. El liderazgo, los indicadores económicos y la seguridad actuales requieren verificación primaria." }, "sections": { "politics": { "en": "The source documents the 2017 coup and leadership change; this description does not verify present officeholders or constitutional arrangements.", "es": "La fuente documenta el golpe de 2017 y el cambio de liderazgo; esta descripción no verifica los titulares actuales ni la organización constitucional.", "sourceIds": [ "ZW:overview" ] }, "economy": { "en": "The source records economic decline and hyperinflation in 1997–2008 followed by currency-policy changes; current inflation and growth are not measured here.", "es": "La fuente recoge deterioro económico e hiperinflación en 1997–2008, seguidos de cambios monetarios; aquí no se miden inflación ni crecimiento actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "ZW:overview" ] }, "security": { "en": "Current security conditions are not established; missing evidence does not imply safety or absence of conflict.", "es": "No se establecen las condiciones actuales de seguridad; la falta de evidencia no implica seguridad ni ausencia de conflicto.", "sourceIds": [ "ZW:overview" ] }, "foreignRelations": { "en": "The collected introduction does not establish current diplomatic positions or disputes.", "es": "La introducción recopilada no establece las posiciones o disputas diplomáticas actuales.", "sourceIds": [ "ZW:overview" ] } } } ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "AD:overview", "title": "Andorra", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377639044", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Andorra%7CUnited+Arab+Emirates%7CAfghanistan%7CAntigua+and+Barbuda%7CAnguilla%7CAlbania%7CArmenia%7CAngola%7CAntarctica%7CAmerican+Samoa%7CAruba%7C%C3%85land%7CAzerbaijan%7CBosnia+and+Herzegovina%7CBarbados%7CBurkina+Faso%7CBulgaria%7CBahrain%7CBurundi%7CBenin", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:41.700Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-30T08:13:17Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377639044", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Andorra, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra, is a landlocked country on the Iberian Peninsula, in the eastern Pyrenees in southwestern Europe, bordered by France to the north and Spain to the south. Believed to have been created by Charlemagne, Andorra was ruled by the count of Urgell until 988, when it was transferred to the Diocese of Urgell. Andorra was formed as a polity by a charter in 1278, being a lordship within the Principality of Catalonia until 1715. It is currently headed by two co-princes: the Bishop of Urgell in Catalonia, Spain, and the president of France. Its capital and largest city is Andorra la Vella.\nAndorra is the sixth-smallest state in Europe and the largest of the European microstates, with an area of 468 square kilometres (181 sq mi) and an estimated population of 90,021 as of July 2026. The Andorran people are a Romance group descended from the Catalans. Andorra is the world's 17th-smallest country by land and 11th-smallest by population. Its capital, Andorra la Vella, is the highest capital city in Europe, at an elevation of 1,023 metres (3,356 feet) above sea level. The sole official language is Catalan, while Spanish, Portuguese and French are also used.\nTourism in Andorra brings approximately 8 million visitors to the country annually. Andorra is not a member state of the European Union. It has been a member of the Council of Europe and of the United Nations since 1993.\n\n", "contentHash": "bbb3a1367cc148e212689054f5ca7b192fa0b44ed96969ec1e613946ad86e207", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "AE:overview", "title": "United Arab Emirates", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377754123", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Andorra%7CUnited+Arab+Emirates%7CAfghanistan%7CAntigua+and+Barbuda%7CAnguilla%7CAlbania%7CArmenia%7CAngola%7CAntarctica%7CAmerican+Samoa%7CAruba%7C%C3%85land%7CAzerbaijan%7CBosnia+and+Herzegovina%7CBarbados%7CBurkina+Faso%7CBulgaria%7CBahrain%7CBurundi%7CBenin", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:41.700Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-01T00:07:06Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377754123", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "United Arab Emirates, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "The United Arab Emirates (UAE), also known simply as the Emirates, is a country in West Asia, situated at the eastern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It is a federal semi-constitutional monarchy made up of seven emirates, with Abu Dhabi serving as its national capital. The UAE borders Oman to the east and northeast, and Saudi Arabia to the south and southwest. It shares maritime borders with Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Iran in the Persian Gulf, and with Oman in the Gulf of Oman. In 2024, the UAE had an estimated population of over 11 million. Dubai is the country's largest city. Islam is the state religion. Arabic is the official language while English remains the most spoken language and the language of business.\nThe present-day United Arab Emirates is located within the historical region of Eastern Arabia, which was oriented to maritime trade and seafaring. The Portuguese arrived in the region around 1500 and set up bases on the territory while waging wars against the Persians. By the 19th century, with pearling becoming a major economic activity, piracy became rampant in the gulf, prompting British intervention. Local sheikhdoms formed a pact with the United Kingdom to create the Trucial States, a British protectorate that was effectively shielded from attempted Saudi and Omani suzerainty. The Trucial States remained under British influence until full independence as the United Arab Emirates in 1971. Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, ruler of Abu Dhabi and the country's first president (1971–2004), oversaw rapid development of the Emirates by investing revenues from newly found oil into healthcare, education, and infrastructure.\nThe United Arab Emirates is considered a middle power in global affairs; Dubai serves as an international hub of finance, tourism, and commerce. Only 11% of the population are native Emiratis; the vast majority of inhabitants are expatriates and migrant workers, most of whom are from South Asia. The UAE has the world's seventh-largest oil reserves and seventh-largest natural gas reserves. The UAE has the most diversified economy among the members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), having become less reliant on natural resources in the 21st century and increasingly focusing on tourism and business. The UAE is a member of the United Nations, Arab League, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Non-Aligned Movement, World Trade Organization, and BRICS; it is also a dialogue partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.\nThe Federal Supreme Council, made up of the seven ruling emirs, is the highest state authority. It jointly appoints one member as federal president, who appoints a prime minister, who forms and leads the cabinet. The UAE is an authoritarian state but generally liberal by regional standards. It ranks highly in several social indicators such as housing, healthcare, education and personal safety, as well as the highest regionally in the Human Development Index. Human rights organisations consider the UAE substandard on human rights, ranking low in the human freedom index due to reports of government critics being imprisoned and tortured, families harassed by the state security apparatus, and cases of forced disappearances. Individual rights such as the freedoms of assembly, association, expression, and the freedom of the press are severely repressed.", "contentHash": "81f679a524d91f472db2317ef2b063c5a0795d952d32072f59f51896ab71c00c", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "AF:overview", "title": "Afghanistan", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378007759", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Andorra%7CUnited+Arab+Emirates%7CAfghanistan%7CAntigua+and+Barbuda%7CAnguilla%7CAlbania%7CArmenia%7CAngola%7CAntarctica%7CAmerican+Samoa%7CAruba%7C%C3%85land%7CAzerbaijan%7CBosnia+and+Herzegovina%7CBarbados%7CBurkina+Faso%7CBulgaria%7CBahrain%7CBurundi%7CBenin", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:41.700Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-02T11:44:44Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378007759", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Afghanistan, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and South Asia. It is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, Tajikistan to the northeast, and China to the northeast and east. Occupying 652,864 square kilometers (252,072 sq mi) of land, the country is predominantly mountainous with plains in the north and the southwest, which are separated by the Hindu Kush mountain range. Kabul is the country's capital and largest city. Afghanistan's population is estimated to be between 35 and 50 million.\nHuman habitation in Afghanistan dates to the Middle Paleolithic era. The country's land has witnessed numerous military campaigns, including those by the Achaemenids, Alexander the Great, the Maurya Empire, Arab Muslims, the Mongols, the British, the Soviet Union, and a United States-led coalition. Afghanistan also served as the source from which the Greco-Bactrians and the Mughals, among others, rose to form major empires. Because of the various conquests and periods in both the Iranian and Indian cultural spheres, the area was a center for Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and later Islam. The modern state of Afghanistan began with the Durrani Empire in the 18th century under Ahmad Shah Durrani, although Dost Mohammad Khan is sometimes considered to be the founder of the first modern Afghan state. Afghanistan became a buffer state in the Great Game between the British Empire and the Russian Empire. From India, the British attempted to subjugate Afghanistan but were repelled in the First Anglo-Afghan War; the Second Anglo-Afghan War saw a British victory. Following the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919, Afghanistan became free of foreign political hegemony, and emerged as the independent Kingdom of Afghanistan in 1926; this monarchy lasted almost half a century. \nSince the late 1970s, Afghanistan's history has been dominated by extensive warfare, including coups, invasions, insurgencies, and civil wars. This period of instability began in 1973 when King Zahir Shah was overthrown by his cousin Mohammad Daoud Khan, ending the monarchy and resulting in the establishment of the Republic of Afghanistan. Daoud Khan became the President of Afghanistan, ruling as an autocrat. In 1978 the conflict became a violent one when a communist revolution overthrew and assassinated Daoud Khan, establishing the socialist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Subsequent infighting prompted the Soviet Union to invade Afghanistan in 1979. \nThe mujahideen won against the Soviets in the Soviet–Afghan War, leading to the Soviets' withdrawal in 1989. The ensuing civil war overthrew the socialist republic and established the Islamic State of Afghanistan through the Peshawar Accord, which could not remain in force and resulted in a second civil war between mujahideen factions in 1992. The Taliban controlled most of the country by 1996, but their Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan received little international recognition before its overthrow in the 2001 US invasion of Afghanistan. The Taliban returned to power in 2021 after capturing Kabul, ending the 2001–2021 war. The Taliban government is widely unrecognized by the international community due to violations of human rights in Afghanistan, particularly regarding the treatment of women by the Taliban.\nAfghanistan is rich in natural resources, including lithium, iron, zinc, and copper. It is the third largest producer of both saffron and cashmere. The country is a member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation and a founding member of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. Due to the effects of war in recent decades, the country has dealt with high levels of terrorism, poverty, and child malnutrition. Afghanistan remains among the world's least developed countries with its economic output per capita among the lowest of any country.", "contentHash": "a1a21ea0df0af5d3a5d8f8373b133f5ef6d6c351060925ac4d138527dc180088", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "AG:overview", "title": "Antigua and Barbuda", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377968144", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Andorra%7CUnited+Arab+Emirates%7CAfghanistan%7CAntigua+and+Barbuda%7CAnguilla%7CAlbania%7CArmenia%7CAngola%7CAntarctica%7CAmerican+Samoa%7CAruba%7C%C3%85land%7CAzerbaijan%7CBosnia+and+Herzegovina%7CBarbados%7CBurkina+Faso%7CBulgaria%7CBahrain%7CBurundi%7CBenin", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:41.700Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-02T04:31:17Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377968144", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Antigua and Barbuda, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Antigua and Barbuda is an archipelagic country in the Caribbean composed of Antigua, Barbuda, and dozens of other small islands. Antigua and Barbuda has a total area of 440 km2 (170 sq mi), making it one of the smallest countries in the Caribbean. The country is mostly flat, with the highest points on Antigua being in the Shekerley Mountains and on Barbuda the Highlands. The country has a tropical savanna climate, with pockets of tropical monsoon in Antigua's southwest. Its most populated city is St. John's, followed by All Saints and Bolans. The sole settlement in Barbuda is Codrington. Most of the country resides in the Central Plain that stretches from St. John's to English Harbour.\nBounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east and the Caribbean Sea on the west, Antigua and Barbuda is located within the Leeward Islands moist forest and Leeward Islands xeric scrub ecoregions. The country shares maritime borders with Anguilla, Saint Barthélemy, and Saint Kitts and Nevis to the west, Montserrat to the southwest, and Guadeloupe to the south. Antigua and Barbuda has numerous natural parks, including Codrington Lagoon, one of the largest internal bodies of water in the Lesser Antilles. Despite its dense population, the country has large swaths of undeveloped land, however, Antigua and Barbuda has experienced many environmental issues due to climate change.\nHunter-gatherers settled the islands starting around 3700 BC, likely arriving on canoes from Central and South America. They were followed by the Arawaks of Venezuela during the Ceramic period. In 1493, Christopher Columbus surveyed the island of Antigua, which resulted in an attempt at Spanish settlement in 1520. Antigua remained uncolonised until 1632 when Edward Warner and his small party created the first successful British colony. Barbuda was under the control of the Codrington family until the 1860s. Antiguan independence was first proposed by Prince Klaas in 1728, who attempted to make the island an independent kingdom. After emancipation in 1834, Antigua's autonomy slowly increased, while Barbuda was slowly integrated into Antigua. The first democratic elections were held in 1951, and by 1981, Antigua and Barbuda was independent. From 1960 until 2004, the Bird family dominated the archipelago's politics with only one interruption, which ended with the election of Baldwin Spencer to the premiership.\nSince 2014, the Labour Party has dominated national politics. Antigua and Barbuda is a member of the Commonwealth and a Commonwealth realm, being a constitutional monarchy with Charles III as its head of state. The country is a unitary state, with Barbuda being administered by the Barbuda Council since 1976. Antigua is divided into six parishes. The central government is composed of three main branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. It has a bicameral national legislature comprising the directly elected House of Representatives and the Senate appointed by the Governor-General, the representative of the monarch. The Labour Party and the United Progressive Party have dominated the country's politics since 1994. The country has a proportionally high foreign-born population; most people are of African descent, with significant populations of Europeans, Hispanics, and Indians. The country is majority Christian, with most being Protestant. The most spoken home language in the country is Antiguan and Barbudan Creole. Compared to neighboring countries, Antigua and Barbuda ranks highly in most economic indicators, and ranks about average in political freedoms.\nAntigua and Barbuda is a high-income country and is the most developed country in the Caribbean by Human Development Index. It is a member of the United Nations, the OECS, the Regional Security System, CARICOM, and the World Trade Organisation. Antigua and Barbuda is one of the only countries in the Caribbean to maintain an air force, and has a mostly service-based economy. Antigua and Barbuda maintains significant influence in the former British Leeward Islands and the eastern Caribbean, having the largest economy and population in the former colony. However, the country continues to struggle with human rights and political polarisation, with declining freedom of the press and a significant Barbudan independence movement re-emerging due to tensions between the islands.", "contentHash": "7c8fa953fe3a3fd997dfbe98c1716ba130bab15cf7678381de9af057618f8d73", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "AI:overview", "title": "Anguilla", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377560534", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Andorra%7CUnited+Arab+Emirates%7CAfghanistan%7CAntigua+and+Barbuda%7CAnguilla%7CAlbania%7CArmenia%7CAngola%7CAntarctica%7CAmerican+Samoa%7CAruba%7C%C3%85land%7CAzerbaijan%7CBosnia+and+Herzegovina%7CBarbados%7CBurkina+Faso%7CBulgaria%7CBahrain%7CBurundi%7CBenin", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:41.700Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-30T00:39:55Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377560534", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Anguilla, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Anguilla is a British Overseas Territory of the Caribbean region in the North Atlantic Ocean. It is one of the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles, lying east of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and directly north of Saint Martin. The territory consists of the main island of Anguilla, approximately 16 miles (26 kilometres) long by 3 miles (5 km) wide at its widest point, together with a number of much smaller islands and cays with no permanent population. The territory's capital is The Valley. The total land area of the territory is 35 square miles (91 km2), with a population of approximately 15,753 in 2021.\n\n", "contentHash": "34574ac79839e1ce50644d2543974c3b73208d233651fd79d366acb1d42aaa1a", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "AL:overview", "title": "Albania", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377588803", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Andorra%7CUnited+Arab+Emirates%7CAfghanistan%7CAntigua+and+Barbuda%7CAnguilla%7CAlbania%7CArmenia%7CAngola%7CAntarctica%7CAmerican+Samoa%7CAruba%7C%C3%85land%7CAzerbaijan%7CBosnia+and+Herzegovina%7CBarbados%7CBurkina+Faso%7CBulgaria%7CBahrain%7CBurundi%7CBenin", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:41.700Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-30T02:34:50Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377588803", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Albania, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Albania, officially the Republic of Albania, is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located in the Balkans, on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea, and shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, North Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south. With an area of 28,748 km2 (11,100 sq mi), it has a varied range of climatic, geological, hydrological and morphological conditions. Landscapes range from rugged snow-capped mountains in the Albanian Alps and the Korab, Skanderbeg, Pindus and Ceraunian Mountains, to fertile lowland plains extending from the Adriatic and Ionian sea coasts. Tirana is the capital and largest city, followed by Durrës, Vlorë, and Shkodër.\nAlbania was inhabited by several Illyrian tribes, among them the Ardiaei, Bylliones, Dassaretii, Enchele, and Taulantians, with the Chaonians settled in the southwest. Several colonies were founded by the Ancient Greeks along the Albanian coast, most notably Apollonia. The Illyrians were the dominant power before the rise of Macedon. Following the Illyrian Wars, Albania was integrated into the Roman Empire and remained in the Byzantine Empire after its partition. During the Middle Ages, several Albanian principalities emerged, most notably the Principality of Arbanon, Kingdom of Albania, Principality of Albania and Albania Veneta. In the 15th century, Albania became a center of resistance against Ottoman expansion under the leadership of Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg, whose military campaigns repelled Ottoman advances for over two decades. Although incorporated into the Ottoman Empire, Albania retained distinct cultural and social identities throughout four centuries of foreign rule, culminating in the Albanian Renaissance in the 19th century. Albania declared independence in 1912, followed by a turbulent 20th century marked by monarchy, foreign occupation during both World Wars, and a communist regime under Enver Hoxha.\nSince its independence in 1912, Albania has undergone many political changes, transitioning from a monarchy to a communist regime before becoming a sovereign parliamentary constitutional republic. Governed by a constitution prioritising the separation of powers, the political structure includes a parliament, a ceremonial president, a functional prime minister and a hierarchy of courts. Albania is a developing country with an upper-middle income economy driven by the service sector, with manufacturing and tourism—which attracted over 11 million visitors in 2024—playing significant roles. The illegal drug trade in Albania contributes around US$100 million to the economy per year. After the dissolution of its communist system, the country shifted from centralised planning to an open market economy. Citizens have universal health care access and free primary and secondary education. The country is an official candidate for membership in the European Union and has been negotiating accession since 2022.", "contentHash": "730a4f2d76aa2126ba20f3a2468ebbeec6f1c75dbdab4835a6549da8cd15f05c", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "AM:overview", "title": "Armenia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378398385", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Andorra%7CUnited+Arab+Emirates%7CAfghanistan%7CAntigua+and+Barbuda%7CAnguilla%7CAlbania%7CArmenia%7CAngola%7CAntarctica%7CAmerican+Samoa%7CAruba%7C%C3%85land%7CAzerbaijan%7CBosnia+and+Herzegovina%7CBarbados%7CBurkina+Faso%7CBulgaria%7CBahrain%7CBurundi%7CBenin", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:41.700Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-04T08:05:00Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378398385", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Armenia, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian highlands of West Asia. It is a part of the Caucasus region and is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south. Yerevan is the capital, largest city and financial center.\nThe Armenian highlands have been home to the Hayasa-Azzi, Shupria, and Nairi peoples. By at least 600 BC, an archaic form of Proto-Armenian, an Indo-European language, had diffused into the Armenian highlands. The first Armenian state of Urartu was established in 860 BC, and by the 6th century BC it was replaced by the Satrapy of Armenia. The Kingdom of Armenia reached its height under Tigranes the Great in the 1st century BC and in AD 301 became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its official religion. Armenia still recognises the Armenian Apostolic Church, the world's oldest national church, as the country's primary religious establishment. The ancient Armenian kingdom was split between the Byzantine and Sasanian Empires around the early 5th century. Under the Bagratuni dynasty, the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia was restored in the 9th century before falling in 1045. Cilician Armenia, an Armenian principality and later a kingdom, was located on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea between the 11th and 14th centuries.\nBetween the 16th and 19th centuries, the traditional Armenian homeland composed of Eastern and Western Armenia was divided between the Ottoman and Persian empires, with control of various regions shifting between the two powers over time. By the 19th century, Eastern Armenia had been conquered by the Russian Empire while most of Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule. During World War I, up to 1.5 million Armenians were systematically exterminated in the Armenian genocide. Following the Russian Revolution, the First Republic of Armenia declared independence in 1918. By 1920, the state was incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. The Republic of Armenia became independent in 1991 during the dissolution of the Soviet Union.\nModern Armenia is a unitary, multi-party, democratic nation-state. It is a developing country and ranks 69th on the Human Development Index as of 2023. Its economy is primarily based on industrial output and mineral extraction. While Armenia is geographically located in the South Caucasus, it views itself as part of Europe and is generally considered geopolitically European. The country is a member of numerous European organisations including the Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe, the Council of Europe, the Eastern Partnership, Eurocontrol, the Assembly of European Regions, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Armenia is a member of certain regional groups throughout Eurasia, including the Asian Development Bank, the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Eurasian Economic Union, and the Eurasian Development Bank. Armenia supported the once de facto independent Republic of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh), which had seceded from Azerbaijan in 1991, until Azerbaijan reincorporated the region through a siege and military offensive in 2023.", "contentHash": "09945e706add73fc3fc66803dce222767079aa769cf49a0613596daaf77f295c", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "AO:overview", "title": "Angola", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378813483", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Andorra%7CUnited+Arab+Emirates%7CAfghanistan%7CAntigua+and+Barbuda%7CAnguilla%7CAlbania%7CArmenia%7CAngola%7CAntarctica%7CAmerican+Samoa%7CAruba%7C%C3%85land%7CAzerbaijan%7CBosnia+and+Herzegovina%7CBarbados%7CBurkina+Faso%7CBulgaria%7CBahrain%7CBurundi%7CBenin", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:41.700Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-06T07:12:27Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378813483", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Angola, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country on the western coast of Southern Africa. It is the second-largest Portuguese-speaking (Lusophone) country after Brazil in both total area and population and is the seventh-largest country in Africa. It is bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The Angolan province of Cabinda is an exclave on the Atlantic coast, bordering the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital and most populous city is Luanda.\nAngola has been inhabited since the Palaeolithic Age. After the Bantu expansion reached the region, states were formed by the 13th century and organised into confederations. The Kingdom of Kongo ascended to achieve hegemony among the other kingdoms from the 14th century. Portuguese explorers established relations with Kongo in 1483. To the south were the kingdoms of Ndongo and Matamba, with the Ovimbundu kingdoms further south, and the Mbunda Kingdom in the east.\nThe Portuguese began colonising the coast in the 16th century. Kongo fought three wars against the Portuguese, ending in the Portuguese conquest of Ndongo. The banning of the slave trade in the 19th century disrupted Kongo's undiversified economic system and European settlers gradually began to establish their presence in the interior of the region. The Portuguese colony that became Angola did not achieve its present borders until the early 20th century and experienced strong resistance from native groups such as the Cuamato, the Kwanyama, and the Mbunda.\nAfter a protracted anti-colonial struggle (1961–1974), Angola achieved independence in 1975 as a one-party Republic, but the country descended into a devastating civil war the same year, between the ruling People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), backed by the Soviet Union and Cuba; the insurgent National Union for the Total Independence of Angola, an originally Maoist and later anti-communist group supported by the United States and South Africa; the militant organisation National Liberation Front of Angola, backed by Zaire; and the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda seeking the independence of the Cabinda exclave, also backed by Zaire.\nSince the end of the civil war in 2002, Angola has emerged as a relatively stable constitutional republic, and its economy is among the fastest-growing in the world, with China, the European Union, and the United States being the country's largest investment and trade partners. However, the economic growth is highly uneven, with most of the nation's wealth concentrated in a disproportionately small part of the population as most Angolans have a low standard of living; life expectancy is among the lowest in the world, while infant mortality is among the highest.\nAngola is a member of the United Nations, African Union, the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, and the Southern African Development Community. As of 2024, the Angolan population is estimated at 36.6 million. Angolan culture reflects centuries of Portuguese influence, namely the predominance of the Portuguese language and of the Catholic Church, intermingled with a variety of indigenous customs and traditions.", "contentHash": "a73825457b32d2af2ea49e1d564584ff97b7683d5880486a0021d9b211dc121e", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "AQ:overview", "title": "Antarctica", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378919019", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Andorra%7CUnited+Arab+Emirates%7CAfghanistan%7CAntigua+and+Barbuda%7CAnguilla%7CAlbania%7CArmenia%7CAngola%7CAntarctica%7CAmerican+Samoa%7CAruba%7C%C3%85land%7CAzerbaijan%7CBosnia+and+Herzegovina%7CBarbados%7CBurkina+Faso%7CBulgaria%7CBahrain%7CBurundi%7CBenin", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:41.700Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-06T22:36:46Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378919019", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Antarctica, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Antarctica ( ) is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean (also known as the Antarctic Ocean), it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent, being about 40% larger than Europe, and has an area of 14,200,000 km2 (5,500,000 sq mi). Most of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, with an average thickness of 1.9 km (1.2 mi).\nAntarctica is, on average, the coldest, driest, and windiest of the continents, and has the highest average elevation. It is mainly a polar desert, with annual precipitation of over 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. About 70% of the world's freshwater reserves are frozen in Antarctica, which, if melted, would raise global sea levels by almost 60 metres (200 ft). Antarctica holds the record for the lowest measured temperature on Earth, −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F). The coastal regions can reach temperatures over 10 °C (50 °F) in the summer. Native species of animals include mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades. Where vegetation occurs, it is mostly in the form of lichen or moss.\nThe ice shelves of Antarctica were probably first seen in 1820, during a Russian expedition led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev. The decades that followed saw further exploration by French, American, and British expeditions. The first confirmed landing was by a Norwegian team in 1895. In the early 20th century, there were a few expeditions into the interior of the continent. British explorers Douglas Mawson, Edgeworth David, and Alistair Mackay were the first to reach the magnetic South Pole in 1909, and the geographic South Pole was first reached in 1911 by Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen.\nAntarctica is governed by 29 countries, all of which are parties of the 1959 Antarctic Treaty System. According to the terms of the treaty, military activity, mining, nuclear explosions, and nuclear waste disposal are all prohibited in Antarctica. Tourism, fishing and research are the main human activities in and around Antarctica. During the summer months, about 5,000 people reside at research stations, a figure that drops to around 1,000 in the winter. Despite the continent's remoteness, human activity has a significant effect on it via pollution, ozone depletion, and climate change. The melting of the potentially unstable West Antarctic ice sheet causes the most uncertainty in century-scale projections of sea level rise, and the same melting also affects the Southern Ocean overturning circulation, which can eventually lead to significant impacts on the Southern Hemisphere climate and Southern Ocean productivity.", "contentHash": "9c8ba7674231864df039895846e636078aa10e659606eaaf1e66442568937ca9", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "AS:overview", "title": "American Samoa", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377725206", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Andorra%7CUnited+Arab+Emirates%7CAfghanistan%7CAntigua+and+Barbuda%7CAnguilla%7CAlbania%7CArmenia%7CAngola%7CAntarctica%7CAmerican+Samoa%7CAruba%7C%C3%85land%7CAzerbaijan%7CBosnia+and+Herzegovina%7CBarbados%7CBurkina+Faso%7CBulgaria%7CBahrain%7CBurundi%7CBenin", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:41.700Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-30T20:22:47Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377725206", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "American Samoa, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "American Samoa is a self-governing, unincorporated and unorganized territory of the United States located in the south Pacific Ocean, within the Polynesia subregion of Oceania. It is 40 miles (64 km) southeast of the island country of Samoa, east of the International Date Line and the French territory of Wallis and Futuna, west of the Cook Islands, north of Tonga, and some 310 miles (500 km) south of Tokelau. American Samoa is the southernmost territory of the United States, situated 2,200 miles (3,500 km) southwest of the U.S. state of Hawaii, and one of two U.S. territories south of the Equator, along with the uninhabited Jarvis Island.\nAmerican Samoa consists of the eastern part of the Samoan archipelago – the inhabited volcanic islands of Tutuila, Aunuʻu, Ofu, Olosega and Taʻū and the uninhabited Rose Atoll – as well as Swains Island, a remote coral atoll in the Tokelau volcanic island group. The total land area is 77 square miles (199 km2), slightly larger than Washington, D.C.; including its territorial waters, the total area is 117,500 square miles (304,000 km2), about the size of New Zealand. American Samoa has a tropical climate, with 90 percent of its land covered by rainforests. As of 2024, the population is approximately 47,400 and concentrated on Tutuila, which hosts the capital and largest settlement, Pago Pago. The vast majority of residents are indigenous ethnic Samoans, most of whom are fluent in the official languages, Samoan and English.\nInhabited by Polynesians since prehistoric times, American Samoa was first contacted by Europeans in the 18th century. The islands attracted missionaries, explorers, and mariners, particularly to the highly protected natural harbor of Pago Pago. The United States took possession of American Samoa in the late 19th century, developing it into a major naval outpost; the territory's strategic value was reinforced by the Second World War and subsequent Cold War. In 1967, American Samoa became self-governing with the adoption of a constitution; its local government is republican in form, with separate executive, legislative, and judicial branches. It remains officially unorganized and is thus directly administered by the federal government. American Samoa is listed among seventeen \"non-self-governing territories\" as defined by the United Nations, but it is a member of several intergovernmental organizations, including the Pacific Community, Pacific Islands Forum (PIF), Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), and International Olympic Committee (IOC).\nDue to the territory's strategic location, the U.S. military has a significant presence and plays a major role in its economy and society. The territory is noted for having the highest rate of military enlistment of any U.S. state or territory; as of 2021, the local U.S. Army recruiting station in Pago Pago ranked first in recruitment. Tuna products are the main exports, with the U.S. proper serving as the largest trading partner. Tourism is a nascent but underdeveloped sector, owing in part to the territory's relative geographic isolation, which also accounts for its high rate of poverty and emigration.\nSince the Deeds of Cession were signed in 1900 and 1904, Samoans have avoided further integration into the U.S. system. In 1949, the Department of the Interior moved to incorporate American Samoa through an Organic Act. Afraid that incorporation might undermine the Samoan culture and traditional land ownership, Samoan matai intervened and Congress halted incorporation. Instead, Samoa created its own government, the Samoan Fono, based on indigenous systems of governance. Since then, Samoans have declined to establish a federal district court and refused birthright citizenship; Samoa remains the only U.S. territory with its own immigration system.\n\nAmerican Samoa is the only permanently inhabited territory of the United States in which citizenship is not granted at birth, and people born there are considered \"non-citizen nationals\" with limited rights. American Samoa does not have a vote in the U.S. Congress. A primary reason that Samoans do not have birthright citizenship is that it is opposed by many Samoans, as evidenced by the unanimous resolution of the Samoan Fono in 2021 against birthright citizenship, and multiple statements and actions by government officials over the decades. The elected representatives of American Samoan people unanimously fear that birthright citizenship would complicate the territory's political structure and lead to the erosion of indigenous governance, collective ownership of indigenous lands, and use of the Samoan language. \n\n", "contentHash": "99e2effea8765581b9f2ac6611ba1ee4b388438939b023cb6ea34bb7908a9db8", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "AW:overview", "title": "Aruba", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376640003", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Andorra%7CUnited+Arab+Emirates%7CAfghanistan%7CAntigua+and+Barbuda%7CAnguilla%7CAlbania%7CArmenia%7CAngola%7CAntarctica%7CAmerican+Samoa%7CAruba%7C%C3%85land%7CAzerbaijan%7CBosnia+and+Herzegovina%7CBarbados%7CBurkina+Faso%7CBulgaria%7CBahrain%7CBurundi%7CBenin", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:41.700Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-25T10:57:49Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1376640003", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Aruba, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Aruba, officially the Country of Aruba, is an island constituent country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, in the southern Caribbean Sea 29 kilometres (18 mi) north of the Venezuelan peninsula of Paraguaná and 80 kilometres (50 mi) north-west of Curaçao. In 1986, Aruba became a constituent country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands and acquired the official name.\nAruba has an area of 179 square kilometres (69.1 sq mi), and measures 32 kilometres (20 mi) in length from its north-western to its south-eastern end and is 10 kilometres (6 mi) across at its widest point. Aruba is geologically located in South America, lying on the South American continental shelf. Alongside Bonaire and Curaçao, Aruba forms part of an island group referred to as the ABC islands. The Dutch Caribbean encompasses the ABC islands along with the other three substantial islands, the SSS islands. In contrast to much of the Caribbean, which experiences humid tropical climates, Aruba has a dry climate with an arid xeric landscape. The relatively warm and sunny weather persists throughout the year.\nWith a population of 108,880, Aruba is home to about one-third of the total population of the Dutch Caribbean. As one of the four countries in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, alongside the Netherlands, Curaçao and Sint Maarten, Aruba shares Dutch nationality with its citizens. Aruba lacks administrative subdivisions but is divided into eight regions for census purposes with Oranjestad as its capital.", "contentHash": "cee9726307c97d9ba1768450fb611fba57b8081b526cf1fc89c90b86f1b6c2a4", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "AX:overview", "title": "Åland", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376732589", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Andorra%7CUnited+Arab+Emirates%7CAfghanistan%7CAntigua+and+Barbuda%7CAnguilla%7CAlbania%7CArmenia%7CAngola%7CAntarctica%7CAmerican+Samoa%7CAruba%7C%C3%85land%7CAzerbaijan%7CBosnia+and+Herzegovina%7CBarbados%7CBurkina+Faso%7CBulgaria%7CBahrain%7CBurundi%7CBenin", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:41.700Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-25T23:11:53Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1376732589", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Åland, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Åland ( AW-lənd, Swedish: [ˈǒːland] ; Finnish: Ahvenanmaa) is an autonomous and demilitarised region of Finland. Receiving its autonomy in 1920, it is the smallest region of Finland by both area (1,580 km2 or 610 sq mi) and population (30,654), constituting 0.51% of Finland's land area and 0.54% of its population. Its official language is Swedish and the capital city is Mariehamn.\nÅland is situated in an archipelago, called the Åland Islands, at the entrance to the Gulf of Bothnia in the Baltic Sea. It comprises Fasta Åland, on which 90% of the population resides, and about 6,500 skerries and islands to its east, of which about 60–80 are inhabited. Fasta Åland is separated from the coast of Roslagen in Sweden by 38 km (20+1⁄2 nautical miles) of open water to the west. In the east, the Åland archipelago is contiguous with the Finnish archipelago. Åland's only land border is located on the uninhabited skerry of Märket, which it shares with Sweden. From Mariehamn, there is a ferry distance of about 160 km (86 nautical miles) to Turku, a coastal city of mainland Finland, and also to Stockholm, the capital of Sweden.\nÅland's autonomous status means that those provincial powers normally exercised by representatives of the central Finnish Government are largely exercised by its own government. The current demilitarised, neutral position of Åland dates back to the Paris Peace Treaty after the Åland War in the 1850s.", "contentHash": "c83b4679046019e1fd876a757ed3224dfa5096150a99dc7ddbbc48b7ca352952", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "AZ:overview", "title": "Azerbaijan", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1375575338", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Andorra%7CUnited+Arab+Emirates%7CAfghanistan%7CAntigua+and+Barbuda%7CAnguilla%7CAlbania%7CArmenia%7CAngola%7CAntarctica%7CAmerican+Samoa%7CAruba%7C%C3%85land%7CAzerbaijan%7CBosnia+and+Herzegovina%7CBarbados%7CBurkina+Faso%7CBulgaria%7CBahrain%7CBurundi%7CBenin", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:41.700Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-18T17:00:21Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1375575338", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Azerbaijan, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a landlocked country at the boundary of Western Asia and Eastern Europe. It is a part of the South Caucasus region and is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia's republic of Dagestan to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Turkey (via the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south. Baku is the capital and largest city.\nThe territory of what is now Azerbaijan was ruled first by Caucasian Albania and later by various Persian empires. Until the 19th century, it remained part of Qajar Iran, but the Russo-Persian wars of 1804–1813 and 1826–1828 forced the Qajar Empire to cede its Caucasian territories to the Russian Empire; the treaties of Gulistan in 1813 and Turkmenchay in 1828 defined the border between Russia and Iran. The region north of the Aras was part of Iran until it was conquered by Russia in the 19th century, where it was administered as part of the Caucasus Viceroyalty.\nBy the late 19th century, an Azerbaijani national identity emerged, and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence from the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic in 1918, a year after the Russian Empire collapsed, and became the first secular democratic Muslim-majority state in the world. In 1920, the country was conquered and incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan SSR. The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991, shortly before the dissolution of the Soviet Union. In September 1991, the ethnic Armenian majority of the Nagorno-Karabakh region formed the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh, which became de facto independent with the end of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994, although the region and seven surrounding districts remained internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan. Following the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War in 2020, the seven districts and parts of Nagorno-Karabakh were returned to Azerbaijani control. An Azerbaijani offensive in 2023 ended the Republic of Artsakh and resulted in the expulsion of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians.\nAzerbaijan is a unitary semi-presidential republic. It is one of six independent Turkic states and an active member of the Organization of Turkic States and the TÜRKSOY community. Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 182 countries and holds membership in 38 international organizations, including the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the NATO PfP program. It is one of the founding members of GUAM, the Commonwealth of Independent States, and the OPCW. Azerbaijan is an observer state of the World Trade Organization.\nThe vast majority of the country's population (97%) is Muslim. The Constitution of Azerbaijan does not declare an official religion, and all major political forces in the country are secular. Azerbaijan is a developing country and ranks 81st on the Human Development Index. The ruling New Azerbaijan Party, in power since 1993, has been accused of authoritarianism under presidents Heydar Aliyev and his son Ilham Aliyev. The ruling Aliyev family has been criticized on Azerbaijan's human rights record, including media restrictions and repression of its Shia Muslim population.", "contentHash": "738e3aea66d8cc86483b44c7d03250b6af57aaacd32bdbc5363213e43414a764", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "BA:overview", "title": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378654890", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Andorra%7CUnited+Arab+Emirates%7CAfghanistan%7CAntigua+and+Barbuda%7CAnguilla%7CAlbania%7CArmenia%7CAngola%7CAntarctica%7CAmerican+Samoa%7CAruba%7C%C3%85land%7CAzerbaijan%7CBosnia+and+Herzegovina%7CBarbados%7CBurkina+Faso%7CBulgaria%7CBahrain%7CBurundi%7CBenin", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:41.700Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-05T13:50:26Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378654890", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Bosnia and Herzegovina, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Bosnia and Herzegovina, often referred to as Bosnia-Herzegovina or simply Bosnia, is a country in Southeastern Europe. Situated on the Balkan Peninsula, it borders Serbia to the east, Montenegro to the southeast, and Croatia to the north and southwest, with a 20-kilometre-long (12-mile) coast on the Adriatic Sea in the south. Bosnia has a moderate continental climate with hot summers and cold, snowy winters. Its geography is largely mountainous, particularly in the central and eastern regions, which are dominated by the Dinaric Alps. Herzegovina, the smaller, southern region, has a Mediterranean climate and is mostly mountainous. Sarajevo is the capital and the largest city.\nThe area has been inhabited since at least the Upper Palaeolithic, with permanent human settlement traced to the Neolithic cultures of Butmir, Kakanj, and Vučedol. After the arrival of the first Indo-Europeans, the area was populated by several Illyrian and Celtic civilisations. Most of modern Bosnia was incorporated into the Roman province of Dalmatia by the mid-first century BCE. The ancestors of the modern South Slavic peoples arrived between the sixth and ninth centuries. In the 12th century, the Banate of Bosnia was established as the first independent Bosnian polity. It gradually evolved and expanded into the Kingdom of Bosnia, which became the most powerful state in the western Balkans by the 14th century. The Ottoman Empire annexed the region in 1463 and introduced Islam. From the late 19th century until World War I, the country was under Austro-Hungarian rule. In the interwar period, Bosnia and Herzegovina was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. After World War II, it was granted full republic status in the newly formed Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In 1992, following the breakup of Yugoslavia, the republic proclaimed independence. This was followed by the Bosnian War, which lasted until late 1995 and ended with the signing of the Dayton Agreement.\nBosnia and Herzegovina has around 3.4 million inhabitants, composed chiefly of three main ethnic groups: Bosniaks, who form one half of the population, followed by Serbs at one-third and Croats at one-sixth; minorities include Jews, Roma, Albanians, Montenegrins, Ukrainians and Turks, who are among 17 recognized \"national minorities\". Bosnia and Herzegovina has a bicameral legislature and a presidency made up of one member from each of the three major ethnic groups (directorial system). The central government's power is minimal, as the country is largely decentralised; it consists of two highly autonomous \"entities\"—the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska—and a third unit, the Brčko District, nominally under joint control, albeit governed by its own local government. \nBosnia and Herzegovina is a developing country and an upper-middle income economy, dominated by industry and agriculture, followed by tourism and services; tourism has increased significantly in recent years. The country has a social security and universal healthcare system, while primary and secondary education is free. It is a member of the United Nations, Council of Europe, OSCE, CEFTA, and is also a founding member of the SEECP. Bosnia and Herzegovina has been an EU candidate country since 2022, and a NATO membership candidate since 2010.", "contentHash": "8481e4ac1420b6c8fa404acbf20536e21c4fa08a41bbfaa7afe50c57902917da", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "BB:overview", "title": "Barbados", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378675909", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Andorra%7CUnited+Arab+Emirates%7CAfghanistan%7CAntigua+and+Barbuda%7CAnguilla%7CAlbania%7CArmenia%7CAngola%7CAntarctica%7CAmerican+Samoa%7CAruba%7C%C3%85land%7CAzerbaijan%7CBosnia+and+Herzegovina%7CBarbados%7CBurkina+Faso%7CBulgaria%7CBahrain%7CBurundi%7CBenin", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:41.700Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-05T16:44:53Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378675909", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Barbados, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Barbados is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea. It is part of the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies and is the southernmost and easternmost island of the Caribbean region. It lies on the boundary of the South American and Caribbean tectonic plates. Its capital and largest city is Bridgetown.\nInhabited by Kalinago people since the 13th century, and prior to that by other Indigenous peoples, the island was originally named Ichirouganaim. It was claimed for the Crown of Castile by Spanish navigators in the late 15th century, who named it Barbudos, and it first appeared on a Spanish map in 1511. The Portuguese Empire claimed the island between 1532 and 1536, but abandoned it in 1620; their only traces were the introduction of wild boars intended as a supply of meat whenever the island was visited. The indigenous population had mostly been sold into slavery, killed, or died of disease by that time.\nAn English ship, the Olive Blossom, arrived in Barbados on 14 May 1625; its men took possession of the island in the name of King James I. In 1627, the first permanent settlers arrived from England, and Barbados became an English and later British colony. During this period, the colony operated on a plantation economy, relying initially on the labour of Irish indentured servants and subsequently African slaves, who worked on the island's plantations. Slavery continued until it was phased out through most of the British Empire by the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. The descendants of these enslaved Africans now account for over 90% of the island's population.\nOn 30 November 1966, Barbados moved toward political independence and assumed the status of a Commonwealth realm, becoming a sovereign state with Elizabeth II as Queen of Barbados. On 30 November 2021, Barbados transitioned to a republic within the Commonwealth, replacing its monarchy with a ceremonial president.\nBarbados is ranked as one of the Caribbean's leading tourist destinations.", "contentHash": "638dcf2ec53e67589db2a671bf435e5a5e6e6a0e0ebe1c741ff15466a78df165", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "BF:overview", "title": "Burkina Faso", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378099499", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Andorra%7CUnited+Arab+Emirates%7CAfghanistan%7CAntigua+and+Barbuda%7CAnguilla%7CAlbania%7CArmenia%7CAngola%7CAntarctica%7CAmerican+Samoa%7CAruba%7C%C3%85land%7CAzerbaijan%7CBosnia+and+Herzegovina%7CBarbados%7CBurkina+Faso%7CBulgaria%7CBahrain%7CBurundi%7CBenin", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:41.700Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-02T23:45:27Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378099499", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Burkina Faso, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is bordered by Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Ivory Coast to the southwest. It covers an area of 274,223 km2 (105,878 sq mi). In 2024, the country had an estimated population of approximately 23,286,000. Its citizens are known as Burkinabes, and its capital and largest city is Ouagadougou.\nThe largest ethnic group in Burkina Faso is the Mossi people, who settled the area in the 11th and 13th centuries. They established kingdoms such as Ouagadougou, Tenkodogo, and Yatenga. In 1896, it was colonized by the French as part of French West Africa; in 1958, Upper Volta became a self-governing colony within the French Community. In 1960, it gained full independence with Maurice Yaméogo as the president. Since it gained its independence, the country has dealt with political instability, droughts, famines, and corruption. There have been various coups d'état, in 1966, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1987, and twice in 2022, in January and September. There were also unsuccessful coup attempts in 1989, 2015, and 2023. \nBurkina Faso remains one of the least developed countries in the world, with a GDP of $16.226 billion in 2022. Approximately 63.8% of its population practices Islam, while 26.3% practices Christianity and 9% animistic religions, especially in the southwest of the country. The country's official languages are all national languages while Mooré is spoken by more than half of the population. There are more than 60 indigenous languages, and the constitution provides for other languages to be made official by law. The former government and business language was French until January 2024 when, alongside English, its status was demoted to that of a \"working language\" by ratification of a constitutional amendment.\nThe country's territory is geographically biodiverse, and includes plentiful reserves of gold, manganese, copper and limestone. Due to its multicultural make-up, Burkinabe art has a rich and long history, and is renowned for its orthodox style. \nThe country is governed as a semi-presidential republic, with executive, legislative and judicial powers. It is a member of the United Nations and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Since 2025, Burkina Faso has formalised its exit from ECOWAS and La Francophonie, after it helped form the Alliance of Sahel States (AES). It also remains suspended from the African Union.", "contentHash": "fa6390910964aff81f0cf51ad1f1d735f7bd05897da0a76b98ae4fa6424fc2c7", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "BG:overview", "title": "Bulgaria", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378773967", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Andorra%7CUnited+Arab+Emirates%7CAfghanistan%7CAntigua+and+Barbuda%7CAnguilla%7CAlbania%7CArmenia%7CAngola%7CAntarctica%7CAmerican+Samoa%7CAruba%7C%C3%85land%7CAzerbaijan%7CBosnia+and+Herzegovina%7CBarbados%7CBurkina+Faso%7CBulgaria%7CBahrain%7CBurundi%7CBenin", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:41.700Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-06T02:41:27Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378773967", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Bulgaria, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is situated on the eastern portion of the Balkans directly south of the Danube river and west of the Black Sea. Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey to the south, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, and Romania across the Danube river to the north. It covers a territory of 110,994 square kilometres (42,855 sq mi), making it the tenth largest within the European Union and the sixteenth-largest country in Europe by area. Sofia is the nation's capital and largest city; other major cities include Plovdiv, Varna, and Burgas.\nOne of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Karanovo culture (6,500 BC). In the 6th to 3rd century BC, the region was a battleground for ancient Thracians, Persians, Celts, and Macedonians; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45. After the Roman state splintered, tribal invasions in the region resumed. Around the 6th century, these territories were settled by the early Slavs. The Bulgars, led by Asparuh, attacked from the lands of Old Great Bulgaria and then permanently invaded the Balkans in the late 7th century. They established the First Bulgarian Empire, recognised by treaty in 681 AD by the Byzantine Empire. It dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script. The First Bulgarian Empire lasted until the early 11th century, when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it. A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire, which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II (1218–1241). After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife, the empire disintegrated and in 1396 fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries.\nThe Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 resulted in the formation of the third and current Bulgarian state, which declared independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1908. Many ethnic Bulgarians were left outside the new nation's borders, which stoked irredentist sentiments that led to several conflicts with its neighbours and alliances with Germany in both world wars. In 1946, Bulgaria came under the Soviet-led Eastern Bloc and became a socialist state. The ruling Communist Party gave up its monopoly on power after the revolutions of 1989 and allowed multiparty elections. Bulgaria then transitioned into a democracy.\nSince adopting a democratic constitution in 1991, Bulgaria has been a parliamentary republic composed of 28 provinces, with a high degree of political, administrative, and economic centralisation. A developed country, its advanced, high-income economy is part of the European single market and is largely based on services, followed by manufacturing, mining, and agriculture. Bulgaria has been influenced by its role as a transit country for natural gas and oil pipelines, as well as its strategic location on the Black Sea. Bulgaria is a member state of the European Union, including the Schengen Area and the eurozone, NATO, and various regional suborganizations such as the Bucharest Nine.", "contentHash": "28ee398cd609f2f237fcb84c3fdfc813208e1716fafd263557fb81f91db781fa", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "BH:overview", "title": "Bahrain", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377630525", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Andorra%7CUnited+Arab+Emirates%7CAfghanistan%7CAntigua+and+Barbuda%7CAnguilla%7CAlbania%7CArmenia%7CAngola%7CAntarctica%7CAmerican+Samoa%7CAruba%7C%C3%85land%7CAzerbaijan%7CBosnia+and+Herzegovina%7CBarbados%7CBurkina+Faso%7CBulgaria%7CBahrain%7CBurundi%7CBenin", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:41.700Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-30T07:09:03Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377630525", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Bahrain, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Bahrain, officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, is an island country in the eastern part of Arabian Peninsula in West Asia. Situated near the western shore of the Persian Gulf, the country comprises a small archipelago of 33 natural islands and an additional 50 artificial islands, centred on Bahrain Island, which makes up around 80 percent of the country's landmass. Bahrain is situated between Qatar and the northeastern coast of Saudi Arabia, to which it is connected by the King Fahd Causeway. The population is 1,588,670 as of 2024, of whom 739,736 (46.6% of the population) are Bahraini nationals, and 848,934 are expatriates (53.4% of the population). Bahrain spans some 760 square kilometres (290 sq mi) and is the third-smallest nation in Asia after Maldives and Singapore. The capital and largest city is Manama.\nThe area that straddles the present-day territory of Bahrain was once the site of the ancient Dilmun civilisation. It has been famed since antiquity for its pearl fisheries, which were considered the best in the world into the 19th century. Bahrain was one of the earliest areas to be influenced by Islam, during the lifetime of Muhammad in 628. Following a period of Arab rule, Bahrain was ruled by the Portuguese Empire from 1521 until 1602, when they were expelled by Shah Abbas the Great of the Safavid Iran. In 1783, the Bani Utbah and allied tribes captured Bahrain from Nasr Al-Madhkur. It has since been ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family, with Ahmed al Fateh as Bahrain's first hakim.\nIn the late 19th century, following successive treaties with the British, Bahrain became a protectorate of the United Kingdom. In 1971, it declared independence. Formerly an emirate, Bahrain was declared a semi-constitutional monarchy in 2002, and Article 2 of the constitution made sharia a principal source for legislation. In 2011, the country experienced protests inspired by the regional Arab Spring. The ruling Sunni Muslim Al Khalifa royal family has been criticised for violating the human rights of groups including dissidents, political opposition figures, and its Shia Muslim population.\nBahrain is known as one of the first post-oil economies in the Persian Gulf, the result of decades of investing in the banking and tourism sectors. Many of the world's largest financial institutions have a presence in Manama, but oil revenues still constitute a significant part of its government budget. It is recognised by the World Bank as a high-income economy. Bahrain is a member of the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Arab League, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and the Gulf Cooperation Council. It is a Dialogue partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.", "contentHash": "ed0f4d408d68d35b55f221c78b1b9cde011d8047dc914022e707e9fb3c08e33a", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "BI:overview", "title": "Burundi", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378138824", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Andorra%7CUnited+Arab+Emirates%7CAfghanistan%7CAntigua+and+Barbuda%7CAnguilla%7CAlbania%7CArmenia%7CAngola%7CAntarctica%7CAmerican+Samoa%7CAruba%7C%C3%85land%7CAzerbaijan%7CBosnia+and+Herzegovina%7CBarbados%7CBurkina+Faso%7CBulgaria%7CBahrain%7CBurundi%7CBenin", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:41.700Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T03:30:54Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378138824", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Burundi, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Burundi, officially the Republic of Burundi, is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is located in the Great Rift Valley at the junction between the African Great Lakes region and southeastern Africa, with a population of over 14 million people. It is bordered by Rwanda to the north, Tanzania to the east and southeast, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; Lake Tanganyika lies along its southwestern border. The political capital city is Gitega and the economic capital and largest city is Bujumbura.\nThe Twa, Hutu, and Tutsi peoples have lived in Burundi for at least 500 years. For more than 200 of those years, Burundi was an independent kingdom. In 1885, it became part of German East Africa. After the First World War and Germany's defeat, the League of Nations mandated the territories of Burundi and Rwanda to Belgium in a combined territory called Ruanda-Urundi. After the Second World War, this transformed into a United Nations trust territory. \nBurundi gained independence in 1962 and initially retained the monarchy. However, a coup d'état in 1966 replaced the monarchy with a one-party republic, and for the next 27 years, Burundi was ruled by a series of ethnic Tutsi dictators and notably experienced a genocide of its Hutu population in 1972. In 1993, Melchior Ndadaye became Burundi's first Hutu president following the country's first multi-party presidential election. His assassination three months later during a coup attempt provoked the 12-year Burundian Civil War. In 2000, the Arusha Agreement was adopted, which was largely integrated in a new constitution in 2005. Since the 2005 post-war elections, the dominant party has been the Hutu-led National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy (CNDD–FDD), widely accused of authoritarian governance and perpetuating the country's poor human rights record.\nBurundi remains primarily a rural society, with just 13.4% of the population living in urban areas in 2019. Burundi is densely populated, and many young people emigrate in search of opportunities elsewhere. Roughly 81% of the population are of Hutu origin, 18% are Tutsi, and fewer than 1% are Twa. The official languages are Kirundi, French, and English—Kirundi being officially recognised as the sole national language. \nOne of the smallest countries in Africa, Burundi's land is used mostly for subsistence agriculture and grazing. Deforestation, soil erosion, and habitat loss are major ecological concerns. As of 2005, the country was almost completely deforested. Less than 6% of its land was covered by trees, with over half of that being for commercial plantations. Burundi is the poorest country in the world by nominal GDP per capita and is one of the least developed countries. It faces widespread poverty, corruption, instability and authoritarianism. Burundi is a member of the African Union, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, United Nations, East African Community, OIF and the Non-Aligned Movement.", "contentHash": "49f5978669e3fe5a2aeca6b8908df6ca7799b7855229263a147270303eaa31e9", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "BJ:overview", "title": "Benin", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378143488", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Andorra%7CUnited+Arab+Emirates%7CAfghanistan%7CAntigua+and+Barbuda%7CAnguilla%7CAlbania%7CArmenia%7CAngola%7CAntarctica%7CAmerican+Samoa%7CAruba%7C%C3%85land%7CAzerbaijan%7CBosnia+and+Herzegovina%7CBarbados%7CBurkina+Faso%7CBulgaria%7CBahrain%7CBurundi%7CBenin", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:41.700Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T03:58:05Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378143488", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Benin, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Benin, officially the Republic of Benin, formerly known as Dahomey, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, Burkina Faso to the northwest, and Niger to the northeast. The majority of its population lives on the southern coastline of the Bight of Benin, part of the Gulf of Guinea in the northernmost tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean. The capital is Porto-Novo, and the seat of government is in Cotonou, the most populous city and economic capital. Benin covers an area of 112,622 km2 (43,484 sq mi), and its population in 2026 was estimated to be approximately 15 million. It is a tropical country with an economy heavily dependent on agriculture and the exports of palm oil and cotton.\nFrom the 17th to the 19th centuries, political entities in the area included the Kingdom of Dahomey, the city-state of Porto Novo, and other states to the north. France took over the territory in 1894, incorporating it into French West Africa as French Dahomey. In 1960, Dahomey gained full independence from France. As a sovereign state, Benin has had democratic governments, military coups, and military governments. A self-described Marxist–Leninist state called the People's Republic of Benin existed between 1975 and 1990. In 1991, it was replaced by the multi-party Republic of Benin.\nThe official language of Benin is French, with indigenous languages such as Fon, Bariba, Yoruba and Dendi also spoken. The largest religious group in Benin, as projected for 2020 by the Pew Research Centre in 2026 based on 2010 statistics, is Christianity (53%), followed by Islam (31%) and other faiths including African traditional religions (11%). Benin is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, the Economic Community of West African States, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, Francophonie, the Community of Sahel–Saharan States, the African Petroleum Producers Association and the Niger Basin Authority.\n\n", "contentHash": "afc1f9edfb54ed3e848d95c8b6b83ae7984e9dbfc530b7f1729e07e41fde68e6", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "BL:overview", "title": "Saint Barthélemy", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378569843", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Saint+Barth%C3%A9lemy%7CBermuda%7CBrunei%7CBolivia%7CBahamas%7CBhutan%7CBotswana%7CBelarus%7CBelize%7CDemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo%7CCentral+African+Republic%7CRepublic+of+the+Congo%7CIvory+Coast%7CCook+Islands%7CChile%7CCameroon%7CColombia%7CCosta+Rica%7CCuba%7CCape+Verde", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:44.136Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-05T01:33:38Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378569843", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Saint Barthélemy, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Saint Barthélemy, officially the Territorial Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy, also known as St. Barts and St. Barths (English) or St. Barth (French), is an overseas collectivity of France in the Caribbean. The island lies about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of the island of Saint Martin. It is northeast of the Dutch islands of Saba and Sint Eustatius, and north of the independent country of Saint Kitts and Nevis.\nSaint Barthélemy was for many years a French commune forming part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas region and department of France. In 2003 the island voted in favour of secession from Guadeloupe to form a separate overseas collectivity (collectivité d'outre-mer, abbreviated to COM) of France. The collectivity is one of four territories among the Leeward Islands in the northeastern Caribbean that make up the French West Indies, along with Saint Martin, Guadeloupe (200 kilometres (120 mi) southeast) and Martinique. Saint Barthélemy is represented in both the French Senate and National Assembly, the latter through a shared seat with Saint Martin.\nA volcanic island fully encircled by shallow reefs, Saint Barthélemy has an area of 25 square kilometres (9.7 sq mi) and a population of 10,660 at the January 2023 census. Its capital is Gustavia, which also contains the main harbour. It is the only Caribbean island that was a Swedish colony for any significant length of time. It remained so for nearly a century before it returned to French rule after an 1877 referendum.\nSymbolism from the Swedish national arms, the Three Crowns, appears in the island's coat of arms, due to the island's time as a Swedish colony. The language, cuisine and culture are French Caribbean, including a mix of French culture from mainland France as well as other influences including creole or patois languages, celebration of Carnival, and Caribbean music. The island is a popular tourist destination during the winter holiday season, geared towards the high-end, luxury tourist market.", "contentHash": "5874ce2abe42f6ef09d8d1a45ef5624a1eb41c31ae6e2702cc927fb1c57e5694", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "BM:overview", "title": "Bermuda", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378725716", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Saint+Barth%C3%A9lemy%7CBermuda%7CBrunei%7CBolivia%7CBahamas%7CBhutan%7CBotswana%7CBelarus%7CBelize%7CDemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo%7CCentral+African+Republic%7CRepublic+of+the+Congo%7CIvory+Coast%7CCook+Islands%7CChile%7CCameroon%7CColombia%7CCosta+Rica%7CCuba%7CCape+Verde", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:44.136Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-05T22:11:19Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378725716", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Bermuda, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Bermuda is a British Overseas Territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. The closest land outside the territory is in the US state of North Carolina, about 1,035 km (643 mi) to the west-northwest.\nBermuda is an archipelago consisting of 181 islands, although the most significant islands are connected by bridges and appear to form one landmass. It has a land area of 54 square kilometres (21 sq mi). Bermuda has a tropical climate, with warm winters and hot summers. Its climate also exhibits oceanic features similar to other coastal areas in the Northern Hemisphere with warm, moist air from the ocean ensuring relatively high humidity and stabilising temperatures. Bermuda is prone to severe weather from recurving tropical cyclones; however, it receives some protection from a coral reef and its position north of the Main Development Region, which limits the direction and severity of approaching storms.\nDivided into nine parishes, Bermuda is a self-governing parliamentary democracy with a bicameral parliament located in the capital Hamilton. The House of Assembly, which is the lower house of the Parliament, dates from 1620, making it one of the world's oldest legislatures. The premier is the head of government and is formally appointed by the governor, who is nominated by the British government as the representative of the King. The United Kingdom is responsible for foreign affairs and defence. An independence referendum was held in 1995 with a large majority voting against independence.\nAs of 2019, Bermuda had a population of around 64,000 people, making it the second-most populous of the British Overseas Territories. Black Bermudians, a diverse population primarily of any mixture of African, European, and Native American ancestry, make up around 50% of the population, while White Bermudians, primarily of British, Irish and Portuguese descent, make up 30% of the population. There are smaller groups from other races or identifying as mixed race and about 30% of the population is not Bermudian by birth. The last remaining territory in the former British North America (following the 1867 Confederation of Canada and the Colony of Newfoundland becoming the Dominion of Newfoundland in 1907), Bermuda has a distinct dialect of English and historically had strong ties with other English-speaking countries in the Americas, including the United States, Canada, and the Commonwealth Caribbean. It is an associate member of the Caribbean Community.", "contentHash": "b004d5f8bd7263b4909c2db650b4b58a07c63adec9e854d5f607978b0a225f19", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "BN:overview", "title": "Brunei", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378608542", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Saint+Barth%C3%A9lemy%7CBermuda%7CBrunei%7CBolivia%7CBahamas%7CBhutan%7CBotswana%7CBelarus%7CBelize%7CDemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo%7CCentral+African+Republic%7CRepublic+of+the+Congo%7CIvory+Coast%7CCook+Islands%7CChile%7CCameroon%7CColombia%7CCosta+Rica%7CCuba%7CCape+Verde", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:44.136Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-05T05:11:12Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378608542", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Brunei, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Brunei, officially Brunei Darussalam, is a country in Southeast Asia, situated on the northern coast of the island of Borneo. Apart from its coastline on the South China Sea, it is completely surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak, with its territory bifurcated by the Sarawak district of Limbang. Brunei is the only sovereign state entirely on Borneo; the remainder of the island is divided between its multi-landmass neighbours of Malaysia and Indonesia. As of 2025, the country had a population of 466,330, being the least populated country in Asia of whom approximately 64,409 resided in the capital and largest city of Bandar Seri Begawan. Its official language is Malay, and Sunni Islam is the state religion of the country, although other religions are nominally tolerated. The government of Brunei is an absolute monarchy ruled by the Sultan, and it implements a fusion of English common law and jurisprudence inspired by Islam, including sharia.\nAt the Sultanate of Brunei's peak during the reign of Sultan Bolkiah (1485–1528), the state is claimed to have had control over most of Borneo, including modern-day Sarawak and Sabah, as well as the Sulu archipelago and the islands off the northwestern tip of Borneo. There are also claims to its historical control over Seludong, which scholars believe is either Mount Selurong, in Indonesia, or Serudong River in eastern Sabah. The maritime state of Brunei was visited by the surviving crew of the Magellan Expedition in 1521, and in 1578 it fought against Spain in the Castilian War.\nDuring the 19th century, the Bruneian Empire began to decline. The Sultanate ceded Kuching to James Brooke and installed him as the White Rajah, and it ceded Sabah to the British North Borneo Chartered Company. In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate and in 1906 was assigned a British resident as colonial manager. After the Japanese occupation during World War II, a new constitution was written in 1959. In 1962, a small armed rebellion against the monarchy, which was indirectly related to the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation, was ended with British assistance and led to the ban of the pro-independence Brunei People's Party. The revolt also influenced the Sultan's decision not to join the Malaysian Federation while it was being formed. Britain's protectorate over Brunei ended on 1 January 1984, when Brunei became a fully sovereign state.\nBrunei has been led by Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah since 1967. The country's unicameral legislature, the Legislative Council, is simply consultative and all its members are appointed by the Sultan. The country's wealth derives from its extensive petroleum and natural gas fields. Economic growth during the 1990s and 2000s has transformed Brunei into an industrialised country, with its gross domestic product (GDP) increasing 56% between 1999 and 2008. Political stability is maintained by the House of Bolkiah by providing a welfare state for its citizens, with free or significant subsidies in regards to housing, healthcare and education. It ranks \"very high\" on the Human Development Index (HDI)—the second-highest among Southeast Asian states after Singapore, with which it maintains close relations including a Currency Interchangeability Agreement. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Brunei is ranked seventh in the world by gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity. Brunei is a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the East Asia Summit, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).", "contentHash": "01c4c7c2ecc955b3237e05ffb3d8701ff0cce542e2103c823b0fdf0c3948cb81", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "BO:overview", "title": "Bolivia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378338095", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Saint+Barth%C3%A9lemy%7CBermuda%7CBrunei%7CBolivia%7CBahamas%7CBhutan%7CBotswana%7CBelarus%7CBelize%7CDemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo%7CCentral+African+Republic%7CRepublic+of+the+Congo%7CIvory+Coast%7CCook+Islands%7CChile%7CCameroon%7CColombia%7CCosta+Rica%7CCuba%7CCape+Verde", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:44.136Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-04T01:34:47Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378338095", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Bolivia, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Bolivia, officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in central South America. Its geography primarily consists of an Andean region to the west and tropical lowlands to the east and north. The country has a diverse environment, including the vast Amazonian plain, the Gran Chaco, temperate valleys, the high-altitude Altiplano plateau, snow-capped peaks, and mountains, encompassing a wide range of climates and biomes across its regions and cities. It includes part of the Pantanal, the largest tropical wetland in the world, along its eastern border. Bolivia is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay to the southeast, Argentina to the south, Chile to the southwest, and Peru to the west. The seat of government is La Paz, which contains the executive, legislative, and electoral branches of government, while the constitutional capital is Sucre, the seat of the judiciary. While most population and urban centers lie in the Andean region, the largest city and principal industrial center is Santa Cruz de la Sierra, located in the eastern tropical lowlands.\nBolivia is a constitutionally unitary state divided into nine departments. Its geographic Andean-lowland divide is matched by economic and cultural differences such as those associated with the camba and colla demonyms. One-third of the country is within the Andean mountain range. With an area of 1,098,581 square kilometers (424,164 sq mi), Bolivia is the fifth-largest country in South America and, alongside Paraguay, is one of two landlocked countries in the Americas. It is the largest landlocked country in the Southern Hemisphere; it has inland ports accessing the Atlantic Ocean through two river systems: Acre-Purus-Amazon and Paraguay-Paraná. Bolivia had a population of 11.4 million as of the latest census in 2024. It is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Mestizos, and the descendants of Europeans and Africans. Spanish is the official and predominant language, although 36 indigenous languages also have official status, of which the most commonly spoken are Guaraní, Aymara, and Quechua.\nCenturies prior to Spanish colonization, the region formed part of the Tiwanaku polity, which collapsed around 1000 AD. The Colla–Inca War of the 1440s marked the beginning of Inca rule in western Bolivia. The eastern and northern lowlands were inhabited by independent non-Andean Amazonian and Guaraní tribes. Spanish conquistadores arriving from Cusco, Peru and Asunción, Paraguay, forcibly took control of the region in the 16th century.\nDuring the subsequent Spanish colonial period, Bolivia was administered by the Real Audiencia of Charcas. Spain built a large part of its global empire upon the massive silver reserves from Cerro Rico in Potosí. Following an unsuccessful rebellion in Sucre on May 25, 1809, sixteen years of fighting would follow before the establishment of the republic, named for Simón Bolívar. Over the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries, Bolivia lost control of several peripheral territories to neighboring countries, such as the Acre territory after Brazil's 1899–1903 takeover, and the Pacific coastal region which Chile seized in 1879.\nBolivia was ruled by an oligarchy composed of land-owning and mining interests, in which the people who were apart of the oligarchy were Simón Iturri Patiño, Moritz Hochschild, and Carlos Víctor Aramayo, until the Bolivian National Revolution of 1952 established universal suffrage, nationalized lucrative tin mining and made a limited land reform. There was a succession of military and civilian governments with the last non-elected military ruler leaving office in 1982.\nModern Bolivia is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), Organization of American States (OAS), Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO), Bank of the South, the Union of South American Nations (USAN), and Southern Common Market (Mercosur). Bolivia remains a developing country, the second-poorest in South America, though it has slashed poverty rates. Its main economic resources include agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, and goods such as textiles and clothing, refined metals, and refined petroleum. Bolivia is very geologically rich, with mines producing tin, lithium, silver, and copper. It is known for its production of coca plants and refined cocaine. In 2021, estimated coca cultivation and cocaine production was reported to be 39,700 hectares and 317 metric tons, respectively.", "contentHash": "fcb4e2ad4863313d27893c868e613c280e335709405e800a1dfc948c0cd89d3d", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "BS:overview", "title": "The Bahamas", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376475281", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Saint+Barth%C3%A9lemy%7CBermuda%7CBrunei%7CBolivia%7CBahamas%7CBhutan%7CBotswana%7CBelarus%7CBelize%7CDemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo%7CCentral+African+Republic%7CRepublic+of+the+Congo%7CIvory+Coast%7CCook+Islands%7CChile%7CCameroon%7CColombia%7CCosta+Rica%7CCuba%7CCape+Verde", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:44.136Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-24T10:28:01Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1376475281", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "The Bahamas, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an archipelagic country in the Caribbean located within the Lucayan Archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean. The country comprises 700 islands, and more than 2,500 cays in the Atlantic Ocean, located north of Cuba and north-west of the island of Hispaniola (split between the Dominican Republic and Haiti) and the Turks and Caicos Islands, southeast of the US state of Florida and east of the Florida Keys. The capital and largest city is Nassau on the island of New Providence. The Royal Bahamas Defence Force describes the Bahamas' territory as encompassing 470,000 km2 (180,000 sq mi) of ocean space.\nThe Bahama islands were inhabited by the Arawak and Lucayans, a branch of the Arawakan-speaking Taíno, for many centuries. Christopher Columbus was the first European to see the islands, making his first landfall in the New World in 1492 when he landed on the island of San Salvador (which the Lucayans called Guanahaní). Later, the Kingdom of Spain shipped the native Lucayans to Hispaniola and enslaved them there, leaving the Bahama islands mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648. In 1649, English colonists from Bermuda, known as the Eleutheran Adventurers, settled on the island of Eleuthera.\nThe Bahamas became a crown colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1718 when the British clamped down on piracy. After the American Revolutionary War, the Crown resettled thousands of American Loyalists to the Bahamas; they took slaves with them and established plantations on land grants. African slaves and their descendants constituted the majority of the population from this period on. The slave trade was abolished by the British in 1807. Slavery in the Bahamas was not abolished until 1834, but in 1818 the Bahamas became a haven of manumission for African slaves from outside the British West Indies. Africans liberated from illegal slave ships were resettled on the islands by the Royal Navy, while some North American slaves and Seminoles escaped to the Bahamas from Florida. During this period, Bahamians were known to recognise the freedom of slaves carried by the ships of other nations which reached their country. Today Black Bahamians make up 90 per cent of the population of 400,516.\nThe Bahamas became an independent Commonwealth realm separate from the United Kingdom in 1973. Its first prime minister was Lynden Pindling. The Bahamas maintains King Charles III as its monarch; the appointed representative of the Crown is the governor-general of the Bahamas. The Bahamas has the fourteenth-largest gross domestic product per capita in the Americas. Its economy is based on tourism and offshore finance. Though the Bahamas is in the Lucayan Archipelago, and not in the Caribbean Sea, it is still considered part of the wider Caribbean region. The Bahamas is a full member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), but is not part of the CARICOM Single Market and Economy.", "contentHash": "02f4790c142b7a21d8aecd9894793cf0945c04b4f5429d6d3b8e33fb50624620", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "BT:overview", "title": "Bhutan", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376397604", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Saint+Barth%C3%A9lemy%7CBermuda%7CBrunei%7CBolivia%7CBahamas%7CBhutan%7CBotswana%7CBelarus%7CBelize%7CDemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo%7CCentral+African+Republic%7CRepublic+of+the+Congo%7CIvory+Coast%7CCook+Islands%7CChile%7CCameroon%7CColombia%7CCosta+Rica%7CCuba%7CCape+Verde", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:44.136Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-23T23:29:23Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1376397604", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Bhutan, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Bhutan, officially the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked country in South Asia, located in the Eastern Himalayas, bordering China's Tibet Autonomous Region to the north and northwest and India to the south and southeast. With a population of over 800,000 (800,871) and a territory of 38,394 square kilometres (14,824 sq mi), Bhutan ranks 133rd in land area and 160th in population. It is a democratic constitutional monarchy with a king as the head of state and a prime minister as the head of government. The Je Khenpo is the head of the state religion, Vajrayana Buddhism.\nThe Himalayan mountains in the north rise from the country's lush subtropical plains in the south. In the Bhutanese Himalayas, there are peaks higher than 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) above sea level. Gangkhar Puensum is Bhutan's highest peak and is the highest unclimbed mountain in the world. The wildlife of Bhutan is notable for its diversity, including the Himalayan takin and golden langur. The capital and largest city is Thimphu, with close to 15% of the population living there.\nBhutan and neighbouring Tibet experienced the spread of Buddhism, which originated in South Asia during the lifetime of Buddha. In the first millennium, the Vajrayana school of Buddhism spread to Bhutan from the southern Pala Empire of Bengal. During the 16th century, Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal unified the valleys of Bhutan into a single state. He defeated three Tibetan invasions, subjugated rival religious schools, codified the Tsa Yig legal system, and established a government of theocratic and civil administrators. Namgyal became the first Zhabdrung Rinpoche and his successors acted as the spiritual leaders of Bhutan, like the Dalai Lama in Tibet.\nBhutan came under increasing British influence from the British Empire. Bhutan ceded the Bengal Duars to British India during the Duar War in the 19th century. The Wangchuck dynasty emerged as the monarchy and pursued closer ties with Britain in the subcontinent. In 1910, the Treaty of Punakha assured British advice in foreign policy making a protectorate arrangement of a sort although Bhutan never officially became a protectorate. The arrangement continued under a new treaty with India in 1949, signed at Darjeeling, in which both countries recognised each other's sovereignty.\nBhutan joined the United Nations in 1971 and currently has relations with 56 countries. While dependent on the Indian military, Bhutan maintains its own military units. The 2008 Constitution established a parliamentary government with an elected National Assembly and a National Council.\nBhutan is a founding member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), and a member of the Climate Vulnerable Forum, the Non-Aligned Movement, BIMSTEC, the IMF, the World Bank, UNESCO and the World Health Organization (WHO). Bhutan ranked first in SAARC in economic freedom, ease of doing business, peace and lack of corruption in 2016. In 2020, Bhutan ranked third in South Asia after Sri Lanka and the Maldives in the Human Development Index, and 21st on the Global Peace Index as the most peaceful country in South Asia as of 2024, as well as the only South Asian country in the list's first quartile. Bhutan has one of the largest water reserves for hydropower in the world. Melting glaciers caused by climate change are a growing concern in Bhutan.", "contentHash": "82cd6da19a4d22d124a4925ab7908efb330dcc4fac6a18d9f54cf8894f2d3239", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "BW:overview", "title": "Botswana", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377966036", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Saint+Barth%C3%A9lemy%7CBermuda%7CBrunei%7CBolivia%7CBahamas%7CBhutan%7CBotswana%7CBelarus%7CBelize%7CDemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo%7CCentral+African+Republic%7CRepublic+of+the+Congo%7CIvory+Coast%7CCook+Islands%7CChile%7CCameroon%7CColombia%7CCosta+Rica%7CCuba%7CCape+Verde", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:44.136Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-02T04:15:13Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377966036", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Botswana, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Botswana, officially the Republic of Botswana, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. Botswana is topographically flat, with approximately 70% of its territory being a part of the Kalahari Desert. It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast, Namibia to the west and north, Zambia to the north, and Zimbabwe to the northeast. Its total area is 581,730 square kilometres (224,610 sq mi). Gaborone, in the South-East District, is the country's capital and largest city.\nBotswana is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. While it is not enshrined by statutory law, Botswana is de facto the nation state of the Batswana people, who constitute nearly 80% of the population while legally undistinguished Kalanga people, who account for another 11%, are the single largest ethnic minority.\nThe Batswana ethnic group are descended mainly from Bantu-speaking peoples who migrated into southern Africa, including modern Botswana, in several waves before AD 600. In 1885, the British colonised the area and declared a protectorate named Bechuanaland. As part of the decolonisation of Africa, Bechuanaland became an independent Commonwealth republic under its current name on 30 September 1966. Since then, it has been a parliamentary republic with a consistent record of uninterrupted democratic elections, though dominated by the Botswana Democratic Party until 2024, when the Umbrella for Democratic Change won the 2024 Botswana general election.\nBotswana's economy has generally experienced stable growth since independence. It is dominated by tourism and mining; Botswana produces more diamonds than any other country except Russia. Its gross national income per capita (purchasing power parity) of about $20,158 as of 2024 (by some estimates the fourth-largest in Africa) gives the country a relatively high standard of living and the second-highest Human Development Index of continental sub-Saharan Africa, after South Africa. Despite Botswana’s economic gains, Botswana continues to grapple with high unemployment, severe income inequality, and one of the world's most critical HIV/AIDS epidemics. Botswana is a member of the Southern African Customs Union, the Southern African Development Community, the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations.", "contentHash": "c3bb3ae72c057c6522075096ef2f5629a16eb4e1fc914ffc3a89605c25bd0ef0", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "BY:overview", "title": "Belarus", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377982903", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Saint+Barth%C3%A9lemy%7CBermuda%7CBrunei%7CBolivia%7CBahamas%7CBhutan%7CBotswana%7CBelarus%7CBelize%7CDemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo%7CCentral+African+Republic%7CRepublic+of+the+Congo%7CIvory+Coast%7CCook+Islands%7CChile%7CCameroon%7CColombia%7CCosta+Rica%7CCuba%7CCape+Verde", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:44.136Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-02T07:06:25Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377982903", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Belarus, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Belarus spans an area of 207,600 square kilometres (80,200 sq mi) with a population of 9.1 million. The country has a hemiboreal climate and is administratively divided into six regions. Minsk is the capital and largest city; it is administered separately as a city with special status.\nFor most of the medieval period, the lands of modern-day Belarus were ruled by independent city-states such as the Principality of Polotsk. Around 1300 these lands came fully under the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and subsequently by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth; this period lasted for 500 years until the 1792–1795 partitions of Poland-Lithuania placed Belarus within the Russian Empire for the first time. In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution in 1917, different states arose competing for legitimacy amid the Civil War, ultimately ending in the rise of the Byelorussian SSR, which became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922. After the Polish-Soviet War (1918–1921), Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland. Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939, when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland, and were finalised after World War II. During World War II, military operations devastated Belarus, which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources. In 1945, the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations, along with the Soviet Union. The republic was home to a widespread and diverse anti-Nazi insurgent movement which dominated politics until well into the 1970s, overseeing Belarus's transformation from an agrarian to an industrial economy.\nThe parliament of the republic proclaimed the sovereignty of Belarus on 27 July 1990, and during the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Belarus gained independence on 25 August 1991. Following the adoption of a new constitution in 1994, Alexander Lukashenko was elected Belarus's first president in the country's first and only free election after independence, serving as president ever since. Lukashenko heads a highly centralised authoritarian government. Belarus ranks low in international measurements of freedom of the press and civil liberties. It has continued several Soviet-era policies, such as state ownership of large sections of the economy. In 2000, Belarus and Russia signed a treaty for greater cooperation, forming the Union State.\nThe country has been a member of the United Nations since its founding and has joined the CIS, the CSTO, the EAEU, the OSCE, and the Non-Aligned Movement. It has shown no aspirations of joining the European Union but maintains a bilateral relationship with the bloc, and also participates in the Baku Initiative. Belarus is among the only three European countries (along with Russia and Kosovo) not a member of the Council of Europe; it attempted to join in 1993 but was refused admission because of electoral malpractice and serious human rights concerns (Belarus is the only European country that continues to use capital punishment). Its limited relationship with the council was suspended after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine from its territory in April of that year.", "contentHash": "e4c99913f474bc99203bfaff48c57a4e577a8ff9bed8e33df165b7fa69b12913", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "BZ:overview", "title": "Belize", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378359519", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Saint+Barth%C3%A9lemy%7CBermuda%7CBrunei%7CBolivia%7CBahamas%7CBhutan%7CBotswana%7CBelarus%7CBelize%7CDemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo%7CCentral+African+Republic%7CRepublic+of+the+Congo%7CIvory+Coast%7CCook+Islands%7CChile%7CCameroon%7CColombia%7CCosta+Rica%7CCuba%7CCape+Verde", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:44.136Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-04T03:22:51Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378359519", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Belize, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Belize is a country on the north-eastern coast of Central America. It is bordered by Mexico to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Guatemala to the west and south. It also shares a maritime boundary with Honduras to the southeast. Part of the Caribbean region, Belize is a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and the Commonwealth Caribbean, the historical British West Indies.\nThe Maya civilization spread into the area of Belize between 1500 BC and 300 AD and flourished until about 1200. European contact began in 1502–1504 when Christopher Columbus sailed along the Gulf of Honduras. European exploration was begun by English settlers in 1638. Spain and Britain both laid claim to the land until the British victory over the Spanish in the Battle of St. George's Caye (1798). It became a British colony in 1840 and a Crown colony in 1862. From then until 1973 it was known as British Honduras. Belize achieved its independence from the United Kingdom on 21 September 1981. It is the only mainland Central American country which is a Commonwealth realm, with King Charles III as its monarch and head of state, represented by a governor-general.\nBelize's abundance of terrestrial and marine plants and animals and its diversity of ecosystems, including extensive coral reefs, give it a key place in the globally significant Mesoamerican Biological Corridor. It is considered a part of both Central America and the Caribbean.\nIt has an area of 22,970 square kilometres (8,867 sq mi) and a population of 397,483 (2022). Its mainland is about 290 kilometres (180 mi) long and 110 kilometres (68 mi) wide. It is the least populated and least densely populated country in Central America. Its population growth rate of 1.87% per year (2018 estimate) is the second-highest in the region and one of the highest in the Western Hemisphere. Its capital is Belmopan, and its largest city is the namesake city, Belize City. The country has a diverse society composed of various cultures and languages. It is the only Central American country where English is the official language, while Belizean Creole, Spanish, and the Mayan languages are widely spoken. Over half the population is multilingual due to the diverse linguistic backgrounds of the population. It is known for its September Celebrations and punta music.", "contentHash": "741c573eb24d6b4fe980c3f2adcae6e53a8b148fe45f732b2dba22fd2c2c9baa", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "CD:overview", "title": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1375614006", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Saint+Barth%C3%A9lemy%7CBermuda%7CBrunei%7CBolivia%7CBahamas%7CBhutan%7CBotswana%7CBelarus%7CBelize%7CDemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo%7CCentral+African+Republic%7CRepublic+of+the+Congo%7CIvory+Coast%7CCook+Islands%7CChile%7CCameroon%7CColombia%7CCosta+Rica%7CCuba%7CCape+Verde", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:44.136Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-18T22:15:28Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1375614006", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), also known as the DR Congo, Congo-Kinshasa, or simply the Congo, and formerly named Zaire, is a country in Central Africa. By land area, it is the second-largest country in Africa and the eleventh-largest in the world. With a population of about 124 million people, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the fourth-most populous country in Africa and the most populous Francophone country in the world. French is the official and most widely spoken language. There are over 200 indigenous languages, of which Lingala is the most widely spoken. The capital, largest city, and economic center is Kinshasa. The DRC is bordered by the Republic of the Congo, the Cabinda exclave of Angola, and the South Atlantic Ocean to the west; the Central African Republic and South Sudan to the north; Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and Tanzania (across Lake Tanganyika) to the east; and Zambia and Angola to the south. Centered on the Congo Basin, most of the DRC's terrain is covered by dense rainforests and is crossed by many rivers. The east and southeast are mountainous.\nThe territory of the Congo was first inhabited by Central African foragers around 90,000 years ago and was settled in the Bantu expansion about 2,000 to 3,000 years ago. In the west, the Kingdom of Kongo ruled around the mouth of the Congo River from the 14th to the 19th century. In the center and east, the empires of Mwene Muji, Luba, and Lunda ruled between the 15th and 19th centuries. These kingdoms were broken up by Europeans during the colonization of the Congo Basin. King Leopold II of Belgium acquired rights to the Congo territory in 1885 and called it the Congo Free State. In 1908, Leopold ceded the territory after international pressure in response to widespread atrocities, and it became a Belgian colony. Congo achieved independence from Belgium in 1960 and was immediately confronted by secessionist movements, the assassination of Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba, and the seizure of power by Mobutu Sese Seko in 1965. Mobutu renamed the country Zaire in 1971 and imposed a personalist dictatorship.\nInstability caused by an influx of refugees from the Rwandan Civil War led to the First Congo War, from 1996 to 1997, which ended with Mobutu's overthrow. The country's name was changed, and it experienced the Second Congo War from 1998 to 2003, which resulted in an estimated several million deaths and the assassination of President Laurent-Désiré Kabila. The war ended under President Joseph Kabila, who restored relative stability. Human rights remained poor, and there were frequent abuses, such as forced disappearances, torture, arbitrary imprisonment and restrictions on civil liberties. Kabila stepped down in 2019 after Félix Tshisekedi won the contentious 2018 election, marking the country's first peaceful transition of power since independence. Over 120 armed groups remain active, concentrated in the east. One of the region's largest cities, Goma, was occupied by the M23 rebels in 2012 and again since 2025. The M23 uprising escalated in 2025 with military support from Rwanda, which has caused a conflict between the two countries.\nDespite being rich in natural resources, the DRC is one of the world's poorest and least developed countries, having suffered from political instability, lack of infrastructure, rampant corruption, and centuries of commercial and colonial extraction and exploitation. The nation is a prominent example of the \"resource curse\". Aside from Kinshasa, the next largest cities, Lubumbashi and Mbuji-Mayi, are mining communities. DRC's main exports are raw minerals and metal, which accounted for 80% of exports in 2023, with China being its largest trade partner. The DRC's level of human development was ranked 171 out of 193 countries by the Human Development Index in 2023. As of 2022, following two decades of civil wars and internal conflicts, around one million Congolese refugees were still living in neighbouring countries. Two million children are at risk of starvation, and the fighting has displaced 7 million people. The DRC is a member of the United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, African Union, COMESA, Southern African Development Community, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, and Economic Community of Central African States.", "contentHash": "64298983c26274c577ec560e0b7adabc25a3072724cb124e375ac1c47a2b1c09", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "CF:overview", "title": "Central African Republic", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377173369", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Saint+Barth%C3%A9lemy%7CBermuda%7CBrunei%7CBolivia%7CBahamas%7CBhutan%7CBotswana%7CBelarus%7CBelize%7CDemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo%7CCentral+African+Republic%7CRepublic+of+the+Congo%7CIvory+Coast%7CCook+Islands%7CChile%7CCameroon%7CColombia%7CCosta+Rica%7CCuba%7CCape+Verde", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:44.136Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-28T04:42:27Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377173369", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Central African Republic, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "The Central African Republic (CAR) is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the east, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south, the Republic of the Congo to the southwest, and Cameroon to the west. The CAR covers a land area of about 620,000 square kilometres (240,000 sq mi). As of 2024, it has a population of 5,357,744, consisting of about 80 ethnic groups. Having been a French colony under the name Ubangi-Shari, Sango is its national language and was also its co-official language alongside French. Its capital and largest city is Bangui, which sits on the country's southern border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo.\nThe CAR mainly consists of Sudano-Guinean savanna, but also includes a Sahelo-Sudanian zone in the north and an equatorial forest zone in the south. Two-thirds of the country is within the basin of the Ubangi River (a tributary of the Congo River), while the remaining third lies in the basin of the Chari River, which flows into Lake Chad.\nThe region has been inhabited since at least 8000 BCE. The borders were established by France, which began annexing portions to the French Congo in the late 19th century and in 1903 established the separate colony of Ubangi-Shari, part of French Equatorial Africa. After gaining independence from France in 1960, the CAR was ruled by a series of autocratic leaders, including Jean-Bédel Bokassa who changed the country's name to the Central African Empire and ruled as a monarch from 1976 to 1979. The Central African Bush War began in 2004 and, despite a peace treaty in 2007 and another in 2011, civil war resumed in 2012. The civil war perpetuated the country's poor human rights record, characterized by widespread and increasing abuses by various participating armed groups.\nDespite the vast amounts of natural resources, such as uranium reserves, crude oil, gold, diamonds, cobalt, lumber, and hydropower, as well as significant quantities of arable land, the CAR is among the ten poorest countries in the world, with the lowest GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) in the world as of 2017. As of 2023, according to the Human Development Index, the country had the third-lowest level of human development, ranking 191 out of 193 countries. The country had the second-lowest inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, ranking 164th out of 165 countries. It has been ranked as the unhealthiest country and the worst country for young people. The CAR is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, the Economic Community of Central African States, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie and the Non-Aligned Movement.", "contentHash": "142fadb25ffe8a97d6fa9a6f602da41d48924832725d678ce3c1563014d5c9fd", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "CG:overview", "title": "Republic of the Congo", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378615863", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Saint+Barth%C3%A9lemy%7CBermuda%7CBrunei%7CBolivia%7CBahamas%7CBhutan%7CBotswana%7CBelarus%7CBelize%7CDemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo%7CCentral+African+Republic%7CRepublic+of+the+Congo%7CIvory+Coast%7CCook+Islands%7CChile%7CCameroon%7CColombia%7CCosta+Rica%7CCuba%7CCape+Verde", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:44.136Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-05T06:42:52Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378615863", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Republic of the Congo, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "The Republic of the Congo, also known as the Congo Republic, Congo-Brazzaville, or simply the Congo, is a country located on the western coast of Central Africa to the west of the Congo River. It is bordered to the west by Gabon, to the northwest by Cameroon, to the northeast by the Central African Republic, to the southeast by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south by the Angolan exclave of Cabinda, and to the southwest by the Atlantic Ocean.\nThe region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes at least 3,000 years ago, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. From the 13th century, the present-day territory was dominated by a confederation led by Vungu which included Kakongo and Ngoyo. The Tio Kingdom emerged in the 14th century, and Loango in the 16th century. In the late 19th century France colonised the region and incorporated it into French Equatorial Africa. The Republic of the Congo was established on 28 November 1958 and gained independence from France in 1960. It was a Marxist–Leninist state from 1969 to 1992, under the name People's Republic of the Congo (PRC). After the introduction of multi-party elections in 1992, the democratically elected government was overthrown during the civil war, after which Denis Sassou Nguesso, who had previously served as president from 1979 to 1992, returned to office in 1997. He has remained president since then.\nThe Republic of the Congo is a member of the African Union, the United Nations, La Francophonie, the Economic Community of Central African States, and the Non-Aligned Movement. It is the fourth-largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea, providing the country a degree of prosperity, with political and economic instability in some areas and unequal distribution of oil revenue nationwide. Its economy is dependent on the oil sector and economic growth slowed after the post-2015 drop in oil prices.\nChristianity is the most widely professed faith in the country. According to the 2024 rendition of the World Happiness Report, the Republic of the Congo is ranked 89th among 140 nations.", "contentHash": "ab67b8689084c47850002bc349fb51713afb79b736bbd067ec21dfd0c30f680c", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "CI:overview", "title": "Ivory Coast", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378137179", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Saint+Barth%C3%A9lemy%7CBermuda%7CBrunei%7CBolivia%7CBahamas%7CBhutan%7CBotswana%7CBelarus%7CBelize%7CDemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo%7CCentral+African+Republic%7CRepublic+of+the+Congo%7CIvory+Coast%7CCook+Islands%7CChile%7CCameroon%7CColombia%7CCosta+Rica%7CCuba%7CCape+Verde", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:44.136Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T03:20:50Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378137179", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Ivory Coast, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Ivory Coast, also known as Côte d'Ivoire and officially as the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country on the southern coast of West Africa. Its capital city of Yamoussoukro is located in the centre of the country, while its largest city and economic centre is the port city of Abidjan. It borders Guinea to the northwest, Liberia to the west, Mali to the north, Burkina Faso to the northeast, Ghana to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean's Gulf of Guinea to the south. With 33.2 million inhabitants in 2026, Ivory Coast is the third-most populous country in West Africa after Nigeria and Ghana. Its official language is French, and indigenous languages are also widely used, including Bété, Baoulé, Dyula, Dan, Anyin, and Cebaara Senufo. In total, there are around 78 languages spoken in Ivory Coast. The country has a religiously diverse population, including numerous followers of Islam, Christianity and traditional faiths often entailing animism.\nIvory Coast was traditionally home to several states, including Gyaaman, the Kong Empire, and Baoulé. The area became a protectorate of France in 1843 and was consolidated as a French colony in 1893 amid the Scramble for Africa. It achieved independence in 1960, led by Félix Houphouët-Boigny, who ruled the country until 1993. Relatively stable by regional standards, Ivory Coast established close political-economic ties with its West African neighbours while maintaining close relations with the West, especially France. Its stability was diminished by a coup d'état in 1999 and two civil wars—first between 2002 and 2007 and again during 2010–2011. It adopted a new constitution in 2016.\nIvory Coast is a republic with strong executive power vested in its president. Through the production of coffee and cocoa, it was an economic powerhouse in West Africa during the 1960s and 1970s, then experienced an economic crisis in the 1980s, contributing to a period of political and social turmoil that extended until 2011. Ivory Coast has again experienced high economic growth since the return of peace and political stability in 2011. From 2012 to 2023, the economy grew by an average of 7.1% per year in real terms, the second-fastest rate of economic growth in Africa and fourth-fastest rate in the world. In 2023, Ivory Coast had the second-highest GDP per capita in West Africa, behind Cape Verde. Despite this, as of the most recent survey in 2016, 46.1% of the population continues to be affected by multidimensional poverty. As of 2023, Ivory Coast is the world's largest exporter of cocoa beans and has high levels of income for its region. The economy still relies heavily on agriculture, with smallholder cash-crop production predominating.", "contentHash": "3507f244d38aaecd6d2919ca0a60a302552545acc017b1450e430e81bb76696a", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "CK:overview", "title": "Cook Islands", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378094355", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Saint+Barth%C3%A9lemy%7CBermuda%7CBrunei%7CBolivia%7CBahamas%7CBhutan%7CBotswana%7CBelarus%7CBelize%7CDemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo%7CCentral+African+Republic%7CRepublic+of+the+Congo%7CIvory+Coast%7CCook+Islands%7CChile%7CCameroon%7CColombia%7CCosta+Rica%7CCuba%7CCape+Verde", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:44.136Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-02T23:11:33Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378094355", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Cook Islands, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "The Cook Islands is an island country in Polynesia, part of Oceania, in the South Pacific Ocean. While self-governing, the country is in free association with New Zealand. It consists of 15 islands whose total land area is approximately 236.7 square kilometres (91 sq mi). The Cook Islands Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) covers 1,960,027 square kilometres (756,771 sq mi) of ocean. The capital is Avarua, located on the island of Rarotonga.\nSince the start of the 21st century, the country has conducted its own independent foreign and defence policy, and also its own customs regulations. Like most members of the Pacific Islands Forum, the country has no armed forces, but the Cook Islands Police Service owns a Guardian Class Patrol Boat, CIPPB Te Kukupa II, provided by Australia, for policing its waters. In recent decades, the Cook Islands has adopted an increasingly assertive and distinct foreign policy, and a Cook Islander, Henry Puna, served as Secretary General of the Pacific Islands Forum from 2021 to 2024. Most Cook Islanders have New Zealand citizenship, plus the status of Cook Islands nationals, which is not given to other New Zealand citizens. The Cook Islands have been an active member of the Pacific Community, formerly the South Pacific Commission, since 1980.\nThe Cook Islands' main population centres are on Rarotonga (10,863 in 2021), also the location of Rarotonga International Airport, the main international gateway to the country. The census of 2021 put the total population at 14,987. There is also a larger population of Cook Islanders in New Zealand and Australia: in the 2018 New Zealand census, 80,532 people said they were Cook Islanders, or of Cook Islands descent. The last Australian census recorded 28,000 Cook Islanders living in Australia, many with Australian citizenship. With over 168,000 visitors to the islands in 2018, tourism is the country's main industry and leading element of its economy, ahead of offshore banking, pearls, and marine and fruit exports.", "contentHash": "18d798437cf97c3d161384df6098edfae28775f56aa21f4b101b417e45d12eaf", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "CL:overview", "title": "Chile", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378806827", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Saint+Barth%C3%A9lemy%7CBermuda%7CBrunei%7CBolivia%7CBahamas%7CBhutan%7CBotswana%7CBelarus%7CBelize%7CDemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo%7CCentral+African+Republic%7CRepublic+of+the+Congo%7CIvory+Coast%7CCook+Islands%7CChile%7CCameroon%7CColombia%7CCosta+Rica%7CCuba%7CCape+Verde", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:44.136Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-06T05:57:29Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378806827", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Chile, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the Southern Cone of southwestern South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica, extending along a narrow strip of land between the Andes Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. According to the 2024 census, Chile had an enumerated population of 18.5 million. The country covers a territorial area of 756,102 square kilometers (291,933 sq mi), sharing borders with Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. It also administers several Pacific islands, including Juan Fernández, Isla Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island, and claims about 1,250,000 square kilometers (480,000 sq mi) of Antarctica as the Chilean Antarctic Territory. The capital and largest city is Santiago, and the official and national language is Spanish.\nSpain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century, replacing Inca rule; however, they failed to conquer the autonomous tribal Mapuche people who inhabited what is now south-central Chile. Chile emerged as a relatively stable authoritarian republic in the 1830s after its 1818 declaration of independence from Spain. During the 19th century, Chile experienced significant economic and territorial growth, putting an end to Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific (1879–83) by defeating Peru and Bolivia.\nIn the 20th century, until the 1970s, Chile underwent a process of democratization and experienced rapid population growth and urbanization, while relying increasingly on exports from copper mining to support its economy. During the 1960s and 1970s, the country was marked by severe left-right political polarization and turmoil, which culminated in the 11 September 1973 coup d'état, with support from the United States, that overthrew Salvador Allende's democratically elected left-wing government. This was followed by a 16-and-a-half-year right-wing military dictatorship led by Augusto Pinochet, during which the 1980 Constitution was enacted, along with numerous political and economic reforms, and which was marked by widespread human rights violations, including more than 3,000 deaths and disappearances. The regime ended in 1990, following a referendum in 1988, and was succeeded by a center-left coalition, which ruled until 2010.\nChile is a high-income economy and is one of the most economically and socially stable nations in South America. Chile also performs well in the region in terms of sustainability of the state and democratic development. Chile is a founding member of the United Nations, the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), and the Pacific Alliance, and joined the OECD in 2010.", "contentHash": "ba1554993c0604761098bf9ac747f9e397a0b81af81b9e3895914a6ede18ef38", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "CM:overview", "title": "Cameroon", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378474905", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Saint+Barth%C3%A9lemy%7CBermuda%7CBrunei%7CBolivia%7CBahamas%7CBhutan%7CBotswana%7CBelarus%7CBelize%7CDemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo%7CCentral+African+Republic%7CRepublic+of+the+Congo%7CIvory+Coast%7CCook+Islands%7CChile%7CCameroon%7CColombia%7CCosta+Rica%7CCuba%7CCape+Verde", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:44.136Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-04T17:59:42Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378474905", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Cameroon, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon, is a country in Central Africa. It shares boundaries with Nigeria to the west and north, Chad to the northeast, the Central African Republic to the east, and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Its coastline lies on the Bight of Biafra, part of the Gulf of Guinea, and the Atlantic Ocean. Due to its strategic position at the crossroads between West Africa and Central Africa, it has been categorized as being in both geostrategic locations. Cameroon's population of nearly 31 million people speak 250 native languages, in addition to the national tongues of English and French. The capital city of the country is Yaoundé.\nEarly inhabitants of the territory included the Sao civilisation around Lake Chad and the Baka hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest. Portuguese explorers reached the coast in the 15th century. Fulani soldiers founded the Adamawa Emirate in the north in the 19th century, and various ethnic groups of the west and northwest established powerful chiefdoms and fondoms.\nCameroon became a German colony in 1884 known as Kamerun. After World War I, it was divided between France and the United Kingdom as League of Nations mandates until independence in 1960 and 1961 respectively. The Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC) political party advocated independence but was outlawed by France in the 1950s, leading to a national liberation insurgency between French Armed Forces and the Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC) until January 1971. In 1960, the French-administered part of Cameroon became independent, as the Republic of Cameroun, under President Ahmadou Ahidjo. The southern part of British Cameroons federated with it in 1961 to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. The federation was abandoned in 1972. The country was renamed the United Republic of Cameroon in 1972 and back to the Republic of Cameroon in 1984 by a presidential decree by President Paul Biya. Biya, the incumbent president, has led the country since 1982 following Ahidjo's resignation; he previously held office as prime minister from 1975 onward. Cameroon is governed as a unitary presidential republic. Biya is the world's longest-serving non-royal leader, having ruled for over four decades in an authoritarian manner. Consequently, his Cameroon People's Democratic Movement governs the country as a de facto one-party state.\nThe official languages of Cameroon are French and English. Christianity is the majority religion in Cameroon, with significant minorities practising Islam and traditional faiths. It has experienced tensions from the English-speaking territories, where politicians have advocated for greater decentralisation and even complete separation or independence (as in the Southern Cameroons National Council). In 2017, tensions over the creation of an Ambazonian state in the English-speaking territories escalated into open warfare. Large numbers of Cameroonians live as subsistence farmers. The country is often referred to as \"Africa in miniature\" for its geological, linguistic, and cultural diversity. Its natural features include beaches, deserts, mountains, rainforests, and savannas. Cameroon's highest point, at almost 4,100 metres (13,500 ft), is Mount Cameroon in the Southwest Region.\nCameroon's most populous cities are Douala on the Wouri River, its economic capital and main seaport; Yaoundé, its political capital; and Garoua. Limbé in the southwest has a natural seaport. Cameroon is well known for its native music styles, particularly Makossa, Njang, and Bikutsi, and its successful national football team. It is a member state of the African Union, the United Nations, the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF), the Commonwealth of Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.", "contentHash": "b57df4db2743e193cbab1a6c65fa4ac6120d7d6d8122a362d00f396232f2d72a", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "CO:overview", "title": "Colombia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1375822420", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Saint+Barth%C3%A9lemy%7CBermuda%7CBrunei%7CBolivia%7CBahamas%7CBhutan%7CBotswana%7CBelarus%7CBelize%7CDemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo%7CCentral+African+Republic%7CRepublic+of+the+Congo%7CIvory+Coast%7CCook+Islands%7CChile%7CCameroon%7CColombia%7CCosta+Rica%7CCuba%7CCape+Verde", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:44.136Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-20T07:49:44Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1375822420", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Colombia, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country located in South America, with insular regions in North America. Colombia's mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east, Brazil to the southeast, Peru and Ecuador to the south and southwest, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Panama to the northwest. Colombia is divided into 32 departments. The Capital District of Bogotá is the country's largest city hosting the main financial and cultural hub. Other urban areas include Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Bucaramanga, Pereira, Santa Marta, Cúcuta, Ibagué, Villavicencio and Manizales. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi) and has a population of around 52 million. Its rich cultural heritage—including language, religion, cuisine, and art—reflects its history as a colony, fusing cultural elements brought by immigration from Europe and the Middle East, with those brought by the African diaspora, as well as with those of Indigenous civilizations that predate colonization. Spanish is the official language, although Creole, English and 64 other languages are recognized regionally.\nColombia has been home to many Indigenous peoples and cultures since at least 12,000 BCE. The Spanish landed in La Guajira in 1499, and by the mid-16th century had colonized much of present-day Colombia, establishing the New Kingdom of Granada. Independence from the Spanish Empire was declared in 1810, with what is now Colombia emerging as the United Provinces of New Granada. After a Spanish reconquest, Colombian independence was secured and the Gran Colombia period began in 1819. The new polity experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation (1858) and then the United States of Colombia (1863), before becoming a centralised republic in 1886. With the backing of the US and France, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, resulting in Colombia's present borders. Beginning in the 1960s, the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence, both of which escalated in the 1990s. Since 2000, there has been improvement in security, stability, and rule of law, as well as economic growth and development. \nColombia is recognized for its healthcare system, being the best healthcare in the Americas according to the World Health Organization and 22nd in the world. Its diversified economy is the third-largest in South America, with macroeconomic stability and favorable long-term growth prospects. The country has one of the widest recognitions of LGBT rights, gender equality, animal rights, and human rights, permitting same-sex adoption, same-sex marriage, legality of abortion, legality of euthanasia, and animal rights protections.\nColombia is one of the world's seventeen megadiverse countries; it has the highest level of biodiversity per square mile in the world, and second-highest level overall. Its territory encompasses the Amazon rainforest, highlands, grasslands and deserts. Colombia is a member of global and regional organizations including the UN, the WTO, the OECD, the OAS, the CIVETS, the Pacific Alliance and the Andean Community; it is a NATO Global Partner and a major non-NATO ally of the United States.", "contentHash": "5132889ecb394a2d9372320d21629cca8196cecc2daee3a6b0504e0fb9f11d07", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "CR:overview", "title": "Costa Rica", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373766755", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Saint+Barth%C3%A9lemy%7CBermuda%7CBrunei%7CBolivia%7CBahamas%7CBhutan%7CBotswana%7CBelarus%7CBelize%7CDemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo%7CCentral+African+Republic%7CRepublic+of+the+Congo%7CIvory+Coast%7CCook+Islands%7CChile%7CCameroon%7CColombia%7CCosta+Rica%7CCuba%7CCape+Verde", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:44.136Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-07T20:22:52Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1373766755", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Costa Rica, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica, is a country in Central America. It borders Nicaragua to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the northeast, Panama to the southeast, and the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, sharing a maritime border with Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around five million in a land area of nearly 51,180 km2 (19,760 sq mi); the capital and largest city is San José, home to around 350,000 residents and two million people in the surrounding metropolitan area.\nHumans have been in Costa Rica since between 7,000 and 10,000 BC. Various indigenous peoples lived in the territory before it was colonized by Spain in the 16th century. Costa Rica was a peripheral colony of the Spanish Empire until independence in 1821 as part of the First Mexican Empire, followed by membership in the Federal Republic of Central America in 1823, from which it formally declared independence in 1847. The country underwent gradual modernization under relatively stable authoritarian rule until the late 19th century, when it promulgated a liberal constitution and held the first free and fair national election in Central America.\nFollowing a brief civil war in 1948, Costa Rica adopted its current constitution in 1949, which granted universal suffrage, provided various social, economic, and educational guarantees for all citizens, and permanently abolished the army, becoming one of the few sovereign nations without a standing military. Costa Rica is a presidential republic with a robust and stable democracy. About one-fourth of the national budget is spent on education—which has been free and compulsory since 1886—equal to about 6.2% of the country's GDP, compared to a global average of 3.8%; the economy, once heavily dependent on agriculture, has diversified to include finance, corporate services for foreign companies, pharmaceuticals, and ecotourism.\nCosta Rica has consistently performed favorably in the Human Development Index (HDI), placing 62nd globally, and fifth in Latin America, in 2023. Costa Rica is classified by the World Bank as a high-income economy and is the only OECD country in Central America and the Caribbean. It has been cited by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) as having attained much higher human development than other countries at the same income levels, with a better record on human development and inequality than the regional median. Costa Rica performs well in metrics of democratic governance, press freedom, subjective happiness and sustainable wellbeing; it has one of the highest literacy rates in the Americas, and is considered a regional leader in human rights and environmentalism.", "contentHash": "f6c5dae43d5c05152a27da9de3c9193119ae325262c5f3653b92ffa70cc2b089", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "CU:overview", "title": "Cuba", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377934025", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Saint+Barth%C3%A9lemy%7CBermuda%7CBrunei%7CBolivia%7CBahamas%7CBhutan%7CBotswana%7CBelarus%7CBelize%7CDemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo%7CCentral+African+Republic%7CRepublic+of+the+Congo%7CIvory+Coast%7CCook+Islands%7CChile%7CCameroon%7CColombia%7CCosta+Rica%7CCuba%7CCape+Verde", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:44.136Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-02T01:10:52Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377934025", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Cuba, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country in the Caribbean. It comprises the eponymous main island as well as 4,195 islands, islets, and cays. Situated at the convergence of the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Atlantic Ocean, Cuba is located east of the Yucatán Peninsula, south of both Florida and the Bahamas, west of Hispaniola, and north of Jamaica and the Cayman Islands. Cuba is the largest country in the Caribbean by area and the third-largest by population, after Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Culturally, Cuba is considered to be part of Latin America. Its capital and largest city is Havana.\nCuba was inhabited as early as the 4th millennium BC, with the Guanahatabey and Taíno peoples present at the time of Spanish colonization in the 15th century. Cuba's population descends primarily from three groups: pre-Columbian indigenous peoples, chiefly the Taíno and Ciboney, Spanish settlers and immigrants (mainly from Andalusia, the Canary Islands, Galicia, and Asturias), and sub-Saharan Africans brought through the transatlantic slave trade. The territory remained part of the Spanish Empire until the Spanish–American War of 1898, after which it was occupied by the United States and gained independence in 1902. A 1933 coup toppled the democratically elected government of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada and began a long period of military influence, particularly by Fulgencio Batista. In 1940, Cuba implemented a new constitution, but mounting political unrest culminated in the 1952 Cuban coup d'état. Batista's autocratic government was eventually overthrown in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement, during the Cuban Revolution. The revolution established a communist government under Fidel Castro that remains to this day. Castro's government became a major point of contention between the Soviet Union and the United States during the Cold War; the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis is widely considered to be the closest the world has come to a nuclear war.\nDuring the 1970s through the late 1980s, Cuba intervened in numerous conflicts in support of anti-colonial and Marxist governments or movements across Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East. According to a CIA declassified report, Cuba had received $33 billion in Soviet aid by 1984. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Cuba faced a severe economic downturn in the 1990s, known as the Special Period. In 2008, Castro retired after 49 years; Raúl Castro was elected his successor. Raúl retired as president of the Council of State in 2018, and Miguel Díaz-Canel was elected president by the National Assembly following parliamentary elections. Raúl retired as First Secretary of the Communist Party in 2021, and Díaz-Canel was elected thereafter, becoming Cuba's first leader to have been born after the Cuban Revolution. \nCuba is a socialist state in which the role of the Communist Party is enshrined in the Constitution. Cuba is currently the world's only communist country outside of Asia. Cuba has an authoritarian government wherein political opposition is prohibited. Censorship is extensive, and independent journalism is repressed; Reporters Without Borders has characterized Cuba as one of the worst countries for press freedom. Cuba is a founding member of the UN, G77, NAM, OACPS, ALBA, and OAS. Since 1959, Cuba has regarded the U.S. military base in Guantánamo Bay as illegal and has maintained minefields along its side of the border since 1961.\nCuba has one of the world's few command economies, and its economy is dominated by tourism and the exports of skilled labor, sugar, tobacco, and coffee. Cuba has historically—before and during communist rule—performed better than other countries in Latin America and the Caribbean in literacy. After the 1959 revolution, Cuba performed better than other Latin American countries in infant and maternal mortality, and life expectancy. According to a 2012 study, Cuba is the only country in the world to meet the conditions of sustainable development put forth by the WWF. Cuba has a universal health care system that provides free medical treatment to all Cuban citizens, although challenges include low salaries for doctors, poor facilities, poor provision of equipment, and the frequent absence of essential drugs.\nA 2023 study by the US-funded Cuban Observatory of Human Rights estimated that 88% of the population lives in extreme poverty. According to the World Food Programme of the United Nations, rationed food meets only a fraction of daily nutritional needs for many Cubans, leading to health issues. Ongoing since 1960, the United States embargo against Cuba stands as one of the longest-running trade and economic measures in bilateral relations in history.\n\n", "contentHash": "64ce46897d470b7adba617ad3e02872b5b7925b223e3d7da5c2683acd363fcd1", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "CV:overview", "title": "Cape Verde", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1375996484", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Saint+Barth%C3%A9lemy%7CBermuda%7CBrunei%7CBolivia%7CBahamas%7CBhutan%7CBotswana%7CBelarus%7CBelize%7CDemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo%7CCentral+African+Republic%7CRepublic+of+the+Congo%7CIvory+Coast%7CCook+Islands%7CChile%7CCameroon%7CColombia%7CCosta+Rica%7CCuba%7CCape+Verde", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:44.136Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-21T10:22:58Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1375996484", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Cape Verde, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Cape Verde, also referred to in English by its Portuguese name Cabo Verde, and known officially as the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an archipelagic country in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of West Africa. It consists of ten volcanic islands with a combined land area of about 4,033 square kilometres (1,557 sq mi). These islands lie between 600 and 850 kilometres (370 and 530 miles) west of Cap-Vert (i.e., Dakar), the westernmost point of continental Africa, after which they are named. Cape Verde forms part of the Macaronesia ecoregion, along with the Azores, the Canary Islands, Madeira and the Savage Islands.\nThe archipelago was uninhabited until the 15th century, when Portuguese explorers settled the islands, establishing one of the first European settlements in the tropics. Its strategic position gave it a significant role in the transatlantic slave trade during the 16th and 17th centuries; the islands saw rapid economic growth driven by the trade of manufactured goods, rum, cloth for African slaves, ivory, and gold. By the mid 19th century, increased foreign competition, persistent drought, and the decline of the slave trade led to economic decline and emigration; Cape Verde gradually recovered as an important commercial centre and stopping point for major shipping routes. \nCape Verde became independent in 1975. Since the early 1990s, it has been a stable representative democracy and has remained one of the most developed and democratic countries in Africa. Lacking natural resources, its developing economy is mostly service-oriented, with a growing focus on tourism and foreign investment. With a population of around 530,000 (as of 2026), Cape Verde is among the least populous countries in Africa. The Cape Verdean people trace their ancestry primarily to West African populations, with additional contributions from early Portuguese settlers and other groups who came to the islands. A sizeable diaspora exists across the world, especially in the United States and Portugal, considerably outnumbering the inhabitants on the islands. Cape Verde is a member state of the African Union.\nThe official language is Portuguese, while the recognized national language is Cape Verdean Creole (Crioulo), which is spoken by the vast majority of the population. As of the 2021 census, the most populous islands were Santiago (269,370) – which hosts the country's capital and largest city, Praia – São Vicente (74,016), Santo Antão (36,632), Fogo (33,519) and Sal (33,347). The largest cities are Praia (137,868), Mindelo (69,013), Espargos (24,500) and Assomada (21,297).", "contentHash": "51955c64dfd2345a14116276b61f92acf77e4992aa2fe155b09599c4be937893", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "CW:overview", "title": "Curaçao", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377906125", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Cura%C3%A7ao%7CCyprus%7CCzech+Republic%7CDjibouti%7CDominica%7CDominican+Republic%7CAlgeria%7CEcuador%7CEstonia%7CWestern+Sahara%7CEritrea%7CEthiopia%7CFiji%7CFalkland+Islands%7CFederated+States+of+Micronesia%7CFaroe+Islands%7CGabon%7CGrenada%7CGeorgia%7CGuernsey", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:46.612Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-01T22:03:15Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377906125", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Curaçao, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Curaçao, officially the Country of Curaçao, is a constituent country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is an island country located in the southern Caribbean Sea, specifically the Dutch Caribbean region, about 65 km (40 mi) north of Venezuela and 80 km (50 mi) southeast of Aruba. Curaçao includes the main island of Curaçao, and the much smaller, uninhabited island of Klein Curaçao (\"Little Curaçao\").\nThe 2023 census recorded a population of nearly 156,000 people in Curaçao. The country has an area of 444 km2 (171 sq mi); its capital is Willemstad. Together with Aruba and Bonaire, Curaçao forms part of the ABC islands. Collectively, Curaçao, Aruba, and other Dutch islands in the Caribbean are often called the Dutch Caribbean. It is the largest of the ABC islands in terms of both area and population.\nThe island is known for its indigenous bitter orange-based liqueur, Curaçao, flavoured with the dried peel of the laraha, a citrus fruit grown on the island.\nCuraçao was originally inhabited by the Arawak and Caquetío Indigenous Peoples. The first Europeans to explore the island were Spanish, who first reached it in 1499. The island became a Spanish colony after Alonso de Ojeda's 1499 expedition. Though labelled \"the Useless Island\" due to its poor agricultural yield and lack of precious metals, it later became a strategic cattle ranching area. When the Dutch colonized the island in 1634, they shifted the island's focus to trade and shipping, and later made it a hub of the Atlantic slave trade.\nBritish forces occupied Curaçao twice during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, but it was returned to Dutch rule. The abolition of slavery in 1863 led to economic shifts and migrations. Dutch remains the official language, though Papiamento, English, and Spanish are widely spoken, reflecting the island's diverse cultural influences. Curaçao was part of the Curaçao and Dependencies colony from 1815 to 1954, and part of the Netherlands Antilles from 1954 until 2010, as Island Territory of Curaçao.\nThe discovery of oil in the Maracaibo Basin in 1914 transformed Curaçao into a major refinery location, altering its economic landscape. There were efforts towards becoming a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands; the island achieved autonomy in 2010.", "contentHash": "99a2482cd9d4599d5eb8c615560bee0b5c49312aa7ab6b851283e7960ea045b7", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "CY:overview", "title": "Cyprus", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377655580", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Cura%C3%A7ao%7CCyprus%7CCzech+Republic%7CDjibouti%7CDominica%7CDominican+Republic%7CAlgeria%7CEcuador%7CEstonia%7CWestern+Sahara%7CEritrea%7CEthiopia%7CFiji%7CFalkland+Islands%7CFederated+States+of+Micronesia%7CFaroe+Islands%7CGabon%7CGrenada%7CGeorgia%7CGuernsey", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:46.612Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-30T11:00:49Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377655580", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Cyprus, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, located off the coast of the Levant mainland in West Asia. The island of Cyprus, which is the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean, is divided along the United Nations Buffer Zone between the internationally recognised Republic of Cyprus and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is recognised only by Turkey. The south of the island also hosts the British sovereign military bases of Akrotiri and Dhekelia. The capital and largest city of Cyprus is Nicosia.\nCyprus was first settled by hunter-gatherers around 13,000 years ago, with farming communities emerging by 8500 BC. The late Bronze Age saw the emergence of Alashiya, an urbanised society closely connected to the wider Mediterranean world. Cyprus experienced waves of settlement by Mycenaean Greeks at the end of the 2nd millennium BC. Owing to its rich natural resources (particularly copper) and strategic position at the crossroads of Europe, Africa, and Asia, the island was subsequently contested and occupied by several empires, including the Assyrians, Egyptians, and Persians, from whom it was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great. Successive rule by the Ptolemaic Empire, the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire, Arab caliphates, the French Lusignans, and the Venetians was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman dominion (1571–1878). Cyprus was placed under British administration in 1878 pursuant to the Cyprus Convention and formally annexed by the United Kingdom in 1914.\nThe island's future became contested by its Greek and Turkish communities. Greek Cypriots sought enosis, or union with Greece, which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s. Turkish Cypriots initially advocated for continued British rule, then demanded the annexation of the island to Turkey, with which they established the policy of taksim: partitioning Cyprus and creating a Turkish polity in the north. Following nationalist violence in the 1950s, Cyprus was granted independence in 1960. The crisis of 1963–64 brought further intercommunal violence between the two communities, displaced more than 25,000 Turkish Cypriots into enclaves, and ended Turkish Cypriot political representation. On 15 July 1974, a coup d'état was staged by Greek Cypriot nationalists and elements of the Greek military junta. This action precipitated the Turkish invasion of Cyprus on 20 July, which captured the present-day territory of Northern Cyprus and displaced over 150,000 Greek Cypriots and 50,000 Turkish Cypriots. A separate Turkish Cypriot state in the north was established by unilateral declaration in 1983, which was widely condemned by the international community and remains recognised only by Turkey. These events and the resulting political situation remain subject to an ongoing dispute.\nCyprus is a developed country, with a representative democracy, advanced high-income economy and very high human development. The island's intense Mediterranean climate and rich cultural heritage, which features both Greek and Turkish elements, make it a major tourist destination. Cyprus is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement until it joined the European Union in 2004; it joined the eurozone in 2008. Cyprus has long maintained good relations with NATO and announced in 2024 its intention to officially join.", "contentHash": "193cec59dd1b8e67484f0b5bfd2d13b9883843c204672195bc274620f2eec80a", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "CZ:overview", "title": "Czech Republic", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376681459", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Cura%C3%A7ao%7CCyprus%7CCzech+Republic%7CDjibouti%7CDominica%7CDominican+Republic%7CAlgeria%7CEcuador%7CEstonia%7CWestern+Sahara%7CEritrea%7CEthiopia%7CFiji%7CFalkland+Islands%7CFederated+States+of+Micronesia%7CFaroe+Islands%7CGabon%7CGrenada%7CGeorgia%7CGuernsey", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:46.612Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-25T16:59:21Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1376681459", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Czech Republic, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia and historically known as Bohemia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the southeast. The Czech Republic has a hilly landscape that covers an area of 78,871 square kilometers (30,452 sq mi) with a mostly temperate continental and oceanic climate. The capital and largest city is Prague; other major cities and urban areas include Brno, Ostrava, Plzeň and Liberec.\nThe Duchy of Bohemia was founded in the 9th century under Great Moravia. It was formally recognized as an Imperial Estate of the Holy Roman Empire in 1002 and became a kingdom in 1198. Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, all the Lands of the Bohemian Crown were gradually integrated into the Habsburg monarchy. Nearly a hundred years later, the Protestant Bohemian Revolt led to the Thirty Years' War. After the Battle of White Mountain, the Habsburgs consolidated their rule. With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Crown lands became part of the Austrian Empire.\nDuring the 19th century, the Czech lands underwent significant industrialization. Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary after World War I, most of the region became part of the First Czechoslovak Republic in 1918. Czechoslovakia was the only country in Central and Eastern Europe to remain a parliamentary democracy during the entirety of the interwar period. After the Munich Agreement in 1938, Nazi Germany systematically took control over the Czech lands. Czechoslovakia was restored in 1945 as the Third Czechoslovak Republic and three years later became an Eastern Bloc communist state following a coup d'état in 1948. Attempts to liberalize the government and economy were suppressed by a Soviet-led invasion of the country during the Prague Spring in 1968. In November 1989, the Velvet Revolution ended communist rule in the country and restored democracy. On 31 December 1992, Czechoslovakia was peacefully dissolved, with its constituent states becoming the independent states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia.\nThe Czech Republic is a unitary parliamentary republic and developed country with an advanced, high-income social market economy. It is a welfare state with a European social model, universal health care and free-tuition university education. It ranks 32nd in the Human Development Index. The Czech Republic is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the European Union, the OECD, the OSCE, the Council of Europe and the Visegrád Group.", "contentHash": "14d9b7e1099a78cfc59ecfd387f12214716167c18f1302a1286ef229dba7e99a", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "DJ:overview", "title": "Djibouti", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378675563", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Cura%C3%A7ao%7CCyprus%7CCzech+Republic%7CDjibouti%7CDominica%7CDominican+Republic%7CAlgeria%7CEcuador%7CEstonia%7CWestern+Sahara%7CEritrea%7CEthiopia%7CFiji%7CFalkland+Islands%7CFederated+States+of+Micronesia%7CFaroe+Islands%7CGabon%7CGrenada%7CGeorgia%7CGuernsey", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:46.612Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-05T16:41:46Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378675563", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Djibouti, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Djibouti, officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the Horn of Africa, bordered by Somalia to the south, Ethiopia to the southwest, Eritrea in the north, and the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden to the east. The country has an area of 23,200 km2 (8,958 sq mi).\nIn antiquity, the territory, together with Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somaliland, was part of the Land of Punt. Nearby Zeila, now in Somaliland, was the seat of the medieval Adal and Ifat Sultanates. In the late 19th century, the colony of French Somaliland was established after the ruling Dir-Somali, and Afar sultans signed treaties with the French, and its railroad to Dire Dawa (and later Addis Ababa) allowed it to quickly supersede Zeila as the port for southern Ethiopia and the Ogaden. It was renamed the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas in 1967. A decade later, the Djiboutian people voted for independence. This officially marked the establishment of the Republic of Djibouti, named after its capital city. The new state joined the United Nations in its first year. In the early 1990s, tensions over government representation led to armed conflict, which ended in a power-sharing agreement in 2000 between the ruling party and the opposition.\nDjibouti is a multi-ethnic nation with a population of 1,066,809 at the census held on 20 May 2024 (the smallest in mainland Africa). French and Arabic are its two official languages; Afar and Somali are national languages. About 94% of Djiboutians adhere to Islam, which is the official religion and has been predominant in the region for more than 1,000 years. The Somalis and Afar make up the two largest ethnic groups, with the former comprising the majority of the population. Both speak a language of the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages.\nDjibouti is near some of the world's busiest shipping lanes, controlling access to the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. It serves as a key refuelling and transshipment center and the principal maritime port for imports from and exports to neighboring Ethiopia. The nation is the site of various foreign military bases. The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) regional body also has its headquarters in Djibouti City.", "contentHash": "8f336b346b6d1e636594669debbc93d263a2f32e0ccdb11b16f4fbde24a05f92", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "DM:overview", "title": "Dominica", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376482419", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Cura%C3%A7ao%7CCyprus%7CCzech+Republic%7CDjibouti%7CDominica%7CDominican+Republic%7CAlgeria%7CEcuador%7CEstonia%7CWestern+Sahara%7CEritrea%7CEthiopia%7CFiji%7CFalkland+Islands%7CFederated+States+of+Micronesia%7CFaroe+Islands%7CGabon%7CGrenada%7CGeorgia%7CGuernsey", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:46.612Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-24T11:55:47Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1376482419", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Dominica, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Dominica officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island country in the Caribbean. It is part of the Windward Islands chain in the Lesser Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean Sea. The capital, Roseau, is located on the western side of the island. Dominica's closest neighbours are two constituent territories of the European Union, both overseas departments of France: Guadeloupe to the northwest and Martinique to the south-southeast. Dominica comprises a land area of 750 km2 (290 sq mi), and the highest point is Morne Diablotins, at 1,448 m (4,751 ft) in elevation. The population was 71,293 at the 2011 census.\nThe island was settled by the Arawak arriving from South America in the fifth century. The Kalinago displaced the Arawak by the 15th century. Christopher Columbus is said to have passed the island on Sunday, 3rd November 1493. It was later colonised by Europeans, predominantly by the French from 1690 to 1763. The French enslaved West Africans and transported them to Dominica to work on coffee plantations. Great Britain took possession in 1763 after the Seven Years' War and continued the legacy of forced labor to gain wealth, and gradually established English as its official language. The island gained independence as a republic in 1978.\nDominica has been nicknamed the \"Nature Island of the Caribbean\" for its natural environment. It is the youngest island in the Lesser Antilles, and is still being formed by Geothermal-Volcanic activity, as evidenced by the world's second-largest hot spring, called Boiling Lake. The island has lush mountainous rainforests and is the home of many rare plants, animals, and bird species. There are dry shrubland areas in some of the western coastal regions, but heavy rainfall occurs inland. The Sisserou Parrot, also known as the imperial amazon, is critically endangered and found only on Dominica. It is the island's national bird and is featured on the National flag, making Dominica one of the two sovereign nations whose official flag features the color purple. The country is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the United Nations, the Organization of American States, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States and the Non-Aligned Movement.\n\n", "contentHash": "495690b266315540f9cc45f8cf75b7326f2f76e5179bc932c16b17be0f3988b2", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "DO:overview", "title": "Dominican Republic", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378204880", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Cura%C3%A7ao%7CCyprus%7CCzech+Republic%7CDjibouti%7CDominica%7CDominican+Republic%7CAlgeria%7CEcuador%7CEstonia%7CWestern+Sahara%7CEritrea%7CEthiopia%7CFiji%7CFalkland+Islands%7CFederated+States+of+Micronesia%7CFaroe+Islands%7CGabon%7CGrenada%7CGeorgia%7CGuernsey", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:46.612Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T13:37:48Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378204880", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Dominican Republic, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "The Dominican Republic is an island country on the eastern part of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean Sea in the North Atlantic Ocean. It shares a maritime border with Puerto Rico to the east and a land border with Haiti to the west, occupying the eastern five-eighths of Hispaniola which, along with Saint Martin, is one of only two islands in the Caribbean shared by two sovereign states. In the Antilles, the country is the second-largest by area after Cuba at 48,671 square kilometers (18,792 sq mi) and the second most populous after Haiti with approximately 11.4 million people in 2024, of whom 3.6 million reside in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo, the capital city.\nIndigenous peoples had inhabited Hispaniola prior to European contact, including the Taíno, who divided it into five chiefdoms. Christopher Columbus claimed the island for Castile, landing there on his first voyage in 1492. The colony of Santo Domingo became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas. In 1697, Spain recognized French dominion over the western third of the island, which became the independent First Empire of Haiti in 1804. A group of Dominicans deposed the Spanish governor and declared independence from Spain in November 1821, but were annexed by Haiti in February 1822. Independence came 22 years later in 1844, after victory in the Dominican War of Independence. The next 72 years saw several civil wars, corrupt dictatorships, failed invasions by Haiti, and a brief return to Spanish colonial status, before permanently ousting the Spanish during the Dominican Restoration War of 1863–1865. The United States occupied the Dominican Republic from 1916 to 1924, followed by the dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo, ruling from 1930 until his assassination in 1961. Juan Bosch was elected president in 1962 but was deposed in a military coup in 1963. The Dominican Civil War of 1965 preceded a second American occupation and the authoritarian rule of Joaquín Balaguer (1966–1978 and 1986–1996). Since 1996, the Dominican Republic has moved towards representative democracy.\nThe Dominican Republic has the largest economy in the Caribbean and the seventh-largest in Latin America. The country has had the fastest-growing economy in the Western Hemisphere – with an average real GDP growth rate of 5.3% between 1992 and 2018. GDP growth in 2014 and 2015 reached 7.3 and 7.0%, respectively, the highest in the Western Hemisphere. Recent growth has been driven by construction, manufacturing, tourism, and mining. The country is the site of the world's third largest gold mine in terms of production, the Pueblo Viejo mine. The gold production of the country was 31 metric tonnes in 2015.\nThe Dominican Republic is the most visited destination in the Caribbean. A geographically diverse nation, the country is home to both the Caribbean's tallest mountain peak, Pico Duarte, and the Caribbean's largest lake and lowest point, Lake Enriquillo. The island has an average temperature of 26 °C (78.8 °F) and great climatic and biological diversity. The country is also the site of the first cathedral, palace, monastery, and fortress built in the Americas, located in Santo Domingo's Colonial Zone, a World Heritage Site.", "contentHash": "ece7227788e41d3d5f7acf3f8086dacbcb71b693dde31feaf718f070995d3d3a", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "DZ:overview", "title": "Algeria", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378861235", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Cura%C3%A7ao%7CCyprus%7CCzech+Republic%7CDjibouti%7CDominica%7CDominican+Republic%7CAlgeria%7CEcuador%7CEstonia%7CWestern+Sahara%7CEritrea%7CEthiopia%7CFiji%7CFalkland+Islands%7CFederated+States+of+Micronesia%7CFaroe+Islands%7CGabon%7CGrenada%7CGeorgia%7CGuernsey", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:46.612Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-06T15:37:34Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378861235", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Algeria, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. Spanning over 2,381,741 square kilometres (919,595 sq mi), it is the largest country in Africa and the tenth largest in the world. It is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea. With a population of over 47 million, Algeria is the tenth-most populous country in Africa. Its capital and largest city is Algiers.\nAlgeria's territory has been a crossroads of cultures and civilizations for millennia, shaped first by indigenous Amazigh societies, including the Numidians, whose kingdom became one of the earliest major states in the region, as well as by Phoenician, Roman, Vandal, and Byzantine influences. From the 7th century onward, the spread of Islam and the arrival of Arab tribes gradually transformed the region's linguistic, religious, and cultural landscape, contributing to the development of a distinct Algerian identity rooted in both Arab-Islamic and Amazigh heritage. Between the 8th and 15th centuries, Algeria was ruled by a succession of local Islamic dynasties including Rustamids, Fatimids, Zirids, Hammadids, Almohads and Zayyanids. In 1516, the Regency of Algiers was established, gradually emerging as a largely autonomous state owing nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire. After nearly three centuries as a major power in the Mediterranean, the country was invaded by France in 1830 and formally annexed in 1848, though it was not fully conquered and pacified until 1903. French rule brought mass European settlement that displaced the local population; by mid-1870, indigenous Algerians declined by up to a third due to warfare, disease, and starvation. French colonization faced continuous Algerian resistance, from Emir Abdelkader's campaigns and the Mokrani Revolt to the rise of nationalist movements in the 20th century. The Sétif and Guelma massacre in 1945 catalysed local resistance that culminated in the outbreak of the Algerian War in 1954. Algeria gained independence in 1962. It descended into a bloody civil war from 1992 to 2002, remaining in an official state of emergency until the 2010–2012 Algerian protests during the Arab Spring.\nAlgeria has a semi-arid climate, with the Sahara desert dominating most of the territory except for its fertile and mountainous north, where most of the population is concentrated. Its official languages are Arabic and Amazigh, while the vast majority of the population speak the Algerian dialect of Arabic. The usage of French persists, especially in media, education, and certain administrative matters, but has no official status. Most Algerians identify as Arabs, while Berbers form a sizeable minority. Sunni Islam is the official religion and practiced by 99% of the population.\nAlgeria is a semi-presidential republic composed of 69 provinces (wilayas) and 1,541 communes. It is a regional power in North Africa and a middle power in global affairs, with the largest military budget in Africa. As of 2025, Algeria has the highest Human Development Index in continental Africa, and the third largest economy in Africa, due mostly to its large petroleum and natural gas reserves, which are the sixteenth and ninth largest in the world, respectively. Sonatrach, the national oil company, is the largest company in Africa and a major supplier of natural gas to Europe. Algeria is a member of the African Union, the Arab League, the OIC, OPEC, the United Nations, and the Arab Maghreb Union, of which it is a founding member.", "contentHash": "dff50c6195f065b0896695b29f6bab486840b56a4bba6aa7c5b38f27773fabbd", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "EC:overview", "title": "Ecuador", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378037348", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Cura%C3%A7ao%7CCyprus%7CCzech+Republic%7CDjibouti%7CDominica%7CDominican+Republic%7CAlgeria%7CEcuador%7CEstonia%7CWestern+Sahara%7CEritrea%7CEthiopia%7CFiji%7CFalkland+Islands%7CFederated+States+of+Micronesia%7CFaroe+Islands%7CGabon%7CGrenada%7CGeorgia%7CGuernsey", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:46.612Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-02T15:59:28Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378037348", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Ecuador, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. It also includes the Galápagos Province which contains the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometers (540 nmi; 620 mi) west of the mainland. The country's capital is Quito, and the largest city is Guayaquil.\nThe land that comprises modern-day Ecuador was once home to several groups of indigenous peoples that were gradually incorporated into the Inca Empire during the 15th century. The territory was colonized by the Spanish Empire during the 16th century, achieving independence in 1820 as part of Gran Colombia, from which it emerged as a sovereign state in 1830. The legacy of both empires is reflected in Ecuador's ethnically diverse population, with most of its 17.8 million people being mestizos, followed by large minorities of European, Indigenous, African, and Asian descendant. Spanish is the official language spoken by a majority of the population, although 13 native languages are also recognized, including Quechua and Shuar.\nEcuador is a plurinational representative democratic presidential republic and a developing country whose economy is highly dependent on exports of commodities, primarily petroleum and agricultural products. The country is a founding member of the United Nations, Organization of American States, Mercosur, PROSUR, and the Non-Aligned Movement. According to the Center for Economic and Policy Research, between 2006 and 2016, poverty decreased from 36.7% to 22.5% and annual per capita GDP growth was 1.5 percent (as compared to 0.6 percent over the prior two decades). At the same time, the country's Gini index of economic inequality improved from 0.55 to 0.47.\nOne of 17 megadiverse countries in the world, Ecuador hosts many endemic plants and animals, such as those of the Galápagos Islands. In recognition of its unique ecological heritage, the new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable rights of nature.\nIn the 2024 Global Hunger Index (GHI), Ecuador ranks 58th out of 127 countries with a score of 11.6, which indicates a moderate level of hunger. In 2026 the United Nations reported that 2.6 million people in Ecuador are facing acute hunger amid an unprecedented crisis.", "contentHash": "da10b29563f9479bb5214ed819275afe9d30c4cf1a4375902f81c8bcf725d680", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "EE:overview", "title": "Estonia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378328567", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Cura%C3%A7ao%7CCyprus%7CCzech+Republic%7CDjibouti%7CDominica%7CDominican+Republic%7CAlgeria%7CEcuador%7CEstonia%7CWestern+Sahara%7CEritrea%7CEthiopia%7CFiji%7CFalkland+Islands%7CFederated+States+of+Micronesia%7CFaroe+Islands%7CGabon%7CGrenada%7CGeorgia%7CGuernsey", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:46.612Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-04T00:34:49Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378328567", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Estonia, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Russia. The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland, the larger islands of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa, and over 2,300 other islands and islets on the east coast of the Baltic Sea. Its capital city of Tallinn, along with the city of Tartu, are the country's two largest urban areas. The Estonian language, of the Finnic family, is the official language and the first language of the majority of nearly 1.4 million people. Estonia is one of the least populous member states of the European Union.\nPresent-day Estonia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 BC. The medieval indigenous population of Estonia was one of the last pagan civilisations in Europe to adopt Christianity following the Northern Crusades in the 13th century. After centuries of foreign rule by the Teutonic Order, Denmark, Poland, Sweden, and the Russian Empire, a distinct Estonian national identity gained new momentum with the Age of Awakening in the mid-19th century. This culminated in the 1918 Estonian Declaration of Independence. Democratic throughout most of the interwar period, Estonia declared neutrality at the outbreak of World War II, but the country was repeatedly invaded and occupied, and ultimately annexed into the USSR. Throughout the de facto Soviet occupation, from World War II until 1991, Estonia's de jure state continuity was preserved by diplomatic representatives and the government-in-exile. Following the 1988–1990 \"Singing Revolution\" against Soviet rule, full independence was restored on 20 August 1991, and the country joined NATO and the European Union in 2004.\nEstonia is a developed country with a high-income, advanced economy, and Eurozone membership. It is a democratic unitary parliamentary republic, with a single-tier local government system consisting of 79 municipalities. Estonia is among the least corrupt countries in the world and ranks very high in international rankings for education, human development, press freedom, online public services, and the prevalence of technology companies.", "contentHash": "1aa47006c046558533323970666dd6ed71a376126c8be995cf24ae41b9219b22", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "EH:overview", "title": "Western Sahara", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378498579", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Cura%C3%A7ao%7CCyprus%7CCzech+Republic%7CDjibouti%7CDominica%7CDominican+Republic%7CAlgeria%7CEcuador%7CEstonia%7CWestern+Sahara%7CEritrea%7CEthiopia%7CFiji%7CFalkland+Islands%7CFederated+States+of+Micronesia%7CFaroe+Islands%7CGabon%7CGrenada%7CGeorgia%7CGuernsey", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:46.612Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-04T19:56:15Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378498579", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Western Sahara, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Western Sahara is a United Nations–designated non-self-governing territory in north-western Africa. It has a surface area of 272,000 square kilometres (105,000 sq mi). Western Sahara is the last African colonial state yet to achieve independence and has been dubbed \"Africa's last colony\". With an estimated 600,000 inhabitants, it is the most sparsely populated territory in Africa and the second most sparsely populated territory in the world after Greenland, consisting mainly of desert flatlands.\nFrancoist Spain previously colonized the territory as the Spanish Sahara until 1975–1976. Spain attempted to transfer its administration to Morocco and Mauritania despite an advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice that those countries had no sovereignty over Western Sahara; a war erupted and the pro-independence Polisario Front proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR). Mauritania withdrew its claims in 1979, and Morocco secured de facto control of most of the territory, including all major cities and most natural resources. The SADR established a government-in-exile in Tindouf, Algeria. A UN-sponsored ceasefire agreement was reached in 1991, though a planned referendum monitored by the UN's MINURSO mission has since stalled.\nApproximately 30% of the Western Sahara (mainly inland and along the Mauritanian and Algerian borders) is controlled by the Polisario Front and the remaining 70% (including almost all of the coast) is occupied by Morocco. Morocco maintains the Berm, a 2,700 km-long (1,700 mi) wall lined with land mines that splits the territory. The Polisario Front is recognized by the UN as the legitimate representative of the people of Western Sahara and is primarily supported by Algeria. The SADR has received partial international recognition and membership in the African Union. Morocco is supported by France and the United States; several states began expressing support for its autonomy proposal in the 2020s, and the United Nations Security Council in 2025 endorsed negotiating based on the proposal.", "contentHash": "82d1dc99bf487de90a87461a7a72a6abea9431aa667c67224e6d316550e8a9eb", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "ER:overview", "title": "Eritrea", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378131856", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Cura%C3%A7ao%7CCyprus%7CCzech+Republic%7CDjibouti%7CDominica%7CDominican+Republic%7CAlgeria%7CEcuador%7CEstonia%7CWestern+Sahara%7CEritrea%7CEthiopia%7CFiji%7CFalkland+Islands%7CFederated+States+of+Micronesia%7CFaroe+Islands%7CGabon%7CGrenada%7CGeorgia%7CGuernsey", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:46.612Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T02:54:07Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378131856", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Eritrea, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Eritrea, officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa. Its capital and largest city is Asmara. The country is bordered by Ethiopia to the south, Sudan to the west, and Djibouti to the southeast. The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea. The country has a total area of approximately 117,600 km2 (45,406 sq mi), and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands.\nHominid remains found in Eritrea have been dated to 1 million years old and anthropological research indicates that the area may contain significant records related to human evolution. The Kingdom of Aksum, centred in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia, was established during the first or second century AD and was considered one of the four great powers of the world by the Persian prophet Mani, the founder of Manichaeism. It adopted Christianity around the middle of the fourth century. Beginning in the 12th century, the Zagwe and Solomonid dynasties held fluctuating control over the entire plateau and the Red Sea coast. Eritrea's central highlands, known as Mereb Melash (\"Beyond the Mereb\"), were the northern frontier region of the Ethiopian kingdoms and were ruled by a governor titled the Bahr Negus (\"King of the Sea\").\nIn the 16th century, the decades-long attempt to conquer the Ethiopian Highlands by the Ottomans would result in failure, forcing them to offer a peace treaty where they were limited to the Eritrean coastline. In May 1865, much of the coastal lowlands came under the rule of the Khedivate of Egypt, until it was transferred to Italy in February 1885. Beginning in 1885–1890, Italian troops systematically spread out from Massawa toward the highlands, eventually resulting in the formation of the colony of Italian Eritrea in 1889, establishing the present-day boundaries of the country. Italian rule continued until 1942, when Eritrea was placed under British Military Administration during World War II; following a UN General Assembly decision in 1952, Eritrea would govern itself with a local Eritrean parliament, but for foreign affairs and defense, it would enter into federal status with Ethiopia for ten years. However, in 1962, the government of Ethiopia annulled the Eritrean parliament and formally annexed Eritrea. The Eritrean secessionist movement organized the Eritrean Liberation Front in 1961 and fought the Eritrean War of Independence until Eritrea gained de facto independence in 1991. Eritrea gained de jure independence in 1993 after an independence referendum.\nModern Eritrea is a multi-ethnic country with nine recognized ethnic groups, each of which has a distinct language. The most widely spoken language is Tigrinya. The others are Tigre, Saho, Kunama, Nara, Afar, Beja, Bilen and Arabic. Tigrinya, Arabic and English serve as the three working languages. Most residents speak languages from the Afroasiatic family, either from the Ethiopian Semitic languages or Cushitic branches. In Eritrea, ethnic Tigrinyas make up about 50% of the population, with the Tigre people constituting around 30% of inhabitants. In addition, there are several Nilo-Saharan-speaking Nilotic ethnic groups. Most people in the country adhere to Christianity or Islam, with a small minority adhering to traditional faiths.\nEritrea is a unitary one-party presidential republic and a de facto totalitarian dictatorship, in which national legislative and presidential elections have never been held. Isaias Afwerki has served as president since its official independence in 1993. The country's human rights record is among the worst in the world. The Eritrean government has dismissed these allegations as politically motivated. Eritrea is a member of the African Union, the United Nations, and is an observer state in the Arab League alongside Brazil and Venezuela. It was part of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development until withdrawing in December 2025, \"accusing the organisation of 'becoming a tool against' countries like itself.\"", "contentHash": "3c49246d5fb57325c38ed6b6235685dae4c86923cad563a167b7658fb6fa1def", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "ET:overview", "title": "Ethiopia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378135122", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Cura%C3%A7ao%7CCyprus%7CCzech+Republic%7CDjibouti%7CDominica%7CDominican+Republic%7CAlgeria%7CEcuador%7CEstonia%7CWestern+Sahara%7CEritrea%7CEthiopia%7CFiji%7CFalkland+Islands%7CFederated+States+of+Micronesia%7CFaroe+Islands%7CGabon%7CGrenada%7CGeorgia%7CGuernsey", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:46.612Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T03:08:33Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378135122", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Ethiopia, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE), is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the southeast, Kenya to the south, South Sudan to the west, and Sudan to the northwest. Ethiopia covers a land area of 1,104,300 km2 (426,400 sq mi). As of 2026, it has around 138 million inhabitants, making it the 10th-most populous country in the world and 2nd most populous country in Africa. The national capital and largest city, Addis Ababa, lies several kilometres west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the African and Somali tectonic plates.\nAnatomically modern humans emerged in what is now Ethiopia. In 980 BC, the Kingdom of D'mt extended its realm over Eritrea and the northern region of Ethiopia, while the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilisation in the region for 900 years. Christianity arrived to the kingdom in 330 AD, while Islam gained influence during the first Hijra in 615. After the collapse of Aksum in 960, the Zagwe dynasty ruled the north-central parts of Ethiopia. The Shewan usurper, Yekuno Amlak, overthrew the dynasty in 1270 at the Battle of Ansata, inaugurating the Ethiopian Empire and the Solomonic dynasty – asserting its lineage through Aksumite legitimacy by the biblical Solomon and Queen of Sheba, and Menelik I was the first emperor. Under Emperor Amda Seyon I (r. 1314–1344), the empire grew in prestige through territorial expansion against neighbouring Muslim territories. Later, the Ethiopian–Adal War (1529–1543) weakened the empire and opened the way for the Oromo expansion. The growing influence of the Oromo at the Gondarine court ultimately contributed to the fragmentation known as Zemene Mesafint, beginning in 1769. Emperor Tewodros II ended the Zemene Mesafint at the beginning of his reign in 1855, marking the reunification and modernisation of Ethiopia.\nIn the late 19th century, Ethiopia repelled foreign invasions from both Egypt and Italy, most notably defeating an Italian invasion at the Battle of Adwa in 1896. Under Emperor Menelik II, it also expanded its territory, remaining independent during the Scramble for Africa and establishing its current borders. Ethiopia lost its sovereignty in 1936, when Italy under Benito Mussolini invaded during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, and following Ethiopia's defeat, Italian East Africa was established. In 1941, during World War II, it was liberated by the British Army, and its full sovereignty was restored in 1944. The Derg, a Soviet-backed military junta, took power in 1974 after deposing Emperor Haile Selassie and the Solomonic dynasty, and ruled the country for nearly 17 years amidst the Ethiopian Civil War. Following the dissolution of the Derg in 1991, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) dominated the country with a new constitution and ethnic-based federalism. Since then, Ethiopia has suffered from prolonged and unsolved inter-ethnic clashes and political instability marked by authoritarianism. From 2018, regional and ethnically based factions have carried out armed attacks in multiple ongoing wars throughout Ethiopia.\nEthiopia is a multi-ethnic state with over 80 different ethnic groups. Christianity is the most widely professed faith in the country, with the largest denomination being the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, followed by Islam and a small percentage of traditional faiths. The country is a founding member of the UN, and hosts the headquarters of the African Union Commission and many other global non-governmental organisations focused on Africa, also becoming a full member of BRICS in 2024. Ethiopia is one of the least developed countries but is sometimes considered an emerging power, having the fastest economic growth in sub-Saharan African countries because of foreign direct investment in expansion of agricultural and manufacturing industries; agriculture is the country's largest economic sector, accounting for over 37% of the GDP as of 2022. Although the Ethiopian economy has experienced consistent growth, in terms of per capita income and the Human Development Index the country remains among the poorest in Africa. Ethiopia faces numerous challenges, including high rates of poverty, human rights violations, widespread ethnic discrimination, and a literacy rate of 60%.", "contentHash": "6b18d8754ab02364f85a819889c5c573cd29e01307d5540e1d94aaedf7045972", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "FJ:overview", "title": "Fiji", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376521513", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Cura%C3%A7ao%7CCyprus%7CCzech+Republic%7CDjibouti%7CDominica%7CDominican+Republic%7CAlgeria%7CEcuador%7CEstonia%7CWestern+Sahara%7CEritrea%7CEthiopia%7CFiji%7CFalkland+Islands%7CFederated+States+of+Micronesia%7CFaroe+Islands%7CGabon%7CGrenada%7CGeorgia%7CGuernsey", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:46.612Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-24T17:35:12Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1376521513", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Fiji, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Fiji, officially the Republic of Fiji, is an archipelagic country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean. It lies about 1,100 nautical miles (2,000 km; 1,300 mi) north-northeast of New Zealand. Fiji consists of an archipelago of more than 330 islands—of which about 110 are permanently inhabited—and more than 500 islets, amounting to a total land area of about 18,300 square kilometres (7,100 sq mi). The most outlying island group is Ono-i-Lau. About 87% of the total population live on the two major islands, Viti Levu and Vanua Levu. About three-quarters of Fijians live on Viti Levu's coasts, either in the capital city of Suva, or in smaller urban centres such as Nadi (where tourism is the major local industry) or Lautoka (where the sugar-cane industry is dominant). The interior of Viti Levu is sparsely inhabited because of its terrain.\nThe majority of Fiji's islands were formed by volcanic activity starting around 150 million years ago. Some geothermal activity still occurs today on the islands of Vanua Levu and Taveuni. The geothermal systems on Viti Levu are non-volcanic in origin and have low-temperature surface discharges of between roughly 35 and 60 degrees Celsius (95 and 140 °F).\nHumans have lived in Fiji since the second millennium BC — first Austronesians and later Melanesians, with some Polynesian influences. Europeans first visited Fiji in the 17th century. In 1874, after a brief period in which Fiji was an independent kingdom, the British established the Colony of Fiji. Fiji operated as a Crown colony until 1970, when it gained independence and became known as the Dominion of Fiji. In 1987, following a series of coups d'état, the military government that had taken power declared it a republic. In a 2006 coup, Commodore Frank Bainimarama seized power. In 2009, the Fijian High Court ruled that the military leadership was unlawful. At that point, President Ratu Josefa Iloilo, whom the military had retained as the nominal head of state, formally abrogated the 1997 Constitution and re-appointed Bainimarama as interim prime minister. Later in 2009, Ratu Epeli Nailatikau succeeded Iloilo as president. On 17 September 2014, after years of delays, a democratic election took place. Bainimarama's FijiFirst party won 59.2% of the vote, and international observers deemed the election credible.\nFiji has one of the most developed economies in the Pacific through its abundant forest, mineral, and fish resources. The currency is the Fijian dollar, with the main sources of foreign exchange being the tourist industry, remittances from Fijians working abroad, bottled water exports, and sugar cane. The Ministry of Local Government and Urban Development supervises Fiji's local government, which takes the form of city and town councils.", "contentHash": "93cf00c83da5cbbf772b7a75a0c03dc49b800470303cd8c71c7147e4df64088c", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "FK:overview", "title": "Falkland Islands", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1375355019", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Cura%C3%A7ao%7CCyprus%7CCzech+Republic%7CDjibouti%7CDominica%7CDominican+Republic%7CAlgeria%7CEcuador%7CEstonia%7CWestern+Sahara%7CEritrea%7CEthiopia%7CFiji%7CFalkland+Islands%7CFederated+States+of+Micronesia%7CFaroe+Islands%7CGabon%7CGrenada%7CGeorgia%7CGuernsey", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:46.612Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-17T08:40:47Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1375355019", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Falkland Islands, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "The Falkland Islands (; Spanish: Islas Malvinas [ˈislas malˈβinas]), commonly referred to as the Falklands, is an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf. The principal islands are about 300 mi (500 km) east of South America's southern Patagonian coast and 752 mi (1,210 km) from Cape Dubouzet at the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, at a latitude of about 52°S. The archipelago, with an area of 4,700 sq mi (12,000 km2), comprises East Falkland, West Falkland, and 776 smaller islands. As a British Overseas Territory, the Falklands have internal self-governance, while the United Kingdom takes responsibility for their defence and foreign affairs. The capital and largest settlement is Stanley on East Falkland.\nThe islands are believed to have been uninhabited prior to European discovery in the 17th century. Controversy exists over the Falklands' discovery and subsequent colonisation by Europeans. At various times, the islands have had French, British, Spanish, and Argentine settlements. Britain reasserted its rule in 1833, but Argentina maintains its claim to the islands. In April 1982, Argentine military forces invaded the islands. British administration was restored two months later at the end of the Falklands War. In a 2013 sovereignty referendum, almost all of the votes cast were in favour of remaining a UK overseas territory. The territory's sovereignty status is part of an ongoing dispute between Argentina and the UK.\nThe 2021 census recorded a population of 3,662 inhabitants, around 30% of which are temporary residents, on short-term work visas or working at the RAF Mount Pleasant military base. English is the official and predominant language. Under the British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983, Falkland Islanders are British citizens.\nThe islands lie at the boundary of the subantarctic oceanic and tundra climate zones, and both major islands have mountain ranges reaching 2,300 ft (700 m). They are home to large bird populations, although many no longer breed on the main islands owing to predation by introduced species. Major economic activities include fishing, tourism, and sheep farming, with an emphasis on high-quality wool exports. Oil exploration, licensed by the Falkland Islands Government, remains controversial as a result of maritime disputes with Argentina.", "contentHash": "13667d715c8f45279185c795c5d51e2760ba0bf44f99f2ef6956045790d3043c", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "FM:overview", "title": "Federated States of Micronesia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378048867", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Cura%C3%A7ao%7CCyprus%7CCzech+Republic%7CDjibouti%7CDominica%7CDominican+Republic%7CAlgeria%7CEcuador%7CEstonia%7CWestern+Sahara%7CEritrea%7CEthiopia%7CFiji%7CFalkland+Islands%7CFederated+States+of+Micronesia%7CFaroe+Islands%7CGabon%7CGrenada%7CGeorgia%7CGuernsey", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:46.612Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-02T17:28:51Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378048867", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Federated States of Micronesia, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "The Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), or simply Micronesia ( ), is an island country in Micronesia, a region of Oceania. The federation encompasses the majority of the Caroline Islands (excluding Palau) and consists of four states—from west to east: Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei, and Kosrae—that span the western Pacific just north of the equator for a longitudinal distance of almost 2,700 km (1,700 mi). Together, the states comprise around 607 islands and a combined land area of approximately 702 km2 or 271 sq mi.\nThe entire island federation lies across the northern Pacific accordingly: northeast of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, south of Guam and the Marianas, west of Nauru and the Marshall Islands, east of Palau and the Philippines, about 2,900 km (1,800 mi) north of eastern Australia, 3,400 km (2,100 mi) southeast of Japan, and some 4,000 km (2,485 mi) southwest of Honolulu of the Hawaiian Islands.\nThe country's total land area is relatively small, but its waters occupy nearly 3 million km2 (1.2 million mi2) of the Pacific Ocean, giving the country the 14th-largest exclusive economic zone in the world. The nation's capital is Palikir, on Pohnpei Island, and its largest city is Weno, an island municipality in the Chuuk Lagoon.\nEach of its four states is centered on one or more main volcanic islands, and all but Kosrae include numerous outlying atolls. The FSM spreads across part of the Caroline Islands in the wider region of Micronesia, which region consists of thousands of small islands divided among several countries. The term Micronesia may refer to the Federated States of Micronesia or to the region as a whole.\nThe FSM was a part of the former Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI), a United Nations Trust Territory administered by the United States from 1947 to 1994. On May 10, 1979, the islands ratified a constitutional government and then became a sovereign state after attaining independence on November 3, 1986—under a Compact of Free Association with the United States. Other neighboring island entities (also former members of the TTPI) also formed constitutional governments, becoming the Republic of the Marshall Islands and the Republic of Palau. The FSM has a seat in the United Nations and has been a member of the Pacific Community since 1983.", "contentHash": "c29e0ef479cf8c59942448dad05ce0f0a09f8b8bf897bcc7d09bf5836b66e809", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "FO:overview", "title": "Faroe Islands", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377822640", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Cura%C3%A7ao%7CCyprus%7CCzech+Republic%7CDjibouti%7CDominica%7CDominican+Republic%7CAlgeria%7CEcuador%7CEstonia%7CWestern+Sahara%7CEritrea%7CEthiopia%7CFiji%7CFalkland+Islands%7CFederated+States+of+Micronesia%7CFaroe+Islands%7CGabon%7CGrenada%7CGeorgia%7CGuernsey", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:46.612Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-01T08:59:45Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377822640", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Faroe Islands, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "The Faroe Islands ( FAIR-oh), also known as the Faroes, are an archipelago in the North Atlantic Ocean and a rigsdel ('autonomous territory') of the Kingdom of Denmark. Located between Iceland, Norway, and the Hebrides and Shetland isles of Scotland, the islands have a population of 54,870 as of November 2025 and a land area of 1,393 km2 (538 sq mi). The official language is Faroese, which is partially mutually intelligible with Icelandic. The terrain is rugged, dominated by fjords and cliffs with sparse vegetation and few trees. As a result of their proximity to the Arctic Circle, the islands experience perpetual civil twilight during summer nights and very short winter days; nevertheless, they experience a subpolar oceanic climate and mild temperatures year-round due to the Gulf Stream. The capital, Tórshavn, receives the fewest recorded hours of sunshine of any city in the world at only 840 per year.\nFæreyinga saga and the writings of Dicuil date initial Norse settlement in the early 9th century, with Grímur Kamban recorded as the first permanent settler. The islands were initially believed to be mainly settled by Norwegians and Norse-Gaels who also brought thralls (i.e. slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin, as with Iceland; this was disproved by a 2024 study, which found the origins to be different.\nInitially governed as an independent commonwealth under the Løgting, the islands came under Norwegian rule in the early 11th century after the introduction of Christianity by Sigmundur Brestisson. The Faroe Islands followed Norway's integration into the Kalmar Union in 1397 and came under de facto Danish rule following that union's dissolution in 1523. Following the introduction of Lutheranism in 1538, the Faroese language was banned in public institutions and disappeared from writing for more than three centuries. The islands were formally ceded to Denmark in 1814 by the Treaty of Kiel along with Greenland and Iceland, and the Løgting was subsequently replaced by a Danish judiciary.\nFollowing the re-establishment of the Løgting and an official Faroese orthography, the Faroese language conflict saw Danish being gradually displaced by Faroese as the language of the church, public education, and law in the first half of the 20th century. The islands were occupied by the British during the Second World War, who refrained from governing Faroese internal affairs: inspired by this period of relative self-government and the declaration of Iceland as a republic in 1944, the islands held a referendum in 1946 that resulted in a narrow majority for independence. The results were annulled by King Christian X, and subsequent negotiations led to the Faroe Islands being granted home rule in 1948.\nWithin the Kingdom of Denmark, the Faroe Islands are self-governing apart from defence, policing, justice and currency, with partial control over foreign affairs. Because the Faroe Islands are not part of the same customs area as Denmark, they have an independent trade policy and can establish their own trade agreements. The islands have an extensive bilateral free trade agreement with Iceland, known as the Hoyvík Agreement. In certain sports, the Faroe Islands field their own national teams. In the Nordic Council and Council of Europe, they are represented as part of the Danish delegation.\nThe islands' fishing industry accounts for around 90% of their exports, with tourism becoming increasingly prominent since the 2010s. They did not become a part of the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1973, instead keeping autonomy over their own fishing waters; as a result, the Faroe Islands are not a part of the European Union (EU) today. The Løgting, although it was suspended between 1816 and 1852, claims to be one of the oldest continuously running parliaments in the world.", "contentHash": "4ecbc1c586dbf7e98d8de2ed96524e876f4be0dc70b0f8b2299167cafa2e2c3e", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "GA:overview", "title": "Gabon", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376065311", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Cura%C3%A7ao%7CCyprus%7CCzech+Republic%7CDjibouti%7CDominica%7CDominican+Republic%7CAlgeria%7CEcuador%7CEstonia%7CWestern+Sahara%7CEritrea%7CEthiopia%7CFiji%7CFalkland+Islands%7CFederated+States+of+Micronesia%7CFaroe+Islands%7CGabon%7CGrenada%7CGeorgia%7CGuernsey", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:46.612Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-21T20:59:12Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1376065311", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Gabon, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Gabon, officially the Gabonese Republic, is a country on the Atlantic coast of Central Africa, lying on the equator. It is bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, the Republic of the Congo to the east and south, while sharing a maritime border with São Tomé and Príncipe to the west in the Gulf of Guinea. It has an area of 270,000 square kilometres (100,000 sq mi) and a population of 2.6 million people. There are coastal plains, mountains (the Cristal Mountains and the Chaillu Massif in the centre), and savanna in the east. Libreville is the capital and largest city; other major cities include Port-Gentil and Franceville.\nGabon's original inhabitants were the Bambenga. In the 13th century BCE, Bantu migrants began settling in the area. The Kingdom of Orungu was established around 1700. France colonised the region in the late 19th century. Since its independence from France in 1960, Gabon has had four presidents. In the 1990s, it introduced a multi-party system and a democratic constitution that aimed for a more transparent electoral process and reformed some governmental institutions. Despite this, the Gabonese Democratic Party remained the dominant party until its removal from power during the 2023 Gabonese coup d'état.\nGabon is a developing country, ranking 108th in the Human Development Index. It is one of the wealthiest countries in Africa in terms of per capita income; however, large parts of the population are very poor. Omar Bongo came to office in 1967 and created a dynasty which stabilized its power through a client network, Françafrique.\nThe official language is French, and Bantu ethnic groups constitute around 95% of the population. Christianity is the predominant religion, practised by about 80% of the population. With petroleum and foreign private investment, it has the fourth highest HDI (after Mauritius, Seychelles, and South Africa) and the fifth highest GDP per capita (PPP) of the Sub-Saharan African nations. Gabon's nominal GDP per capita was $10,149 in 2023.\n\n", "contentHash": "f350cc38aeaf4e89c79d63e721c8de962218184ae5fcfef61c2757ba5ce31d15", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "GD:overview", "title": "Grenada", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376599845", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Cura%C3%A7ao%7CCyprus%7CCzech+Republic%7CDjibouti%7CDominica%7CDominican+Republic%7CAlgeria%7CEcuador%7CEstonia%7CWestern+Sahara%7CEritrea%7CEthiopia%7CFiji%7CFalkland+Islands%7CFederated+States+of+Micronesia%7CFaroe+Islands%7CGabon%7CGrenada%7CGeorgia%7CGuernsey", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:46.612Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-25T03:36:59Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1376599845", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Grenada, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Grenada is an archipelagic country of the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean Sea. The southernmost of the Windward Islands, Grenada is directly south of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and about 100 miles (160 km) north of Trinidad and the South American mainland.\nGrenada consists of the island of Grenada itself, two smaller islands, Carriacou and Petite Martinique, and several small islands that lie to the north of the main island and are a part of the Grenadines. Its size is 344 square kilometres (133 sq mi), with an estimated population of 114,621 in 2024. Its capital is St. George's. Grenada is also known as the \"Island of Spice\" due to its production of nutmeg and mace.\nBefore the arrival of Europeans in the Americas, Grenada was inhabited by Indigenous peoples from South America called Kalinago. Christopher Columbus sighted Grenada in 1498 during his third voyage to the Americas. Following several unsuccessful attempts by Europeans to colonise the island, due to resistance from resident Kalinago people, French settlement and colonisation began in 1649 and continued for the next century. Between 1669 and 1808, according to the Voyages database, approximately 127,600 African slaves were brought to Grenada by the British and French. On 10 February 1763, Grenada was ceded to the British under the Treaty of Paris. British rule continued until 1974 (except for a brief French takeover between 1779 and 1783). From 1958 to 1962, Grenada was part of the Federation of the West Indies, a short-lived federation of British West Indian colonies. On 3 March 1967, it was granted full autonomy over its internal affairs as an Associated State. \nIndependence was granted on 7 February 1974 under the leadership of Eric Gairy, who became the first prime minister of Grenada as a sovereign state. The new country became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, with Queen Elizabeth II as head of state. In March 1979, the Marxist–Leninist New JEWEL Movement overthrew Gairy's government in a coup and established the People's Revolutionary Government (PRG), a de facto dictatorship headed by Maurice Bishop as prime minister. Bishop was later arrested and executed by members of the People's Revolutionary Army (PRA), which was followed by a U.S.-led invasion in October 1983. The current head of state is King Charles III, King of Grenada, who is represented by the Governor-General of Grenada.\n\n", "contentHash": "2160574966a7b03d616ca6fdae3a0823afef522e868be18d1cd5f01a8175ccaf", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "GE:overview", "title": "Georgia (country)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378205111", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions%7Cpageprops&ppprop=disambiguation&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Georgia+%28country%29", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T12:02:19.153Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T13:39:11Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378205111", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Georgia (country), Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Georgia is a country in the Caucasus region on the east coast of the Black Sea. It is located at the intersection of Eastern Europe and West Asia and is generally regarded as part of Europe. It is bordered to the north and northeast by Russia; to the west by the Black Sea, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. It has a population of 3.9 million, of which over a third live in Tbilisi, the capital and largest city. Georgians, who are native to the region and constitute the majority of the population, are ethno-linguistically distinct from their neighboring nations and primarily speak Georgian, a Kartvelian language that has no relation to any other language family in the world.\nGeorgia has been inhabited since prehistory and is known for hosting the world's earliest known sites of winemaking. The classical era saw the emergence of several kingdoms, such as Colchis and Iberia, that formed the nucleus of the modern Georgian state. In the early 4th century, Georgians officially adopted Christianity, which contributed to their unification under the Kingdom of Georgia. Georgia reached its Golden Age during the High Middle Ages under the reigns of King David IV and his great-granddaughter Tamar. Beginning in the 15th century, the kingdom declined and disintegrated under relentless attacks from hostile empires like the Mongols, the Ottoman Empire, and Persia. Georgia requested support from the Russian Empire, which ended up gradually annexing the country starting in 1801.\nAfter the Russian Revolution in 1917, Georgia briefly emerged as an independent republic under German protection. However, the country was invaded and annexed by the Red Army in 1921; it then became a republic of the Soviet Union. In the 1980s, an independence movement grew quickly, leading to Georgia's secession from the Soviet Union in April 1991. For much of the subsequent decade, the country endured economic crises, political instability, and secessionist wars in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Following the peaceful Rose Revolution in 2003, Georgia strongly pursued a pro-Western foreign policy, introducing a series of reforms aimed at integration into the European Union and NATO. This Western orientation led to worsening relations with Russia, culminating in the Russo-Georgian War of 2008 and continued Russian occupation of parts of Georgia.\nGeorgia is a representative democracy governed as a unitary parliamentary republic. It is a developing country with a very high Human Development Index and an emerging market economy. Sweeping economic reforms since 2003 have resulted in one of the freest business climates in the world, as well as greater economic freedom and transparency. In 2018, Georgia became the second country to legalize cannabis, and the first former socialist state to do so. Georgia is a member of numerous international organizations, including the Council of Europe, Eurocontrol, BSEC, GUAM, and Energy Community. As part of the Association Trio, Georgia is an official candidate for membership in the European Union. Since October 2024, Georgia has been immersed in a deep political crisis.", "contentHash": "788da59ea829ef42c7f051331591bfcc9020ae5571604d672fb37b7a221a1f00", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "GG:overview", "title": "Guernsey", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376695322", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Cura%C3%A7ao%7CCyprus%7CCzech+Republic%7CDjibouti%7CDominica%7CDominican+Republic%7CAlgeria%7CEcuador%7CEstonia%7CWestern+Sahara%7CEritrea%7CEthiopia%7CFiji%7CFalkland+Islands%7CFederated+States+of+Micronesia%7CFaroe+Islands%7CGabon%7CGrenada%7CGeorgia%7CGuernsey", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:46.612Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-25T18:33:26Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1376695322", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Guernsey, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Guernsey ( GURN-zee; Guernésiais: Guernési) is the second-largest island in the Channel Islands, located 27 miles (43 km) west of the Cotentin Peninsula, Normandy. It is the largest island in the Bailiwick of Guernsey, which includes five other inhabited islands – Alderney, Herm, Jethou, Brecqhou and Sark – and many small islets and rocks. The bailiwick has a population of 63,950, the vast majority of whom live on Guernsey, and the island has a land area of 24 square miles (62 km2).\nGuernsey was part of the Duchy of Normandy until 1204, when the Channel Islands remained loyal to the English crown, splitting from mainland Normandy. In 1290, the Channel Islands were divided administratively and Guernsey became part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey. During the Second World War, Guernsey was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany. After five years of occupation, the island was liberated on 9 May 1945, that date being celebrated annually as Liberation Day.\nGuernsey is administered as part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, a self-governing dependency of the British Crown. The island is thus not part of the United Kingdom, although the UK government has certain responsibilities for the Bailiwick. The British monarch is the head of state and the head of government is the President of the Policy and Resources Committee. The jurisdiction's parliament and government is the States of Guernsey. The island is divided into ten parishes. It has one town, called Saint Peter Port. The government variously defines the position of the King of England as \"Head of State\" or \"successor to the Duke of Normandy.\" Although no document explicitly defines the Head of State as a \"monarch\", or the islands as a monarchy, all documents refer to the king by royal titles.\nGuernsey's largest industry is financial services, followed by tourism and agriculture. The island is particularly well known for its cattle. Guernsey's culture is strongly influenced by Britain, evident in its use of the pound sterling and the status of English as the primary native language. Norman and French culture have also had an impact, such as with the island's traditional language, Guernésiais. French writer Victor Hugo spent fifteen years in exile in Guernsey, where he wrote some of his best-known works.", "contentHash": "e1a45a917c907cc9a5a7c1607d6f4b1b81f47da7d85e102a8d19c4c7e0fd0c31", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "GH:overview", "title": "Ghana", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378624507", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Ghana%7CGreenland%7CGambia%7CGuinea%7CEquatorial+Guinea%7CSouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands%7CGuatemala%7CGuam%7CGuinea-Bissau%7CGuyana%7CHong+Kong%7CHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands%7CHonduras%7CCroatia%7CHaiti%7CHungary%7CIreland%7CIsle+of+Man%7CBritish+Indian+Ocean+Territory%7CIraq", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:49.084Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-05T08:23:11Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378624507", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Ghana, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It is situated with the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, and shares borders with Ivory Coast to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, and Togo to the east. Ghana covers an area of 239,567 km2 (92,497 sq mi), spanning various ecologies, from coastal savannas to tropical rainforests. With over 35 million inhabitants, Ghana is the thirteenth-most populous country in Africa, and the second-most populous country in West Africa. The capital and most populous city is Accra.\nThe earliest kingdoms to emerge in Ghana were Bonoman in the south and the Kingdom of Dagbon in the north, with Bonoman existing in the area during the 11th century. The Asante Empire and other Akan kingdoms in the south emerged over the centuries. Beginning in the 15th century, the Portuguese Empire, followed by other European powers, contested the area for trading rights, until the British ultimately established control of the coast by the 19th century. Following more than a century of colonial resistance, the later borders of the country took shape, encompassing four separate British colonial territories: Gold Coast, Ashanti, the Northern Territories, and British Togoland. These were unified as an independent dominion within the Commonwealth of Nations. On 6 March 1957, Ghana became the first colony in Sub-Saharan Africa to achieve sovereignty. Under President Kwame Nkrumah, it became influential in decolonisation efforts and the Pan-African movement.\nGhana is a multi-ethnic country with various linguistic and religious groups; while the Akan are the largest ethnic group, they constitute a plurality. Most Ghanaians are Christians (71.3%); almost a fifth are Muslims; a tenth practise traditional faiths or report no religion. Ghana is a unitary constitutional democracy led by a president who is head of state and head of government. For political stability in Africa, it ranked seventh in the 2022 Ibrahim Index of African Governance and fifth in the 2024 Fragile States Index. Ghana is a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement and the African Union, and a member of the United Nations, South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, Economic Community of West African States, the Group of 24 and the Commonwealth of Nations.", "contentHash": "2fad211c0e89f7bfb68c6d60467fd6c1c9c588ad8439163a636e27d29999d9fa", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "GL:overview", "title": "Greenland", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377213152", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Ghana%7CGreenland%7CGambia%7CGuinea%7CEquatorial+Guinea%7CSouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands%7CGuatemala%7CGuam%7CGuinea-Bissau%7CGuyana%7CHong+Kong%7CHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands%7CHonduras%7CCroatia%7CHaiti%7CHungary%7CIreland%7CIsle+of+Man%7CBritish+Indian+Ocean+Territory%7CIraq", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:49.084Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-28T09:32:40Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377213152", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Greenland, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Greenland is an autonomous territory of the Kingdom of Denmark and is the largest of the kingdom's three constituent parts by land area, the others being Denmark proper and the Faroe Islands. Citizens of Greenland are citizens of Denmark. They are thus citizens of the European Union (EU), although Greenland is not part of the EU. It is the world's largest island and lies between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. It shares a small 1.2-kilometre (0.75 mi) border with Canada on Hans Island. The capital and largest city is Nuuk. Kaffeklubben Island off the northern coast is the world's northernmost undisputed point of land – Cape Morris Jesup on the main island was thought to be so until the 1960s. Economically, Greenland is heavily reliant on aid from Denmark, which has averaged 5.4 billion kr. (€724 million) annually in the period 2019–2023, amounting to more than 20% of the territory's gross domestic product.\nThough a part of the continent of North America, Greenland was politically and culturally associated with the European kingdom of Norway from 986 until the early 15th century. From the 18th century, following the union of Denmark and Norway and the establishment of the Nuuk settlement, Greenland gradually became associated with Denmark. Greenland has been inhabited at intervals over at least the last 4,500 years by circumpolar peoples whose forebears migrated there from what is now Canada. Norsemen from Norway settled the uninhabited southern part of Greenland beginning in the 10th century (having previously settled Iceland), and their descendants lived in Greenland for 400 years until disappearing in the late 15th century. From the late 15th century, the Portuguese attempted to find the northern route to Asia, which ultimately led to the earliest cartographic depiction of the coastline. In the 17th century, Dano-Norwegian explorers reached Greenland again, finding their earlier settlement extinct and reestablishing a permanent Scandinavian presence.\nWhen Denmark and Norway separated in 1814, Greenland was transferred from the Norwegian to the Danish crown. The 1953 Constitution of Denmark ended Greenland's status as a colony, integrating it fully into the Danish state. In the 1979 Greenlandic home rule referendum, Denmark granted home rule to Greenland. In the 2008 Greenlandic self-government referendum, Greenlanders voted for the Self-Government Act which transferred more power from the Danish government to the local Naalakkersuisut (Greenlandic government). Under this structure, Greenland gradually assumed responsibility for governmental services and areas of competence. The Danish government retains control of citizenship, monetary policy, security policies, and foreign affairs. With the melting of the ice due to global warming, its abundance of mineral wealth, and its strategic position between Eurasia, North America, and the Arctic zone, Greenland holds strategic importance for the Kingdom of Denmark, NATO, and the European Union. Since 2025, the United States has pursued threats to annex Greenland, triggering the Greenland crisis.\nMost residents of Greenland are Inuit. The population is concentrated mainly on the southwest coast, strongly influenced by climatic and geographical factors, and the rest of the island is sparsely populated. With a population of 56,583 (2022), Greenland is the least densely populated country in the world. Greenland is socially progressive, like metropolitan Denmark; education and healthcare are free, and LGBTQ rights in Greenland are some of the most extensive in the world. Sixty-seven percent of its electricity production comes from renewable energy, mostly from hydropower.", "contentHash": "3033e12e0a8adce0b480d6e0a663c2cb64ff2a489af2aea714e0745a8962dd79", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "GM:overview", "title": "The Gambia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377841535", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Ghana%7CGreenland%7CGambia%7CGuinea%7CEquatorial+Guinea%7CSouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands%7CGuatemala%7CGuam%7CGuinea-Bissau%7CGuyana%7CHong+Kong%7CHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands%7CHonduras%7CCroatia%7CHaiti%7CHungary%7CIreland%7CIsle+of+Man%7CBritish+Indian+Ocean+Territory%7CIraq", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:49.084Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-01T13:02:59Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377841535", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "The Gambia, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "The Gambia, officially the Republic of The Gambia, is a country in West Africa. Geographically, the Gambia is the smallest country in continental Africa; it is bounded by Senegal on all sides except for the western part, which is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean.\nIts territory is on both sides of the lower reaches of the Gambia River, which flows through the center of the country and empties into the Atlantic. The national namesake river demarcates the elongated shape of the country, which has an area of 11,300 square kilometres (4,400 sq mi) and a population of 2,422,712 people at the 1 May 2024 census, which is a 30.45% population increase from 2013. The capital city is the island Banjul, formerly called Bathurst during the colonial era, which is the most extensive metropolitan area in the country. The second- and third-largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama. Other significant cities are Kanifing and Farafenni on the north bank, Basse in Upper River Region, and Soma in the lower river region.\nFrom prehistory, the Trans-Saharan trade, peaking in the 8th century to the early 17th century, connected Gambia to Africa's North-East. In the 9th and 10th centuries, Arab Muslims brought Sunni Islam to the Western Sahara and Gambia. In 1455, the Portuguese were the first Europeans to enter the Gambia, although they never established significant trade there. The British Empire established a colony in 1765. In 1965, 200 years later, the Gambia gained independence under the leadership of Dawda Jawara. Jawara remained the president, winning several elections, until he was overthrown by Yahya Jammeh in a bloodless coup on 22 July 1994.\nAdama Barrow was elected as the Gambia's third president in December 2016. He defeated Yahya Jammeh with the help of a coalition of other opposition political parties. Jammeh initially accepted the results, but then refused to leave office claiming he was cheated, triggering a constitutional crisis. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) conducted a military intervention and achieved Jammeh's removal two days after his term was initially scheduled to end. In a swearing-in ceremony at the Gambian embassy in Dakar, Senegal, on 19 January 2017, Adama Barrow formally became president of the Gambia. \nThe Gambia's economy is dominated by farming, fishing, and especially tourism. In 2022, 17.2% of the population lived in extreme poverty, defined as living on less than US$2.15 (2017 PPP) per day. The Gambia is a founding member of the ECOWAS. It rejoined the Commonwealth of Nations in 2018 after previously withdrawing in 2013. English is the country's sole official language; it became widely used during British rule.", "contentHash": "a797b8b6bc619df3c2178d77f2e919f9d8fe2fb8216416d24fd975c9954b817e", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "GN:overview", "title": "Guinea", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378207803", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Ghana%7CGreenland%7CGambia%7CGuinea%7CEquatorial+Guinea%7CSouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands%7CGuatemala%7CGuam%7CGuinea-Bissau%7CGuyana%7CHong+Kong%7CHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands%7CHonduras%7CCroatia%7CHaiti%7CHungary%7CIreland%7CIsle+of+Man%7CBritish+Indian+Ocean+Territory%7CIraq", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:49.084Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T13:54:59Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378207803", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Guinea, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Guinea, officially the Republic of Guinea, is a coastal country located in West Africa. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Guinea-Bissau to the northwest, Senegal to the north, Mali to the northeast, Ivory Coast to the southeast, and Sierra Leone and Liberia to the south. It is sometimes referred to as Guinea-Conakry, after its capital Conakry, to distinguish it from other territories in the eponymous region, such as Guinea-Bissau and Equatorial Guinea. At the census held on 1 July 2025, Guinea had a population of over 17.5 million and an area of 245,857 square kilometres (94,926 sq mi).\nFormerly French Guinea, it achieved independence in 1958. Guinea has a history of military coups d'état. After decades of authoritarian rule, it held its first democratic election in 2010. As it continued to hold multi-party elections, the country still faces ethnic conflicts, corruption, and abuses by the military and police. In 2011, the United States government claimed that torture by security forces and abuse of women and children (including female genital mutilation) were ongoing human rights issues. In 2021, a military faction overthrew president Alpha Condé and suspended the constitution.\nGuinea is a member of United Nations, ECOWAS, South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, La Francophonie, and African Union. Its membership in the African Union was suspended in 2021 because of the 2021 coup, but it was reinstated in January 2026. Muslims represent 90% of the population. The country is divided into four geographic regions: Maritime Guinea on the Atlantic coast, the Fouta Djallon or Middle Guinea highlands, the Upper Guinea savannah region in the northeast, and the Guinée forestière region of tropical forests. More than 24 indigenous languages are spoken, and the largest are Susu, Pular, and Maninka, which dominate respectively in Maritime Guinea, Fouta Djallon, and Upper Guinea, while Forest Guinea is ethnolinguistically diverse. Despite that, French only is the language of communication in schools, government administration, and the media. Guinea's economy is mostly dependent on agriculture and mineral production. It is the world's second-largest producer of bauxite and has deposits of diamonds and gold. As of the most recent survey in 2018, 66.2% of the population is affected by multidimensional poverty, and an additional 16.4% are vulnerable to it.", "contentHash": "3eac5523cb56870e2bbb4abc68247d2b82972e78a6cdc3b44b10a1b9a37838f0", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "GQ:overview", "title": "Equatorial Guinea", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378857623", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Ghana%7CGreenland%7CGambia%7CGuinea%7CEquatorial+Guinea%7CSouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands%7CGuatemala%7CGuam%7CGuinea-Bissau%7CGuyana%7CHong+Kong%7CHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands%7CHonduras%7CCroatia%7CHaiti%7CHungary%7CIreland%7CIsle+of+Man%7CBritish+Indian+Ocean+Territory%7CIraq", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:49.084Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-06T15:05:16Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378857623", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Equatorial Guinea, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Equatorial Guinea, officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, is a country on the west coast of Central Africa and the only Spanish-speaking country in Africa. It has an area of 28,000 square kilometres (11,000 sq mi). Formerly the colony of Spanish Guinea, its post-independence name refers to its location both near the Equator and in the African region of Guinea. As of 2025, the country has a population of 1,853,559, over 85% of whom are members of the Fang people, the country's dominant ethnic group. The Bubi people, indigenous to Bioko Island, are the second largest group at approximately 6.5% of the population. The capital, since January 2026, is Ciudad de la Paz, and Bata is the largest city.\nEquatorial Guinea consists of two parts. The mainland region, Río Muni, is bordered by Cameroon to the north and Gabon to the south and east. It has the majority of the population. Río Muni's small offshore islands include Corisco, Elobey Grande, and Elobey Chico. The insular region consists of the islands of Bioko (formerly Fernando Po) in the Gulf of Guinea and Annobón. Bioko Island is the northernmost part of Equatorial Guinea and is the site of Malabo. The Portuguese-speaking island nation of São Tomé and Príncipe is located between Bioko and Annobón. The Equator runs through Equatorial Guinea's territorial waters, about 1.4° north of Annobón.\nPygmies are the first confirmed inhabitants to settle in the area of present-day Equatorial Guinea, followed by a migration of Bantu-speaking groups in the 6th century BC. Portuguese explorer Fernando Pó explored the area in 1472. Via the 1778 Treaty of El Pardo, Portugal ceded territories in the Bight of Biafra to Spain; the territory was declared Spanish Guinea during the Scramble for Africa. Nearly 200 years later, it gained independence in 1968 under the bloody dictatorship of President Francisco Macías Nguema. He declared himself president for life in 1972 but was overthrown in a coup in 1979 by his nephew, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, who has served as the country's president since. Obiang's regime has also been widely characterised as a dictatorship by foreign observers. \nSince the mid-1990s, Equatorial Guinea has become one of Sub-Saharan Africa's largest oil producers. It has subsequently become one of the richest countries per capita in Africa; this wealth is extremely unevenly distributed, with few people benefiting from the oil riches. However, the country has the second-highest Human Development Index among Sub-Saharan countries (rank 133rd), and 7.7% of children dying before the age of five in 2021, a continuous reduction from 17.9% in 1990. \nSince Equatorial Guinea is a former Spanish colony, Spanish is the main official language. French and (as of 2010) Portuguese have also been made official. Apart from the Spanish territories in Africa (Ceuta, Melilla, and the Canary Islands), Equatorial Guinea is one of the two countries (the other being the partially recognised Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic) and the only sovereign country in Africa where Spanish is an official language. Spain supports education and research for citizens, including cooperation on teachers training and postgraduate/doctoral education. The education was highly influenced by the Spanish system, and Equatorial Guinea has had one of the highest literacy rates among Sub-Saharan African countries. \nSince the United States oil companies are the main operators of the oil industry, they are the main supporters of revenue. Guinea's government is authoritarian and sultanist and has one of the worst human rights records in the world, consistently ranking among the \"worst of the worst\" in Freedom House's annual survey of political and civil rights. Reporters Without Borders ranks Obiang among its \"predators\" of press freedom. Human trafficking in the country is a significant problem, with the US Trafficking in Persons Report identifying Equatorial Guinea as a source and destination country for forced labour and sex trafficking.The country is a member of the United Nations, African Union, Francophonie, OPEC, and the CPLP.", "contentHash": "74cc4ec6f6042bb8a2d14878a5fe89d98f95f865cea69f355a6dddf1e1d39082", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "GS:overview", "title": "South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378217159", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Ghana%7CGreenland%7CGambia%7CGuinea%7CEquatorial+Guinea%7CSouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands%7CGuatemala%7CGuam%7CGuinea-Bissau%7CGuyana%7CHong+Kong%7CHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands%7CHonduras%7CCroatia%7CHaiti%7CHungary%7CIreland%7CIsle+of+Man%7CBritish+Indian+Ocean+Territory%7CIraq", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:49.084Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T14:52:33Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378217159", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (SGSSI) is a British Overseas Territory in the southern Atlantic Ocean. It is a remote and inhospitable collection of islands, consisting of South Georgia and a chain of smaller islands known as the South Sandwich Islands. South Georgia is 165 kilometres (103 mi) long and 35 kilometres (22 mi) wide and is by far the largest island in the territory. The South Sandwich Islands lie about 700 kilometres (430 mi) southeast of South Georgia. The territory's total land area is 3,903 km2 (1,507 sq mi). The Falkland Islands are about 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) west from its nearest point.\nThe South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, and a very small non-permanent population resides on South Georgia. There are no scheduled passenger flights or ferries to or from the territory, although visits by cruise liners to South Georgia are increasingly popular, with several thousand visitors each summer.\nThe United Kingdom claimed sovereignty over South Georgia in 1775 and the South Sandwich Islands in 1908. The territory of \"South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands\" was formed in 1985; previously, it had been governed as part of the Falkland Islands Dependencies. Argentina claimed South Georgia in 1927 and claimed the South Sandwich Islands in 1938.\nArgentina maintained a naval station, Corbeta Uruguay, on Thule Island in the South Sandwich Islands from 1976 until 1982 when it was closed by the Royal Navy. The Argentine claim over South Georgia contributed to the 1982 Falklands War, during which Argentine forces briefly occupied the island. Argentina continues to claim sovereignty over South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands as part of the Province of Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica and South Atlantic Islands.", "contentHash": "e56e7166a170378e5a133699025ffca87abb286fb6ff8c4c0048c032e01b1b5e", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "GT:overview", "title": "Guatemala", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378987362", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Ghana%7CGreenland%7CGambia%7CGuinea%7CEquatorial+Guinea%7CSouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands%7CGuatemala%7CGuam%7CGuinea-Bissau%7CGuyana%7CHong+Kong%7CHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands%7CHonduras%7CCroatia%7CHaiti%7CHungary%7CIreland%7CIsle+of+Man%7CBritish+Indian+Ocean+Territory%7CIraq", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:49.084Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-07T06:19:36Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378987362", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Guatemala, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Guatemala, officially the Republic of Guatemala, is a country in northern Central America. It is bordered to the north and west by Mexico, to the northeast (in the adjacency zone) by Belize, to the east by Honduras, and to the southeast by El Salvador. It is bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the south and the Gulf of Honduras to the northeast.\nThe territory of modern Guatemala hosted the core of the Maya civilization, which extended across Mesoamerica; in the 16th century, most of this was conquered by the Spanish and claimed as part of the viceroyalty of New Spain. Guatemala attained independence from Spain and Mexico in 1821. From 1823 to 1841, it was part of the Federal Republic of Central America. For the latter half of the 19th century, Guatemala suffered from instability and civil strife. From the early 20th century, it was ruled by a series of dictators backed by the United States. In 1944, authoritarian leader Jorge Ubico was overthrown by a pro-democratic military coup, initiating a decade-long revolution that led to social and economic reforms. In 1954, a U.S.-backed military coup ended the revolution and installed a dictatorship. From 1960 to 1996, Guatemala endured a bloody civil war fought between the U.S.-backed government and leftist communist rebels backed by the USSR/Cuba, including genocidal massacres of the Maya population perpetrated by the Guatemalan military. The United Nations negotiated a peace accord, resulting in economic growth and successive democratic elections.\nGuatemala's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems includes many endemic species and contributes to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot. Although rich in export goods, around a quarter of the population (4.6 million) face food insecurity; other major issues include poverty, crime, corruption, drug trafficking, and civil instability.\nWith an estimated population of around 17.6 million, Guatemala is the most populous country in Central America, the fourth most populous country in North America and the 11th most populous country in the Americas. Its capital and largest city, Guatemala City, is the second most populous city in Central America, and its metro area is the most populous in Central America.\n\n", "contentHash": "0a52e983d736d5e9e3a86bb0c3707db27209e93fba1f242331e8cb39896da4b9", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "GU:overview", "title": "Guam", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376393706", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Ghana%7CGreenland%7CGambia%7CGuinea%7CEquatorial+Guinea%7CSouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands%7CGuatemala%7CGuam%7CGuinea-Bissau%7CGuyana%7CHong+Kong%7CHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands%7CHonduras%7CCroatia%7CHaiti%7CHungary%7CIreland%7CIsle+of+Man%7CBritish+Indian+Ocean+Territory%7CIraq", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:49.084Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-23T22:56:13Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1376393706", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Guam, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Guam ( GWAHM; Chamorro: Guåhan [ˈɡʷɑhɑn]) is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States in the Micronesia subregion of the western Pacific Ocean. Guam's capital is Hagåtña, and the most populous village is Dededo. It is the westernmost point and territory of the United States, reckoned from the geographic center of the U.S. In Oceania, Guam is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands and the largest island in Micronesia. As of September 2026, its population was 170,476. Chamorros are its largest ethnic group, but a minority on the multiethnic island. The territory spans 210 square miles (540 km2; 130,000 acres) and has a population density of 775 per square mile (299/km2).\nIndigenous Guamanians are the Chamorro, who are related to the Austronesian peoples of the Malay Archipelago, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Polynesia. But unlike most of its neighbors, the Chamorro language is not classified as a Micronesian or Polynesian language. Rather, like Palauan, it possibly constitutes an independent branch of the Malayo-Polynesian language family. The Chamorro people settled Guam and the Mariana islands approximately 3,500 years ago. Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, while in the service of Spain, was the first European to visit and claim the island on March 6, 1521. Guam was fully colonized by Spain in 1668. Between the 17th and 19th centuries, Guam was an important stopover for Spanish Manila galleons. During the Spanish–American War, the United States captured Guam on June 21, 1898. Under the 1898 Treaty of Paris, Spain ceded Guam to the U.S. effective April 11, 1899.\nBefore World War II, Guam was one of five American jurisdictions in the Pacific Ocean, along with Wake Island in Micronesia, American Samoa and Hawaii in Polynesia, and the Philippines. On December 8, 1941, hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Guam was captured by the Japanese, who occupied the island for two and a half years before American forces recaptured it on July 21, 1944, which is commemorated there as Liberation Day. Since the 1960s, Guam's economy has been supported primarily by tourism and the U.S. military, for which Guam is a major strategic asset. Its future political status has been a matter of significant discussion, with public opinion polls indicating a strong preference for American statehood.\nGuam's de facto motto is \"Where America's Day Begins\", which refers to the island's proximity to the International Date Line. Guam is among the 17 non-self-governing territories listed by the United Nations, and has been a member of the Pacific Community since 1983.\nGuam is called Guåhan by Chamorro speakers, from the word guaha, meaning 'to have'; its English gloss 'we have' references the island's providing everything needed to live.\n\n", "contentHash": "271f09e758bf51503985a1088ccfc41bd2773f6a25bc3dc3770f77fd999ce7ef", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "GW:overview", "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377767548", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Ghana%7CGreenland%7CGambia%7CGuinea%7CEquatorial+Guinea%7CSouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands%7CGuatemala%7CGuam%7CGuinea-Bissau%7CGuyana%7CHong+Kong%7CHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands%7CHonduras%7CCroatia%7CHaiti%7CHungary%7CIreland%7CIsle+of+Man%7CBritish+Indian+Ocean+Territory%7CIraq", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:49.084Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-01T01:32:25Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377767548", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Guinea-Bissau, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Guinea-Bissau, officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, is a country in West Africa that covers 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi) with an estimated population of 2,080,000. It borders Senegal to its north and Guinea to its southeast.\nGuinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Kaabu, as well as part of the Mali Empire. Parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century, while a few others had been under some rule by the Portuguese Empire since the 16th century. In the 19th century, it was colonised as Portuguese Guinea. Upon independence, declared in 1973 and recognised in 1974, the name of its capital, Bissau, was added to the country's name to prevent confusion with Guinea (formerly French Guinea). \nGuinea-Bissau has had a history of political instability: following the bloody but ultimately successful war of independence, the winning PAIGC established a one-party socialist state, which was under military control from 1984 to 1994, when free multiparty elections were held. Several successful military coups have since interrupted peaceful transfer of power, most recently the 2025 coup, which installed the currently ruling military junta, headed by the transitional president Horta Inta-A Na Man.\nAbout 2% of the population speaks Portuguese, the official language, as a first language, and 33% speak it as a second language. Guinea-Bissau Creole, a Portuguese-based creole, is the national language and also considered the language of unity. According to a 2012 study, 54% of the population speak Creole as a first language and about 40% speak it as a second language. The remainder speak a variety of native African languages. The nation is home to numerous followers of Islam, Christianity, and multiple traditional faiths. The country's GDP per capita is one of the lowest in the world.\nGuinea-Bissau is a member of the United Nations, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Community of Portuguese Language Countries, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Alliance of Small Island States and the South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone. It was also a member of the now-defunct Latin Union. As of November 2025, its membership in Economic Community of West African States and African Union has been suspended after a coup d'etat.", "contentHash": "042318be66371000d487f2cfdeab26f3569c6d0268a37acdc581dc0e91ad893a", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "GY:overview", "title": "Guyana", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377471640", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Ghana%7CGreenland%7CGambia%7CGuinea%7CEquatorial+Guinea%7CSouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands%7CGuatemala%7CGuam%7CGuinea-Bissau%7CGuyana%7CHong+Kong%7CHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands%7CHonduras%7CCroatia%7CHaiti%7CHungary%7CIreland%7CIsle+of+Man%7CBritish+Indian+Ocean+Territory%7CIraq", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:49.084Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-29T15:27:25Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377471640", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Guyana, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Guyana, officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, is a country on the northern coast of South America. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north, Suriname to the east, Brazil to the south and southwest, and Venezuela to the west. It is part of the Guianas. The capital and largest city is Georgetown.\nWith a land area of 214,969 km2 (83,000 sq mi), Guyana is the third-smallest sovereign state by area in mainland South America after Uruguay and Suriname, and is the second-least populous sovereign state in South America after Suriname; it is also one of the least densely populated countries on Earth. The official language of the country is English, although a large part of the population is bilingual in English and the Indigenous languages. Guyana is the only country in mainland South America to have English as the official language. The majority of the population also speaks Guyanese Creole, which is an English-based creole. Guyana is part of the Commonwealth Caribbean. It is part of the mainland Caribbean region maintaining strong cultural, historical, and political ties with other Caribbean countries as well as serving as the headquarters for the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). In 2008, the country joined the Union of South American Nations as a founding member.\nIt has a wide variety of natural habitats and very high biodiversity. The country also hosts a part of the Amazon rainforest, the largest and most biodiverse tropical rainforest in the world. The region known as \"the Guianas\" consists of the large shield landmass north of the Amazon River and east of the Orinoco River known as the \"land of many waters\". Nine Indigenous tribes reside in Guyana: the Wai Wai, Macushi, Patamona, Lokono, Kalina, Wapishana, Pemon, Akawaio and Warao. Historically dominated by the Lokono and Kalina tribes, Guyana was colonised by the Dutch before coming under British control in the late 18th century. It was governed as British Guiana with a mostly plantation-style economy until the 1950s, forming part of the British West Indies. It gained independence in 1966 and officially became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970. The legacy of British colonialism is reflected in the country's political administration, lingua franca and diverse population, which includes Indian, African, Amerindian, Chinese, Portuguese, other European, and various multiracial groups.\nIn 2017, 41% of the population of Guyana lived below the poverty line. Guyana's economy has been undergoing a transformation since the discovery of crude oil in 2015 and commercial drilling in 2019, with its economy growing by 49% in 2020, making it, by some accounts, the world's fastest-growing economy. In 2025, Guyana was the world's largest per capita oil producer. Since 2017, over 11 billion barrels of oil reserves have been found off the country's coast—the largest addition to global oil reserves since the 1970s. The crude oil production has made Guyana a major participant in international energy trade in early 2020s. Guyana is now ranked as having the fourth-highest GDP per capita in the Americas after the United States, Canada, and the Bahamas. According to the World Bank in 2023, abject poverty still exists and the country faces significant risks in structurally managing its growth.", "contentHash": "53fde1419fa299b016e10fa1239e27becaf254aa196466a52a0ae1438cd59c8f", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "HK:overview", "title": "Hong Kong", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1379003882", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Ghana%7CGreenland%7CGambia%7CGuinea%7CEquatorial+Guinea%7CSouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands%7CGuatemala%7CGuam%7CGuinea-Bissau%7CGuyana%7CHong+Kong%7CHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands%7CHonduras%7CCroatia%7CHaiti%7CHungary%7CIreland%7CIsle+of+Man%7CBritish+Indian+Ocean+Territory%7CIraq", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:49.084Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-07T09:14:01Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1379003882", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Hong Kong, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Hong Kong is a special administrative region of China. Situated on China's southern coast just south of Shenzhen, it consists of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, and the New Territories. With 7.5 million residents in a 1,114-square-kilometre (430 sq mi) territory, Hong Kong is the fourth-most densely populated region in the world.\nHong Kong was established as a colony of the British Empire after the Qing dynasty ceded Hong Kong Island in 1841–1842 as a result of losing the First Opium War. The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and was further extended when the United Kingdom obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898. Hong Kong was occupied by Japan from 1941 to 1945 during World War II. The territory was handed over from the United Kingdom to China in 1997. Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from those of mainland China under the principle of one country, two systems.\nOriginally an area of farming and fishing villages, Hong Kong is now one of the world's most significant financial centres. Hong Kong is the world's third-ranked global financial centre behind New York City and London, the ninth-largest exporter, and the eighth-largest importer in the world. Its currency, the Hong Kong dollar, is the ninth-most traded currency globally. Home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world, Hong Kong has the second largest number of ultra high-net-worth individuals. The city has one of the highest per capita incomes, although severe income inequality still exists among the population.\nHong Kong has the most skyscrapers of any city in the world. Housing is consistently in high demand, making the city of Hong Kong the most expensive residential property market in the world and one of the most expensive cities in the world. It is also one of the most visited cities in the world.\nHong Kong is a highly developed territory and has a Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.955, ranking eighth in the world, and is currently the only place in Asia to be in the top ten. Hong Kong is categorized as an Alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. The city has the highest life expectancy in the world, and has a public transport usage exceeding 90 percent.\n\n", "contentHash": "fca422e45d40ae17dee1ba16637b1bce126c57ce8ee5815a2be3852722f385d3", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "HM:overview", "title": "Heard Island and McDonald Islands", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378295690", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Ghana%7CGreenland%7CGambia%7CGuinea%7CEquatorial+Guinea%7CSouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands%7CGuatemala%7CGuam%7CGuinea-Bissau%7CGuyana%7CHong+Kong%7CHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands%7CHonduras%7CCroatia%7CHaiti%7CHungary%7CIreland%7CIsle+of+Man%7CBritish+Indian+Ocean+Territory%7CIraq", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:49.084Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T21:26:51Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378295690", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "The Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands is an Australian external territory in the southern Indian Ocean. Discovered in the mid-19th century, the territory is a group of sub-Antarctic volcanic islands that lie on the Kerguelen Plateau. It is about 4000 kilometres (2500 mi) south-west of the Australian mainland and 1700 kilometres (1100 mi) north of Antarctica. The territory contains Australia's only active volcanoes and is home to its highest point outside the Australian Antarctic Territory, Mawson Peak. The territory is uninhabited and has been described as one of the most remote places on Earth.\nThe first confirmed sightings of Heard Island and the McDonald Islands took place in the 1850s. Heard Island was occupied by sealers until 1882 and saw occasional scientific visits in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The territory was claimed by the United Kingdom and was then transferred to Australia in 1947. Between 1947 and 1955, the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE) occupied a research station on the island. Since the closure of the ANARE research station, the islands have been visited by occasional scientific and private expeditions. Today, the islands are a nature reserve and World Heritage Site managed by the Australian Antarctic Division.\nHeard Island is dominated by Big Ben, a stratovolcano that is topped by the volcanic cone Mawson Peak. About 70 percent of the island is covered by year-round glaciers, while vegetation occupies just 5 percent. The island is volcanically active, with Mawson Peak regularly emitting steam and vapour and occasionally releasing flows of lava. The McDonald Islands, located about 43 kilometres (27 mi) to the west of Heard Island, are a group of smaller volcanic islands that have seen just two recorded human landings. Heard Island and the McDonald Islands are known for their harsh climate, characterised by cold temperatures, strong winds, and heavy rain and snow.\nHeard Island and the McDonald Islands are home to a large number of eastern rockhopper, gentoo, macaroni, and king penguins. With more than one million breeding pairs, Heard Island contains about 20 percent of the world's macaroni penguins. The islands also contain substantial populations of elephant seals and Antarctic fur seals. They are a breeding site for at least 15 flying seabird species, including the Heard Island cormorant, a species unique to Heard Island. Commercial fishing of Patagonian toothfish and mackerel icefish takes place in the surrounding waters. Heard Island has seen rapid melting of its glaciers and other environmental changes in recent decades, largely due to climate change.\n\n", "contentHash": "c7a536e4f1776098b0be350642c46cdf8a3cdfbed7c9a88a94288df85d1d34cc", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "HN:overview", "title": "Honduras", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378569543", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Ghana%7CGreenland%7CGambia%7CGuinea%7CEquatorial+Guinea%7CSouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands%7CGuatemala%7CGuam%7CGuinea-Bissau%7CGuyana%7CHong+Kong%7CHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands%7CHonduras%7CCroatia%7CHaiti%7CHungary%7CIreland%7CIsle+of+Man%7CBritish+Indian+Ocean+Territory%7CIraq", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:49.084Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-05T01:32:02Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378569543", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Honduras, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Honduras, officially the Republic of Honduras, is a country in Central America. It is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras, a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea. Its capital and largest city is Tegucigalpa.\nHonduras was home to several important Mesoamerican cultures, most notably the Maya, before Spanish colonization in the 16th century. The Spanish introduced Catholicism and the Spanish language, along with numerous customs that have blended with the indigenous culture. Honduras became independent in 1821 and has since been a republic, although it has consistently endured much social strife and political instability, and remains one of the poorest countries in the Western Hemisphere. In 1960, the northern part of what was the Mosquito Coast was transferred from Nicaragua to Honduras by the International Court of Justice.\nThe economy is primarily agricultural, making it vulnerable to natural disasters such as Hurricane Mitch in 1998. Honduras has a Human Development Index of 0.624, ranking 138th in the world. In 2022, according to the National Institute of Statistics of Honduras, 73% of the country's population lived in poverty, and 53% lived in extreme poverty. The lower class is primarily agriculturally based while wealth is concentrated in the urban centers. The country is one of the most economically unequal in Latin America. Honduran society is predominantly Mestizo; however, there are also significant Indigenous, Black, and White communities.\nIn the early 20th century, Honduras was dominated by transnational agricultural companies, whose interests were protected militarily by the United States. The term \"banana republic\" was originally coined to describe Honduras's politically unstable, corporate-dominated democracy. The civilian government was overthrown in a 1963 military coup, and the nation returned to civilian rule in 1979. The United States re-established its military presence in Honduras in the 1980s, using Honduras as a base of operations to oppose the Nicaraguan government in the Contra war.\nA 2009 military coup toppled the government of Manuel Zelaya, and controversy arose from claims of electoral fraud in the subsequent 2013 and 2017 presidential elections. In 2021 Xiomara Castro was elected to the presidency, returning the left to power for the first time since the 2009 coup. Nasry Asfura won the 2025 election amid claims of fraud and electoral interference by the United States.\nHonduras spans about 112,492 km2 (43,433 sq mi) and has a population exceeding 10 million. Its northern portions are part of the western Caribbean zone, as reflected in the area's demographics and culture. Honduras is known for its rich natural resources, including minerals, coffee, tropical fruit, and sugar cane, as well as for its growing textiles industry, which serves the international market.", "contentHash": "84600ad28aa48f6e36edb247b9773686b2cce8d6cf696df6ffeb2106133f3ddc", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "HR:overview", "title": "Croatia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378475306", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Ghana%7CGreenland%7CGambia%7CGuinea%7CEquatorial+Guinea%7CSouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands%7CGuatemala%7CGuam%7CGuinea-Bissau%7CGuyana%7CHong+Kong%7CHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands%7CHonduras%7CCroatia%7CHaiti%7CHungary%7CIreland%7CIsle+of+Man%7CBritish+Indian+Ocean+Territory%7CIraq", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:49.084Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-04T18:02:36Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378475306", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Croatia, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Croatia, officially the Republic of Croatia, is a country in Central and Southeastern Europe, on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. It borders Slovenia to the northwest, Hungary to the northeast, Serbia to the east, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro to the southeast, and shares a maritime border with Italy to the west. The Croatian archipelago contains over 1,000 islands and islets, the largest overseas territory on the Adriatic Sea. Its capital, largest city and main cultural and economic centre is Zagreb. Major urban centers include Split, Rijeka, and Osijek. The country is composed of twenty counties spanning 56,594 square kilometres (21,851 square miles) within four administrative regions. Croatia has a population of nearly 3.9 million as of 2026.\nCroatian history began with the 6th century arrival of the Croats to Roman Illyria. Settled as two duchies a century later, Croatia was granted independence in 878 under Duke Branimir and elevated into a kingdom under King Tomislav in 925. The Trpimirović dynastic succession crisis placed Croatia into a personal union with Hungary in 1102. In 1527, amid Ottoman conflict, Croatia aligned with the Habsburg monarchy. It reorganized into the State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs before merging into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1918. During World War II, most of Croatia was invaded by the Axis powers who installed a puppet state known as the Independent State of Croatia. A resistance movement restored sovereignty, emerging as the Socialist Republic of Croatia within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1943. Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, successfully fighting the War of Independence until 1995.\nModern Croatia is a representative democracy with a prime minister, president, and unicameral parliament. Its constitution ensures separation of powers between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Croatian politics reflect a multi-party system. Croatia is part of many international organizations and forums including the European Union, United Nations, WTO, and NATO, among others. It exerts regional influence as a small power in Europe, particularly within neighboring Southeast Europe. Since 1999, the Croatian Armed Forces have deployed internationally for a variety of peacekeeping missions and military interventions. Croatia was elected to serve on the non-permanent seat of the UN Security Council from 2008 to 2009.\nA developed country, Croatia has an advanced economy considered high-income and dominated by its service, industrial, and agricultural sectors. Its tourism sector is prominent, generating significant economic activity across the country. Croatia has heavily invested in infrastructure, especially in transport routes and facilities along European corridors. An emerging energy power in Europe, it has strategic investments in liquefied natural gas, geothermal networks, and electric transport. It has extensive biodiversity, wildlife, and natural resources across its geography. Croatia provides social security, universal health care, and subsidized primary and secondary education while supporting culture through media and publishing.\n\n", "contentHash": "85c9da99d7e4b3efb586c6fcad6acbcd6af316281407b309b98ebcb873731274", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "HT:overview", "title": "Haiti", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378079520", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Ghana%7CGreenland%7CGambia%7CGuinea%7CEquatorial+Guinea%7CSouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands%7CGuatemala%7CGuam%7CGuinea-Bissau%7CGuyana%7CHong+Kong%7CHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands%7CHonduras%7CCroatia%7CHaiti%7CHungary%7CIreland%7CIsle+of+Man%7CBritish+Indian+Ocean+Territory%7CIraq", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:49.084Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-02T21:22:16Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378079520", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Haiti, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Haiti, officially the Republic of Haiti, is a country in the Caribbean on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica and south of The Bahamas. It occupies the western side of the island, which it shares with the Dominican Republic. Haiti is the third largest country in the Caribbean by area, and with an estimated population of 11.4 million, it is the most populous Caribbean country. The capital and largest city is Port-au-Prince.\nHaiti was originally inhabited by Indigenous peoples, known as the Taíno. In 1492, Christopher Columbus established the first European settlement in the Americas, La Navidad, on its northeastern coast. The island was part of the Spanish Empire until 1697, when the western portion was ceded to France and became Saint-Domingue, dominated by sugarcane plantations worked by enslaved Africans. The 1791–1804 Haitian Revolution made Haiti the first sovereign state in the Caribbean, the second republic in the Americas, the first country in the Americas to officially abolish slavery, and the only country in history established by a slave revolt. The independent state began as an empire, later splitting into two nations before reunifying in 1820; a second empire was established under Faustin Soulouque before the return of the republic in 1859. The 19th century also saw political instability, international isolation, a crippling debt to France, and failed invasions of the Dominican Republic, including a costly war. U.S. forces occupied Haiti from 1915 to 1934, followed by the dictatorial rule of the Duvalier family (1957–1986). Following a coup d'état in 1991, a U.S.-led multinational force intervened in 1994; a second coup in 2004 was followed by a United Nations intervention. In the 2010s, a catastrophic earthquake and a large-scale cholera outbreak devastated the country.\nHistorically poor and politically unstable, Haiti has faced severe economic and political crises, gang activity displacing over 1.3 million, and the collapse of its government. The presidency has been vacant since the 2021 assassination of Jovenel Moïse, while the National Assembly and the judiciary have been rendered inoperative, leaving the country in virtual anarchy with almost nonexistent state control. One of the world's least developed countries and with no elected officials remaining, Haiti has been described as a failed state.\nHaiti is a founding member of the United Nations, Organization of American States, Association of Caribbean States, and the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. In addition to CARICOM, it is a member of the International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, and Community of Latin American and Caribbean States.", "contentHash": "fb13a2667cc495d3b723400c4564571245348be685067f65ad70a52bffb0689b", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "HU:overview", "title": "Hungary", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378415380", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Ghana%7CGreenland%7CGambia%7CGuinea%7CEquatorial+Guinea%7CSouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands%7CGuatemala%7CGuam%7CGuinea-Bissau%7CGuyana%7CHong+Kong%7CHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands%7CHonduras%7CCroatia%7CHaiti%7CHungary%7CIreland%7CIsle+of+Man%7CBritish+Indian+Ocean+Territory%7CIraq", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:49.084Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-04T10:22:05Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378415380", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Hungary, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning much of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest, and Austria to the west. Hungary lies within the Danube River's drainage basin and is dominated by great lowland plains. It has a population of over 9.5 million, consisting mostly of ethnic Hungarians (Magyars) and a significant Romani minority. Hungarian is the official language and among the few in Europe outside the Indo-European family. Budapest is the country's capital, largest city, and cultural and economic centre.\nBefore the establishment of the Hungarian state, the territory was settled by various groups, including Celts, Romans, Huns, Germanic peoples, Avars, and Slavs. Statehood began in the late ninth century with the Principality of Hungary, which became a medieval Christian kingdom under King Stephen I in 1000. After it was defeated by the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the kingdom was split into three regions for over 150 years until its reunion under Habsburg rule before the turn of the 18th century. Several uprisings against the Habsburgs precipitated the formation of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in the Compromise of 1867; Austria-Hungary remained a European great power until World War I. Hungary's modern borders were then established by the 1920 Treaty of Trianon, which resulted in severe losses for the country, including 71% of its historical territory and the majority of its economy and population; a third of ethnic Hungarians were left outside the new borders. \nHungary endured turmoil in the early interwar period, culminating in the national-conservative regime of regent Miklós Horthy. Hungary joined the Axis powers in World War II, suffering significant damage and casualties. After a brief Soviet occupation, the Hungarian People's Republic was established in 1949 as a satellite state inside the Warsaw Pact. Subsequent political repression and economic stagnation led to the unsuccessful Hungarian Revolution of 1956, though communist rule softened in the following decades. During the Revolutions of 1989, Hungary peacefully transitioned into a democratic parliamentary republic. It joined the European Union (EU) in 2004 and the Schengen Area in 2007. Under the leadership of Viktor Orbán and Fidesz from 2010 to 2026, the country experienced democratic backsliding.\nHungary is a high-income economy with universal health care and tuition-free tertiary education. It has a long history of significant contributions to arts, music, literature, sports, and science and technology. As a popular tourist destination in Europe, Hungary had 24.5 million international visitors in 2019. Hungary is a member of numerous international organizations, including the Council of Europe, EU, NATO, United Nations, World Health Organization, World Trade Organization, World Bank, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, and the Visegrád Group.", "contentHash": "0dc563706b09c7e291a5a2fc6f7ebe4f2cde61a525e8ac28ffe934bfed521b34", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "IE:overview", "title": "Ireland", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377198809", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Ghana%7CGreenland%7CGambia%7CGuinea%7CEquatorial+Guinea%7CSouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands%7CGuatemala%7CGuam%7CGuinea-Bissau%7CGuyana%7CHong+Kong%7CHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands%7CHonduras%7CCroatia%7CHaiti%7CHungary%7CIreland%7CIsle+of+Man%7CBritish+Indian+Ocean+Territory%7CIraq", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:49.084Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-28T07:18:32Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377198809", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Ireland, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean, in Northwestern Europe. Geopolitically, the island is divided between the Republic of Ireland (officially named Ireland – a sovereign state covering five-sixths of the island) and Northern Ireland (part of the United Kingdom – covering the remaining sixth). It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel. Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest in the world. As of 2022, the population of the entire island is just over 7 million, with 5.1 million in the Republic of Ireland and 1.9 million in Northern Ireland, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain.\nThe geography of Ireland comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. Much of Ireland was woodland until the end of the Middle Ages. Today, woodland makes up about 10% of the island, compared with a European average of over 33%, with most of it being non-native conifer plantations. Its lush vegetation is a product of its mild climate, which is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and thus very moderate, and winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, although summers are cooler than those in continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant.\nGaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century AD. The island was Christianised from the 5th century onwards. During this period Ireland was divided amongst petty kings, who in turn served under the kings of the traditional provinces (Cúige; lit. 'fifth') vying for dominance and the title of High King of Ireland. Between the late 8th and early 11th centuries, Viking raids and settlement took place culminating in the Battle of Clontarf on 23 April 1014 which resulted in the end of Viking power in Ireland. Following the 12th-century Anglo-Norman invasion, England claimed sovereignty. However, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, and was extended during the 18th century. With the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. The Great Famine of the 1840s saw the population fall by over 20%, through death and emigration. A war of independence in the early 20th century was followed by the partition of the island, leading to the creation of the Irish Free State, which became increasingly sovereign over the following decades until it declared a republic in 1948 (Republic of Ireland Act, 1948) and Northern Ireland, which remained a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s. This subsided following the Good Friday Agreement in 1998. In 1973, both the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom, with Northern Ireland as part of it, joined the European Economic Community. Following a referendum vote in 2016, the United Kingdom, Northern Ireland included, left the European Union (EU) in 2020. Northern Ireland was granted a limited special status and allowed to operate within the EU single market for goods without being in the European Union.\nIrish culture has had an influence on other cultures, particularly in literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish folk music, Irish language, and Irish dance. The island's culture shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing, golf, and boxing.", "contentHash": "e95fb2aca3074898ac4b52fadb63fc82438167b355d3bda479879f5ee5a0be07", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "IM:overview", "title": "Isle of Man", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378655848", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Ghana%7CGreenland%7CGambia%7CGuinea%7CEquatorial+Guinea%7CSouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands%7CGuatemala%7CGuam%7CGuinea-Bissau%7CGuyana%7CHong+Kong%7CHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands%7CHonduras%7CCroatia%7CHaiti%7CHungary%7CIreland%7CIsle+of+Man%7CBritish+Indian+Ocean+Territory%7CIraq", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:49.084Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-05T13:58:25Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378655848", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Isle of Man, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "The Isle of Man (Manx: Mannin [ˈmanɪnʲ], also Ellan Vannin [ˈɛlʲan ˈvanɪnʲ]), also known as Manxland or simply Man or Mann ( man), is a self-governing British Crown Dependency in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland. As head of state, Charles III holds the title Lord of Mann and is represented by a Lieutenant Governor. The government of the United Kingdom is responsible for the Isle of Man's military defence and represents it abroad, but the Isle of Man still has a separate international identity.\nHumans have lived on the island since before 6500 BC. There was Gaelic cultural influence and settlement by the 5th century AD, and the Manx language emerged as a branch of the Goidelic languages. Irish missionaries following the teaching of Saint Patrick spread Christianity on Man. In 627, King Edwin of Northumbria conquered the Isle of Man. In the 9th century, Norsemen founded the Kingdom of the Isles, which included Man and the Hebrides. For most of this period, Man was ruled by the Crovan dynasty and the island was a dependency of Norway. Norwegian King Magnus III reigned as King of Mann and the Isles between 1099 and 1103.\nIn 1266, Magnus VI of Norway sold his suzerainty over Man to Alexander III of Scotland in the Treaty of Perth. After a period of alternating rule by the Kings of Scotland and England, the island came under the feudal lordship of the English Crown in 1399. The lordship revested in the British Crown in 1765, but the island did not become part of the 18th-century Kingdom of Great Britain, nor of its successors, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the present-day United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It has always retained its internal self-government. In 1881, the Isle of Man Parliament, Tynwald, became the first national legislative body in the world to give women the right to vote in a general election, although this excluded married women.\nThe Manx economy is bolstered by its status as a low tax and offshore banking destination. Insurance and online gambling each generate 17% of the GNI, followed by information and communications technology and banking with 9% each. This status has, however, also brought the problems of money laundering, financial crime, and the financing of terrorism. The Isle of Man is also known for the TT (Tourist Trophy) Motorcycle Races, and the Manx cat, a breed with short or no tails. In 2016, UNESCO awarded the Isle of Man biosphere reserve status.", "contentHash": "eab39b5e4bf18326fec4974d0856b53bc9d0a8336c127a6705277ab9cb71790f", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "IO:overview", "title": "British Indian Ocean Territory", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377561588", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Ghana%7CGreenland%7CGambia%7CGuinea%7CEquatorial+Guinea%7CSouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands%7CGuatemala%7CGuam%7CGuinea-Bissau%7CGuyana%7CHong+Kong%7CHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands%7CHonduras%7CCroatia%7CHaiti%7CHungary%7CIreland%7CIsle+of+Man%7CBritish+Indian+Ocean+Territory%7CIraq", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:49.084Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-30T00:45:29Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377561588", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "British Indian Ocean Territory, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "The British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) is a British Overseas Territory situated in the Indian Ocean. The territory comprises the seven atolls of the Chagos Archipelago with over 1,000 individual islands, many very small, amounting to a total land area of 60 square kilometres (23 square miles). The largest and most southerly island is Diego Garcia, 27 square kilometres (10 square miles), the site of a Joint Military Facility of the United Kingdom and the United States. Official administration is remote from London, though the local capital is often regarded as being on Diego Garcia.\nMauritius claims that the British government separated the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius, creating a new colony, the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). There are ongoing negotiations on this dispute. \nSince 1971, only personnel of the British and United States military and associated contractors have been legally allowed to live on the Chagos Islands. The forced removal of Chagossians from the Chagos Archipelago occurred between 1968 and 1973. The Chagossians, then numbering about 2,000 people, were expelled by the British government to Mauritius and Seychelles, even from the outlying islands far away from the military base on Diego Garcia. Despite calls from numerous human rights organisations, the British government has repeatedly denied Chagossians the right of return. In 2026, six Chagossians returned to Île du Coin in an attempt to reestablish a permanent settlement, without seeking government permission; their effort is being challenged in court. In March 2026, the BIOT Supreme Court ruled that the Chagossians had the right to live on the island, but the territorial administration is appealing the ruling.\nSince the 1980s, the Government of Mauritius has sought to gain control over the Chagos Archipelago, which was separated from the then Crown Colony of Mauritius by the UK in 1965 to form the British Indian Ocean Territory. A 2019 advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice called for the islands to be given to Mauritius. Both the United Nations General Assembly and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea subsequently reached similar decisions. Negotiations between the UK and Mauritius began in 2022, and culminated in a 2024 understanding that the UK would cede the territory to Mauritius for possible resettlement while retaining the joint US-UK military base on Diego Garcia. While the ICJ and UN have supported decolonization of the islands, the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination has expressed \"deep concern\" at the terms of the deal, indicating that it does not go far enough to allow Chagossian people to exercise their cultural rights and preserve their cultural heritage, and that it forbids Chagossian settlements on the island of Diego Garcia.\nA treaty was signed on 22 May 2025 that would formally transfer sovereignty of the territory to Mauritius once ratified, with the Diego Garcia military base remaining under British control during a 99-year lease. Following backlash from United States President Donald Trump in 2026, ratification has been suspended.", "contentHash": "9770cf6d337a2eaba5b33e0668e73ea27e7d228381e141e85c3d86eda311f23e", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "IQ:overview", "title": "Iraq", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378802235", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Ghana%7CGreenland%7CGambia%7CGuinea%7CEquatorial+Guinea%7CSouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands%7CGuatemala%7CGuam%7CGuinea-Bissau%7CGuyana%7CHong+Kong%7CHeard+Island+and+McDonald+Islands%7CHonduras%7CCroatia%7CHaiti%7CHungary%7CIreland%7CIsle+of+Man%7CBritish+Indian+Ocean+Territory%7CIraq", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:49.084Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-06T05:17:19Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378802235", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Iraq, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia. Located within the Middle East, it is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, the Persian Gulf and Kuwait to the southeast, Jordan to the southwest, and Syria to the west. The country covers an area of 438,317 square kilometres (169,235 sq mi) and has a population of over 46 million, making it the 58th largest country by area and the 31st most populous in the world. Baghdad, home to over 8 million people, is the capital city and the largest in the country.\nStarting in the 6th millennium BC, the fertile plains between Iraq's Tigris and Euphrates rivers, referred to as Mesopotamia, fostered the rise of early cities, civilisations, and empires including Sumer, Akkad, Babylonia, and Assyria. Known as the cradle of civilisation, Mesopotamia saw the invention of astrology, mathematics, navigation, timekeeping, writing systems, the wheel, the sailboat, a calendar, and a law code. After the Arab conquest of Mesopotamia in the 7th century, Iraq became the metropole of the Abbasid Caliphate with Baghdad emerging as a global cultural and intellectual hub during the Islamic Golden Age, home to institutions such as the House of Wisdom. Following Baghdad's destruction by the Mongols in 1258, Iraq came under successive empires, and from the 16th until the 20th century, it was governed within the Ottoman system as a defined region known administratively as Ottoman Iraq.\nSince independence in 1932 after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, Iraq has experienced spells of significant economic and military growth alongside periods of instability and conflict. Iraq emerged as a hashemite monarchy after centuries of Ottoman rule and a period under British administration. In 1958, a military coup led by Abdul Karim Qasim overthrew the monarchy and established a republic. Later, the Ba'ath Party took power in 1968, establishing a one-party state under Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr and later Saddam Hussein, who presided over war against Iran from 1980 to 1988 and then invaded Kuwait in 1990. In 2003, U.S.-led coalition forces invaded and occupied Iraq, overthrowing the government and triggering an insurgency and sectarian violence during the Iraq War, which ended in 2011. From 2013 to 2017, Iraq faced another major conflict with the rise and defeat of the Islamic State. Today post-war conflict continues at a lower scale, hampering stability alongside the influence of Iran. However, recently Iraq has begun to rein in Iranian influence and advance its own state authority.\nA federal parliamentary republic, Iraq is considered an emerging middle power. It is home to a diverse population, geography and wildlife. Most Iraqis are Muslims, while significant religious minorities include Christians, Jews, Mandaeans, Yarsanis, and Yazidis. Iraqis are ethnically diverse; mostly Iraqi Arabs, as well as Kurds, Turkmens, Yazidis, Assyrians, Armenians, Doms, and Shabaks. Arabic and Kurdish are the official languages of Iraq, while Assyrian (Suret), Turkmen and Mandaic are spoken regionally. Iraq, home to one of the largest oil reserves in the world, has a significant oil and gas industry. It is also popular for its agriculture and tourism. At present, Iraq is in the process of reconstruction.", "contentHash": "d43616f478d6d551d0f3c9e528e1dce618045ab9c3f88c8edd13f6c5f5bae30a", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "IS:overview", "title": "Iceland", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376004446", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Iceland%7CJersey%7CJamaica%7CJordan%7CKenya%7CKyrgyzstan%7CCambodia%7CKiribati%7CComoros%7CSaint+Kitts+and+Nevis%7CNorth+Korea%7CKuwait%7CCayman+Islands%7CKazakhstan%7CLaos%7CLebanon%7CSt.+Lucia%7CLiechtenstein%7CSri+Lanka%7CLiberia", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:51.554Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-21T12:04:06Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1376004446", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Iceland, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Iceland is a Nordic island country between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean, located on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between Europe and North America. It is Europe's westernmost and most sparsely populated country. Its capital and largest city is Reykjavík, which is home to about 35% of the country's roughly 395,000 residents (excluding nearby towns/suburbs, which are separate municipalities and contribute a further substantial percentage). The official language of the country is Icelandic. Iceland is on a rift between tectonic plates, and its geologic activity includes geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions. The interior consists of a volcanic plateau with sand and lava fields, mountains and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite being at a latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Its latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.\nAccording to the Landnámabók, an ancient manuscript, the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD, when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the island's first permanent settler. In following centuries, Norwegians and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, migrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls (i.e., slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin. The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing, one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. After a period of civil strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. In 1397, Iceland followed Norway's integration into the Kalmar Union along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under de facto Danish rule upon its dissolution in 1523. The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550, and the Treaty of Kiel formally ceded Iceland to Denmark in 1814.\nInfluenced by ideals of nationalism after the French Revolution, Iceland's struggle for independence took shape, culminating with the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union in 1918, and the establishment of the Kingdom of Iceland, sharing through a personal union the incumbent monarch of Denmark. During the occupation of Denmark in World War II, Iceland voted overwhelmingly to become a republic in 1944, ending its remaining formal ties to Denmark. Although the Althing was suspended from 1799 to 1845, Iceland nevertheless has a claim to sustaining one of the world's longest-running parliaments. Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture. Industrialisation of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid after World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the world's wealthiest and most developed nations. In 1950, Iceland joined the Council of Europe. In 1994 it became a part of the European Economic Area, further diversifying its economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing.\nIceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes, compared to other OECD countries, as well as the highest trade union membership in the world. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education. Iceland ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. It has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army, possessing only a lightly armed coast guard.", "contentHash": "2ab77bc85be20b2f5bb96d4105b64a6925dbc5b37f7a8099a26472c1bfd13b69", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "JE:overview", "title": "Jersey", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378642874", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Iceland%7CJersey%7CJamaica%7CJordan%7CKenya%7CKyrgyzstan%7CCambodia%7CKiribati%7CComoros%7CSaint+Kitts+and+Nevis%7CNorth+Korea%7CKuwait%7CCayman+Islands%7CKazakhstan%7CLaos%7CLebanon%7CSt.+Lucia%7CLiechtenstein%7CSri+Lanka%7CLiberia", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:51.554Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-05T11:52:26Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378642874", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Jersey, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Jersey ( JUR-zee; Jèrriais: Jèrri [ʒɛri]), officially the Bailiwick of Jersey, is an autonomous and self-governing British Crown Dependency in Northwestern Europe 14 miles (23 km) off the Cotentin Peninsula of north-west France. At 45 square miles (120 km2), the main island, Jersey, is the largest of the Channel Islands. Although not a sovereign state, Jersey has its own legal, fiscal and governmental systems; on that basis, it is regarded as a small nation or island country. Jersey's territory also includes some surrounding uninhabited islands and rocks. As of 2021, the island had a population of 103,267.\nHistorically part of the Duchy of Normandy, Jersey remained loyal to the English Crown when the English kings lost mainland Normandy, but it never became part of the Kingdom of England. From then until the end of the Napoleonic Wars, Jersey was at the frontline of Anglo-French Wars and was invaded a number of times, leading to the construction of fortifications such as Mont Orgueil Castle and to a thriving smuggling industry. The island was invaded and occupied by Nazi German forces during the Second World War until 9 May 1945, now celebrated as the island's national day.\nJersey is a parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy, with its own financial, legal and judicial systems, and the power of self-determination. The Bailiff is the civil head of the island, the Chief Minister leads the island's government, and the Lieutenant Governor represents the British monarch, who is the head of state. The island is not part of the United Kingdom and has a separate international identity, but the UK government manages its defence, international representation and certain policy areas, such as nationality law.\nThe island has a large financial services industry, as well as agriculture and tourism. Its currency is the Pound sterling with a local issue of banknotes and coins. British cultural influence on the island is evident in its use of English as the main language and its participation in British sporting leagues, but the island also has a strong Norman-French culture, reflected by its historic dialect of the Norman language, Jèrriais.\n\n", "contentHash": "d7e7fdca644a6c1cc0543d664c5006ff1a9ef34066005fdaa6f4a7a3ca7b9668", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "JM:overview", "title": "Jamaica", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376673630", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Iceland%7CJersey%7CJamaica%7CJordan%7CKenya%7CKyrgyzstan%7CCambodia%7CKiribati%7CComoros%7CSaint+Kitts+and+Nevis%7CNorth+Korea%7CKuwait%7CCayman+Islands%7CKazakhstan%7CLaos%7CLebanon%7CSt.+Lucia%7CLiechtenstein%7CSri+Lanka%7CLiberia", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:51.554Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-25T16:03:16Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1376673630", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Jamaica, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Jamaica is an island country in the Caribbean, covering 10,991 square kilometres (4,244 sq mi). It is the third-largest island in the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean, after Cuba and the island of Hispaniola. Jamaica lies about 145 km (78 nmi) south of Cuba, 191 km (103 nmi) west of Hispaniola (the island containing Haiti and the Dominican Republic), and 215 km (116 nmi) southeast of the Cayman Islands (a British Overseas Territory). With 2.8 million people, Jamaica is the third-most populous Anglophone country in the Americas and the fourth-most populous country in the Caribbean. Kingston is the capital and largest city.\nThe Indigenous Ciboney people of the island gradually came under Spanish rule after the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494. Many of the Indigenous people either were killed or died of diseases, after which the Spanish brought large numbers of Africans to Jamaica as slaves. The island belonged to Spain under the name Santiago until 1655, when England, part of what would become the Kingdom of Great Britain, conquered it and named it Jamaica. It became an important part of the colonial British West Indies. Under Britain's colonial rule, Jamaica became a leading sugar exporter, with a plantation economy dependent on continued importation of African slaves and their descendants. The British emancipated all slaves in 1838, and many freedmen chose to have subsistence farms rather than to work on plantations. Beginning in the 1840s, the British began using Chinese and Indian indentured labourers for plantation work. Jamaica achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962.\nJamaica is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy, with power vested in the bicameral Parliament of Jamaica, consisting of an appointed Senate and a directly elected House of Representatives. Andrew Holness has served as Prime Minister of Jamaica since March 2016. Jamaica is a Commonwealth realm, with Charles III as its king; the appointed representative of the Crown is the Governor-General of Jamaica, the office having been held by Patrick Allen since 2009. Because of a high rate of emigration for work since the 1960s, there is a large Jamaican diaspora, particularly in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Most Jamaicans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, with significant European, East Asian (primarily Chinese), Indian, Lebanese, and mixed-race minorities.\nJamaica is an upper-middle-income country with an economy heavily dependent on tourism, including popular resorts. It has an average of 4.3 million tourists a year. Jamaica has a global influence that belies its small size; it is the birthplace of the Rastafari religion and reggae music, along with the associated musical genres of dub, ska, and dancehall; and it is internationally prominent in sports, including cricket, sprinting, and athletics. Jamaica has sometimes been considered the world's least populous cultural superpower.", "contentHash": "58bdce2b6eb46a66c17c5350d09de4b9183228934b792b46aa975671bbbb4761", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "JO:overview", "title": "Jordan", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377185445", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Iceland%7CJersey%7CJamaica%7CJordan%7CKenya%7CKyrgyzstan%7CCambodia%7CKiribati%7CComoros%7CSaint+Kitts+and+Nevis%7CNorth+Korea%7CKuwait%7CCayman+Islands%7CKazakhstan%7CLaos%7CLebanon%7CSt.+Lucia%7CLiechtenstein%7CSri+Lanka%7CLiberia", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:51.554Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-28T05:47:58Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377185445", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Jordan, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is a country in the Southern Levant region of West Asia. Jordan is bordered by Syria to the north, Iraq to the east, Saudi Arabia to the south, and both Israel and Palestine (West Bank) to the west. The Jordan River, flowing into the Dead Sea, is located along the country's western border within the Jordan Rift Valley. Jordan has a small coastline along the Red Sea in its southwest, separated by the Gulf of Aqaba from Egypt. Amman is the country's capital and largest city, as well as the most populous city in the Levant.\nInhabited by humans since the Paleolithic period, three kingdoms developed in Transjordan during the Iron Age: Ammon, Moab and Edom. In the third century BC, the Arab Nabataeans established their kingdom centered in Petra. The Greco-Roman period saw the establishment of several cities in Transjordan that comprised the Decapolis. After the end of Byzantine rule, the region became part of the Islamic caliphates of the Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, and the Ottoman. Following the 1916 Great Arab Revolt during World War I, former Ottoman Syria was partitioned, leading to the establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan in 1921, which became a British protectorate. In 1946, Jordan gained independence and became officially known as the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Jordan captured and annexed the West Bank during the 1948 Palestine war until it was occupied by Israel in 1967. Jordan renounced its claim to the territory to the Palestinians in 1988 and signed a peace treaty with Israel in 1994.\nJordan is a semi-arid country, covering an area of 89,342 km2 (34,495 sq mi) with a population of 11.5 million, making it the eleventh-most populous Arab country. The dominant majority, or around 95% of the country's population, is Sunni Muslim, with the rest being mostly Arab Christian. Jordan was mostly unscathed by the violence that swept the region following the Arab Spring in 2010. From as early as 1948, Jordan has accepted refugees from multiple neighbouring countries in conflict. An estimated 2.1 million Palestinian refugees, most of whom hold Jordanian citizenship, as well as 1.4 million Syrian refugees, were residing in Jordan in 2015. The kingdom is also a refuge for thousands of Christian Iraqis fleeing persecution. While Jordan continues to accept refugees, the large Syrian influx during the 2010s has placed substantial strain on national resources and infrastructure.\nThe sovereign state is a semi-constitutional monarchy, but the king holds wide executive and legislative powers. Jordan is a founding member of the Arab League and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Jordan has a high Human Development Index, ranking 100th, and is considered a lower middle income economy. The Jordanian economy, one of the smallest economies in the region, is attractive to foreign investors based upon a skilled workforce. Jordan is a major tourist destination, also attracting medical tourism with its well-developed health sector. Nonetheless, a lack of natural resources, large flow of refugees, and regional turmoil have hampered economic growth.", "contentHash": "58e5e5d60b56cdbb9d1f306b70a43834e68f9121f13d344723a8529d3e259979", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "KE:overview", "title": "Kenya", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378496565", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Iceland%7CJersey%7CJamaica%7CJordan%7CKenya%7CKyrgyzstan%7CCambodia%7CKiribati%7CComoros%7CSaint+Kitts+and+Nevis%7CNorth+Korea%7CKuwait%7CCayman+Islands%7CKazakhstan%7CLaos%7CLebanon%7CSt.+Lucia%7CLiechtenstein%7CSri+Lanka%7CLiberia", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:51.554Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-04T19:47:41Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378496565", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Kenya, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country located in East Africa. With an estimated population of more than 54.2 million as of mid-2026, it is the 26th-most populous country in the world and the seventh-most populous in Africa. Kenya's capital and largest city is Nairobi. The second-largest and oldest city is Mombasa, a port city located on Mombasa Island. Other major cities within the country include Kisumu, Nakuru and Eldoret. Going clockwise, Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest, Ethiopia to the north, Somalia to the east, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, Tanzania to the southwest, and Lake Victoria and Uganda to the west. Its geography, climate and population vary. In western Rift Valley counties, the landscape includes cold, snow-capped mountaintops (such as Batian, Nelion, and Point Lenana on Mount Kenya) with surrounding forests, wildlife, and fertile agricultural regions in temperate climates. In other areas there are dry, arid, and semi-arid climates, as well as absolute deserts (such as the Chalbi Desert and Nyiri Desert).\nKenya's earliest inhabitants included some of the first humans to evolve from ancestral members of the genus Homo. Ample fossil evidence for this evolutionary history has been found at Koobi Fora. Later, Kenya was inhabited by hunter-gatherers similar to the present-day Hadza people. According to archaeological dating of associated artefacts and skeletal material, Cushitic speakers first settled in the region's lowlands between 3,200 and 1,300 BC, a phase known as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Nilotic-speaking pastoralists (ancestral to Kenya's Nilotic speakers) began migrating from present-day South Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC. Bantu people settled at the coast and the interior between 250 BC and 500 AD. European contact began in 1500 AD with the Portuguese Empire, and effective colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of Africa. Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate, established by the British Empire in 1895, and the subsequent Kenya Colony, which began in 1920. Mombasa was the capital of the British East Africa Protectorate, which included most of what is now Kenya and southwestern Somalia, from 1889 to 1907. Disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution, which began in 1952, and the declaration of Kenya's independence in 1963. After independence, Kenya remained a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.\nKenya is a presidential representative democratic republic, in which elected officials represent the people and the president is the head of state and government. The country is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, COMESA, International Criminal Court, as well as several other international organisations. It is also a major non-NATO ally of the United States. Kenya's economy is the largest in East and Central Africa, with Nairobi serving as a major regional commercial hub. With a per-capita Gross National Income of $2,110, the country is a lower-middle-income economy. Agriculture is the country's largest economic sector; tea and coffee are the sector's traditional cash crops, while fresh flowers are a fast-growing export. The service industry, particularly tourism, is also one of the country's major economic drivers. Kenya is a member of the East African Community trade bloc, though some international trade organisations categorise it as part of the Greater Horn of Africa. Africa is Kenya's largest export market, followed by the European Union.", "contentHash": "d68f992a2ca21826747e5b9f28ca68639b9e9081902face2aa02093a66c51088", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "KG:overview", "title": "Kyrgyzstan", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377789473", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Iceland%7CJersey%7CJamaica%7CJordan%7CKenya%7CKyrgyzstan%7CCambodia%7CKiribati%7CComoros%7CSaint+Kitts+and+Nevis%7CNorth+Korea%7CKuwait%7CCayman+Islands%7CKazakhstan%7CLaos%7CLebanon%7CSt.+Lucia%7CLiechtenstein%7CSri+Lanka%7CLiberia", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:51.554Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-01T03:27:05Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377789473", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Kyrgyzstan, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Kyrgyzstan, officially the Kyrgyz Republic, formerly known as Kirghizia, is a landlocked country located in Central Asia, lying in the Tian Shan and Pamir mountain ranges. It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the south, and China to the east and southeast. The capital and largest city is Bishkek which lies on the northern border with Kazakhstan. Ethnic Kyrgyz make up the majority of the 7.5 million people, followed by significant minorities of Uzbeks and Russians.\nKyrgyzstan's history spans a variety of cultures and empires. Although geographically isolated by its highly mountainous terrain, Kyrgyzstan has been at the crossroads of several civilizations as part of the Silk Road along with other commercial routes. Inhabited by a succession of tribes and clans, Kyrgyzstan has periodically fallen under larger domination, e.g., the Turkic nomads who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states. It was first established as the Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate. In the 13th century it was conquered by the Mongol Empire and under several Mongol dynasties; it regained independence but was invaded by the Dzungar Khanate. After the Dzungar genocide by the Qing dynasty, Kyrgyz and Kipchaks were an integral part of the Kokand Khanate.\nIn 1876, Kyrgyzstan became part of the Russian Empire, and in 1936 the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic was formed to become a constituent republic of the Soviet Union. Following Mikhail Gorbachev's democratic reforms in the USSR, in 1990 pro-independence candidate Askar Akayev was elected president. On 31 August 1991, Kyrgyzstan declared independence from the USSR, and a democratic government was established. Kyrgyzstan attained sovereignty as a nation state after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\n After independence, Kyrgyzstan was officially a unitary presidential republic. Following the Tulip Revolution it became a unitary parliamentary republic; however, it gradually developed an executive president and was governed as a semi-presidential republic before reverting to a presidential system in 2021. Throughout its existence, the country has continued to endure ethnic conflicts, revolts, economic troubles, transitional governments and political conflict.\nKyrgyzstan is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Eurasian Economic Union, the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Organization of Turkic States, the Türksoy community, and the United Nations. It is a developing country ranked 117th in the Human Development Index. The transition economy relies mainly on re-exporting Chinese goods and gold production. The country balances its international trade commitments as a World Trade Organization member since 1998 with regional integration through the Eurasian Economic Union, which it joined in 2015, and a delegation of parliamentarians sit at the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.", "contentHash": "0e4bccb8b2ed2f29b6ee310a35a8a0b1563b85b4352c4e421378af30e5474936", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "KH:overview", "title": "Cambodia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378818832", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Iceland%7CJersey%7CJamaica%7CJordan%7CKenya%7CKyrgyzstan%7CCambodia%7CKiribati%7CComoros%7CSaint+Kitts+and+Nevis%7CNorth+Korea%7CKuwait%7CCayman+Islands%7CKazakhstan%7CLaos%7CLebanon%7CSt.+Lucia%7CLiechtenstein%7CSri+Lanka%7CLiberia", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:51.554Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-06T08:19:08Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378818832", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Cambodia, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Cambodia, officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country in Mainland Southeast Asia. It is bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the north, and Vietnam to the east, and has a coastline along the Gulf of Thailand in the southwest. It spans an area of about 181,035 km2 (69,898 sq mi), dominated by a low-lying plain and the confluence of the Mekong river and Tonlé Sap, Southeast Asia's largest lake. It is dominated by a tropical climate. Cambodia has a population of about 17 million people, the majority of whom are ethnically Khmer. A majority of its population adhere to Buddhism, with Islam & Christianity having a minor presence. Its capital and most populous city is Phnom Penh, followed by Siem Reap and Battambang.\nCambodia has been inhabited for over 5000 years, with its earliest recorded mandala known as Funan. In 802 AD, Jayavarman II declared himself king, uniting the warring Khmer princes of Chenla under the name \"Kambuja\". Cambodia with this became the centre of power of the Khmer Empire. Over 600 years, the Khmer Empire facilitated the spread of first Hinduism and then Buddhism across Southeast Asia and undertook vast infrastructural projects throughout the region, the most famous of which is Angkor Wat. In the 15th century, Cambodia saw a decline in power and territorial losses to its neighbours. In 1863, it became a French protectorate and later a part of French Indochina. During World War II, Cambodia was occupied by Japan. French rule was then restored until Cambodia secured independence in 1953. \nSpillover of the Vietnam War in the 1960s destabilised Cambodia and contributed to internal conflict. The civil war ended with the takeover of the Khmer Rouge regime, which carried out the horrific Cambodian genocide from 1975 to 1979. A Vietnamese intervention and occupation deposed the Khmer Rouge, although insurgencies continued until 1999. By 1993 a United Nations peacekeeping mission had restored Cambodia's monarchy, and established a new democratic constitution with elections. The 1997 coup d'état consolidated power under Prime Minister Hun Sen and the Cambodian People's Party (CPP).\nCambodia is a constitutional monarchy and a de jure multi-party state, although the CPP dominates the political system and rules the country as a de facto one-party state. The UN designates Cambodia as a least developed country, given the persistent socio-economic challenges. Agriculture remains its dominant economic sector, with growth in textiles, construction, garments, and tourism leading to increased foreign investment and international trade. Corruption, deforestation, human rights issues and organized crime have remained major challenges in Cambodia's post-conflict development. The official and most widely spoken language is Khmer, although non-Khmer ethnicities also use their own languages.", "contentHash": "dc8ba7c14e90058849140a118c300c87d4ce61b199c9f3e8fdb7ad0d3a442ad9", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "KI:overview", "title": "Kiribati", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1379004687", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Iceland%7CJersey%7CJamaica%7CJordan%7CKenya%7CKyrgyzstan%7CCambodia%7CKiribati%7CComoros%7CSaint+Kitts+and+Nevis%7CNorth+Korea%7CKuwait%7CCayman+Islands%7CKazakhstan%7CLaos%7CLebanon%7CSt.+Lucia%7CLiechtenstein%7CSri+Lanka%7CLiberia", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:51.554Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-07T09:22:02Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1379004687", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Kiribati, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Kiribati, officially the Republic of Kiribati, is an archipelagic country spanning the Micronesia and Polynesia sub-regions of Oceania in the central Pacific Ocean. The state comprises 32 atolls and other islands and one remote raised coral island, Banaba. Its total land area is 811 km2 (313 sq mi) dispersed over 3,441,810 km2 (1,328,890 sq mi) of ocean. The spread of the country's islands, from Banaba in the west to Kiritimati in the east, straddles the equator and the 180th meridian. The International Date Line goes around Kiribati and swings far to the east, almost reaching 150°W. This brings Kiribati's easternmost islands, the southern Line Islands south of Hawaii, into the same day as the Gilbert Islands and places them in the most advanced time zone on Earth: UTC+14.\nThe permanent population of Kiribati is just over 138,000 as of the 2026 census, and more than half live on Tarawa. There is also a significant number of I‑Kiribati forming a diaspora, the largest of which still growing via emigration is probably in New Zealand; historically, diasporic communities were created through over-population resettlement in the Solomon Islands on Ghizo and Wagina, and through intermarriage in the United Kingdom and United States. Another country with growing diasporic communities born of recent labour immigration is Australia. The I‑Kiribati are a Micronesian people that speaks the Gilbertese language.\nThe Gilberts were politically autonomous of each other, more or less, and anywhere else, until annexed as a protectorate in 1892 by the British; they had no political connection then with the Phoenix or Line islands. This annexation was ended in 1979, when Kiribati gained its independence from the United Kingdom, becoming a sovereign state in 1979. The sovereign state included the Gilberts, the Phoenix and Line islands and Banaba. The capital, Tarawa, now the most populated area, consists of a number of islets, connected by a series of causeways. These comprise about half the area of Tarawa Atoll. Prior to its independence the country exported phosphate, but the mine, on Banaba, is virtually exhausted and no longer viable. The descendants of the Banabans mostly live in exile on Rabi in Fiji but are represented in the Kiribati Parliament. \nFisheries, subsistence agriculture and the export of copra drive much of the economy, particularly on outer islands away from Tarawa. Kiribati is one of the least developed countries in the world and its government is highly dependent on fishing licence fees from foreign fleets and international capital aid to finance infrastructure and other projects. Many families rely on remittances from circular labour migrants (seafarers, agricultural workers, urban service workers). They also work for the government or for private business and non-business organisations, or run trade stores and small private cooperative-like businesses. The government now pays benefits to the unemployed on Tarawa and to the elderly.\nKiribati is a member of the Pacific Community, Commonwealth of Nations, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States, and became a full member of the United Nations in 1999. \nAs an atoll (and other low-lying island) nation, Kiribati is acutely vulnerable to sea-level rise and climate change. This is in addition to threats from tsunamis since time-immemorial. Addressing climate change has been a central part of its international policy, as a member of the Alliance of Small Island States. In Kiribati, climate change and extreme weather events are predicted to become more frequent. Additionally, existing socio-economic and environmental pressures are intensifying.\n\n", "contentHash": "62ccc9109e2e03c19488c06210af4b9e16b4d2ef49a16f1b93ceaefa1eadb255", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "KM:overview", "title": "Comoros", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378190061", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Iceland%7CJersey%7CJamaica%7CJordan%7CKenya%7CKyrgyzstan%7CCambodia%7CKiribati%7CComoros%7CSaint+Kitts+and+Nevis%7CNorth+Korea%7CKuwait%7CCayman+Islands%7CKazakhstan%7CLaos%7CLebanon%7CSt.+Lucia%7CLiechtenstein%7CSri+Lanka%7CLiberia", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:51.554Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T11:11:51Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378190061", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Comoros, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "The Comoros, officially the Union of the Comoros, is an archipelagic country made up of three islands in Southeast Africa, located at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city is Moroni. The predominant religion of the population—and the official state religion—is Islam. Comoros proclaimed its independence from France on 6 July 1975. The country has three official languages: Comorian, French and Arabic. The Comoros is the only country of the Arab League which is entirely in the Southern Hemisphere. It is also a member state of the African Union, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and the Indian Ocean Commission. \nAt 1,659 square kilometres (641 sq mi), the Comoros is the third-smallest African country by area after São Tomé and Príncipe and Seychelles. Although its population was estimated in 2026 to only number 944,388, the Comoros ranks as one of the most densely populated countries in the world. The sovereign state consists of three major islands, namely Grande Comore, Anjouan, and Mohéli, and numerous smaller islands, all of the volcanic Comoro Islands with the exception of Mayotte. Mayotte voted against independence from France in a referendum in 1974 and continues to be administered by France as an overseas department. France has repeatedly vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions that would have affirmed Comorian sovereignty over the island. Mayotte became the overseas department and a region of France in 2011 following a referendum which was passed overwhelmingly. However, the Comoros continues to claim the island, with backing from the AU and UN. \nThe Comoros were likely first settled by Austronesian-speaking Malagasy peoples, Bantu speakers from East Africa, and seafaring Arab traders. From 1500 the Sultanate of Anjouan dominated the islands, with Grande Comore split between several sultans. It became part of the French colonial empire during the 19th century, before its independence in 1975. It has experienced more than 20 coups or attempted coups, with various heads of state assassinated. Along with this political instability, it ranks in the medium quartile on the Human Development Index. In 2023, the Comoros had the least income inequality among its peers regionally, though poverty remains widespread especially in rural areas. Between 2009 and 2014, about 19% of the population lived below the international poverty line of US $1.90 a day by purchasing power parity.\n\n", "contentHash": "8a771e2ce71be907cec1aeae50830e596731bd3c98c0cc8204a42b21f25a9cdc", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "KN:overview", "title": "Saint Kitts and Nevis", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1375751122", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Iceland%7CJersey%7CJamaica%7CJordan%7CKenya%7CKyrgyzstan%7CCambodia%7CKiribati%7CComoros%7CSaint+Kitts+and+Nevis%7CNorth+Korea%7CKuwait%7CCayman+Islands%7CKazakhstan%7CLaos%7CLebanon%7CSt.+Lucia%7CLiechtenstein%7CSri+Lanka%7CLiberia", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:51.554Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-19T20:58:46Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1375751122", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Saint Kitts and Nevis, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Saint Kitts and Nevis (SKN), officially the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis, is an island country located in the Caribbean consisting of the two islands of Saint Kitts and Nevis, in the Leeward Islands chain of the Lesser Antilles. With 261 square kilometres (101 sq mi) of territory, and roughly 48,000 inhabitants, it is the smallest sovereign state in the Western Hemisphere, in both area and population, as well as the world's smallest sovereign Federation. The country is a Commonwealth realm, with Charles III as king and head of state.\nThe capital city is Basseterre, located on the larger island of Saint Kitts. Basseterre is also the main port for passenger entry (via cruise ships) and cargo. The smaller island of Nevis lies approximately 3 km (1.6 nmi; 1.9 mi) to the southeast of Saint Kitts, across a shallow channel called the Narrows.\nThe British dependency of Anguilla was historically also a part of this union, which was known collectively as Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla. However, Anguilla chose to secede from the union in 1967, and remains a British overseas territory.\nSaint Kitts and Nevis were among the first islands in the Caribbean to be colonised by Europeans. Saint Kitts was home to the first British and French Caribbean colonies, and thus has also been titled \"The Mother Colony of the West Indies\". It is also the most recent British territory in the Caribbean to become independent, gaining independence in 1983. Before independence, the federation became an associated state of the United Kingdom with full internal self-government in 1964.", "contentHash": "8967471a66bf306b418274580cdbe88d5de08935397f0fad2a955a5bfe24b94f", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "KP:overview", "title": "North Korea", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377701204", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Iceland%7CJersey%7CJamaica%7CJordan%7CKenya%7CKyrgyzstan%7CCambodia%7CKiribati%7CComoros%7CSaint+Kitts+and+Nevis%7CNorth+Korea%7CKuwait%7CCayman+Islands%7CKazakhstan%7CLaos%7CLebanon%7CSt.+Lucia%7CLiechtenstein%7CSri+Lanka%7CLiberia", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:51.554Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-30T17:32:38Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377701204", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "North Korea, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the northern half of the Korean Peninsula and borders China and Russia to the north at the Yalu (Amnok) and Tumen rivers, and South Korea (officially the Republic of Korea) to the south at the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). The country's western border is formed by the Yellow Sea, while its eastern border is defined by the Sea of Japan. Pyongyang is the capital and largest city.\nThe Korean Peninsula was first inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period. Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BCE. Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century, Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty (918–1392) and the Joseon dynasty (1392–1897). The succeeding Korean Empire (1897–1910) was annexed in 1910 into Japan. In 1945, after the Japanese surrender at the end of World War II, Korea was divided into two zones along the 38th parallel, with the north occupied by the Soviet Union and the south occupied by the United States.\nIn 1948, two separate governments were formed in Korea: the Soviet-aligned Democratic People's Republic of Korea in the north, and the Western-aligned Republic of Korea in the south. The North Korean invasion of South Korea in 1950 started the Korean War. In 1953, the Korean Armistice Agreement brought about a ceasefire and established a demilitarized zone (DMZ). Kim Il Sung, North Korea's first leader, consolidated power and promoted his personal philosophy of Juche as the state ideology. Pyongyang's international isolation sharply accelerated from the 1980s onwards as the Cold War came to an end. The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 then brought about a sharp decline to the North Korean economy. From 1994 to 1998, North Korea suffered a famine with the population continuing to suffer from malnutrition. In 2024, North Korea formally abandoned efforts to reunify Korea and designated South Korea as a separate, hostile state.\nNorth Korea is a totalitarian hereditary dictatorship with a comprehensive cult of personality around the Kim family. Amnesty International considers the country to have the worst human rights record in the world. Officially, North Korea is a communist state, and describes itself as a socialist state which holds democratic elections. However, outside observers have described the elections as unfair, uncompetitive, and pre-determined. The Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) is the sole ruling party of North Korea, while Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism is the official ideology. The means of production are owned by the state through state-run enterprises and collectivized farms. Most services—such as healthcare, education, housing, and food production—are subsidized or state-funded.\nNorth Korea is highly militarized, prioritizing the Korean People's Army in the allocation of resources. It possesses nuclear weapons. Its active-duty army of 1.28 million soldiers is the fourth-largest in the world. In addition to being a member of the United Nations since 1991, North Korea is also a member of the Non-Aligned Movement, the G77, and the ASEAN Regional Forum.\n\n", "contentHash": "2a01808d70fec91b838230184601fd3aaee914a1dfc3524fa7efe9ec39698def", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "KW:overview", "title": "Kuwait", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378139171", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Iceland%7CJersey%7CJamaica%7CJordan%7CKenya%7CKyrgyzstan%7CCambodia%7CKiribati%7CComoros%7CSaint+Kitts+and+Nevis%7CNorth+Korea%7CKuwait%7CCayman+Islands%7CKazakhstan%7CLaos%7CLebanon%7CSt.+Lucia%7CLiechtenstein%7CSri+Lanka%7CLiberia", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:51.554Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T03:33:07Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378139171", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Kuwait, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Kuwait, officially the State of Kuwait, is a country in West Asia. With a coastline of approximately 500 km (311 mi), it is situated at the head of the Persian Gulf in the northeastern edge of the Arabian Peninsula, bordering Iraq to the north and Saudi Arabia to the south. Kuwait is geographically the second closest Gulf country to mainland Iran (separated only by a small Iraqi coastline) after Iraq. The country is a small city-state; most of the population reside in the urban agglomeration of Kuwait City, the capital and largest city. As of 2024, Kuwait has a population of 4.82 million, of which 1.53 million are Kuwaiti citizens while the remaining 3.29 million are foreign nationals from over 100 countries. In 2024, Kuwait had the world's seventh largest number of foreign nationals as a percentage of the population, where its citizens make up fewer than 30% of the overall population.\nThe territory of modern-day Kuwait has been inhabited by humans since antiquity, particularly due to its strategic location near the mouth of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. In the early 18th century, the territory of modern-day Kuwait was under the jurisdiction of the Bani Khalid clan; then the territory became known as the Sheikdom of Kuwait in 1752 and a British protectorate in 1899. Prior to the discovery of oil reserves in 1938, the territory of modern-day Kuwait contained a regional trade port. The protectorate agreements with the United Kingdom ended in June 1961 when Kuwait officially became an independent state.\nFrom 1946 to 1982, Kuwait underwent large-scale modernization, largely based on income from oil production. In the 1980s, Kuwait experienced a period of geopolitical instability and an economic crisis following the stock market crash. It suffered pro-Iranian attacks during the Iran–Iraq War, as a result of Kuwait's financial support to Iraq. In 1990, the state of Kuwait was invaded, had a puppet regime installed, and was subsequently annexed by Ba'athist Iraq under the leadership of Saddam Hussein following disputes over oil production. The Iraqi occupation of Kuwait ended on 26 February 1991, after a U.S.–led international coalition expelled Iraqi forces from the country during the Gulf War.\nKuwait is a high-income economy, backed by the world's sixth largest oil reserves. Like most other Arab states of the Persian Gulf, it is an emirate; the emir is the head of state and the ruling Al Sabah family dominates the country's political system. Its official state religion is Islam, specifically the Maliki school of Sunni Islam. It is a founding member of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and is also a member of the United Nations, OPEC, the Arab League, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. As of February 2026, Kuwait has the world's most valuable currency, with one Kuwaiti Dinar being worth 3.25 USD.", "contentHash": "93daa801da79555e6793c924e6e50c0e8a643a697d524f94738ab9dd16453b87", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "KY:overview", "title": "Cayman Islands", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378283723", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Iceland%7CJersey%7CJamaica%7CJordan%7CKenya%7CKyrgyzstan%7CCambodia%7CKiribati%7CComoros%7CSaint+Kitts+and+Nevis%7CNorth+Korea%7CKuwait%7CCayman+Islands%7CKazakhstan%7CLaos%7CLebanon%7CSt.+Lucia%7CLiechtenstein%7CSri+Lanka%7CLiberia", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:51.554Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T20:33:32Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378283723", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Cayman Islands, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "The Cayman Islands () is a self-governing British Overseas Territory in the western Caribbean. With a population of over 90,000, it is the most populated of all the British Overseas Territories. The 264-square-kilometre (102-square-mile) territory comprises the three islands of Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac and Little Cayman, which are located south of Cuba and north-east of Honduras, between Jamaica and Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula. The capital city is George Town on Grand Cayman, which is the most populous of the three islands.\nThe Cayman Islands is considered to be part of the geographic Western Caribbean zone as well as the Greater Antilles. The territory is a major tax haven mainly due to the state charging no tax on income earned or stored.\nWith a GDP per capita of $97,750 in 2023, the Cayman Islands has the highest standard of living in the Caribbean, and one of the highest in the world. Despite its population of almost 90,000, immigrants from over 140 countries and territories reside in the Cayman Islands.", "contentHash": "5a5239b6390f2947dcb58fbbde9c534f3e215bef5e5e5aaaeb63c3739d36b3a1", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "KZ:overview", "title": "Kazakhstan", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378917150", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Iceland%7CJersey%7CJamaica%7CJordan%7CKenya%7CKyrgyzstan%7CCambodia%7CKiribati%7CComoros%7CSaint+Kitts+and+Nevis%7CNorth+Korea%7CKuwait%7CCayman+Islands%7CKazakhstan%7CLaos%7CLebanon%7CSt.+Lucia%7CLiechtenstein%7CSri+Lanka%7CLiberia", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:51.554Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-06T22:22:36Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378917150", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Kazakhstan, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country situated primarily in Central Asia, with a portion of its territory extending into Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbekistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southwest, and it has a coastline along the Caspian Sea. The capital is Astana, and the country's largest city and principal cultural and economic center is Almaty, which served as the capital until 1997.\nKazakhstan is the world's ninth-largest country by land area and the largest landlocked country. Hilly plateaus and plains account for nearly half its vast territory, with lowlands composing another third; its southern and eastern frontiers are composed of mountainous regions. Kazakhstan has a population of 20.6 million and one of the lowest population densities in the world, with fewer than 8 people per square kilometre (21 people/mi2). Ethnic Kazakhs constitute a majority, while ethnic Russians form a significant minority. Officially secular, Kazakhstan is a Muslim-majority country with a sizeable Christian community.\nKazakhstan has been inhabited since the Paleolithic era. In antiquity, various nomadic Iranian peoples such as the Saka, Massagetae, and Scythians. Turkic nomads entered the region from the sixth century. In the 13th century, the area was subjugated by the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan. Following the disintegration of the Golden Horde in the 15th century, the Kazakh Khanate was established over an area roughly corresponding with modern Kazakhstan. By the 18th century, the Kazakh Khanate had fragmented into three jüz (tribal divisions), which were gradually absorbed and conquered by the Russian Empire; by the mid-19th century, all of Kazakhstan was nominally under Russian rule. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution and subsequent Russian Civil War, it became an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR within the Soviet Union. Its status was elevated to that of a union republic in 1936. The Soviet government settled Russians and other ethnicities in the republic, which resulted in ethnic Kazakhs being a minority during the Soviet era. Kazakhstan was the last constituent republic of the Soviet Union to declare independence in 1991 during its dissolution.\nKazakhstan dominates Central Asia both economically and politically, accounting for 60% of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil and gas industry; it also has vast mineral resources, ranking among the highest producers of iron and silver in the world. Kazakhstan also has the highest Human Development Index ranking in the region. It is a unitary constitutional republic; however, its government is authoritarian. Nevertheless, there have been incremental efforts at democratization and political reform since the resignation of Nursultan Nazarbayev in 2019, who had led the country since independence. Kazakhstan is a member state of the United Nations (UN), World Trade Organization (WTO), the World Health Organization (WHO), Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), Organization of Turkic States (OTS), International Organization of Turkic Culture and Special Guest status with the Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly.", "contentHash": "b051ec9c7248fa10115c7a38f048cbb0e7aa4b8642dbf176390e14d049529d21", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "LA:overview", "title": "Laos", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378864628", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Iceland%7CJersey%7CJamaica%7CJordan%7CKenya%7CKyrgyzstan%7CCambodia%7CKiribati%7CComoros%7CSaint+Kitts+and+Nevis%7CNorth+Korea%7CKuwait%7CCayman+Islands%7CKazakhstan%7CLaos%7CLebanon%7CSt.+Lucia%7CLiechtenstein%7CSri+Lanka%7CLiberia", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:51.554Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-06T16:07:48Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378864628", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Laos, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Laos, officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR), is a country in Mainland Southeast Asia, and the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by Myanmar and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southeast, and Thailand to the west and southwest. Laos has a population of more than 7.5 million, and its capital and most populous city is Vientiane. It has three UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the town of Luang Prabang, the temple complex of Vat Phou, and the Plain of Jars. Laos participates in the Greater Mekong Subregion economic cooperation programme and is a member of ASEAN, the Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement, East Asia Summit, La Francophonie, and the World Trade Organization.\nThe kingdom of Lan Xang existed from the 14th to 18th centuries and was a hub for overland trade through its territory. In 1707 it split into three kingdoms: Luang Prabang, Vientiane, and Champasak. In 1893, these kingdoms were unified under French rule as part of French Indochina. Laos was under Japanese administration during World War II, gaining independence in 1945 before returning to French administration until achieving autonomy in 1949. It regained full independence in 1953 as the Kingdom of Laos, with a constitutional monarchy under Sisavang Vong. A civil war from 1959 to 1975 saw the communist Pathet Lao (supported by China, North Vietnam, and the Soviet Union) oppose the Royal Lao Armed Forces (backed by the United States). It ended with the Lao People's Revolutionary Party's establishment of the Lao People's Democratic Republic in 1975.", "contentHash": "9f9f838e156d25edd9548c76fb72bb2b9d0de463b26ddccfedda9f104d31b38e", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "LB:overview", "title": "Lebanon", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377302043", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Iceland%7CJersey%7CJamaica%7CJordan%7CKenya%7CKyrgyzstan%7CCambodia%7CKiribati%7CComoros%7CSaint+Kitts+and+Nevis%7CNorth+Korea%7CKuwait%7CCayman+Islands%7CKazakhstan%7CLaos%7CLebanon%7CSt.+Lucia%7CLiechtenstein%7CSri+Lanka%7CLiberia", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:51.554Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-28T20:06:04Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377302043", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Lebanon, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Lebanon, officially the Lebanese Republic, is a country in the Levant region of West Asia. Situated at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian Peninsula, it is bordered by Syria to the north and east, Israel to the south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west; Cyprus lies a short distance from the coastline. Lebanon has a population of more than five million and an area of 10,452 square kilometres (4,036 sq mi). Beirut is the country's capital and largest city.\nHuman habitation in Lebanon dates to 5000 BC. From 3200 to 539 BC, it was part of Phoenicia, a maritime civilization that spanned the Mediterranean Basin. In 64 BC, the region became part of the Roman Empire and the subsequent Byzantine Empire. After the seventh century, it came under the rule of different Arab Islamic caliphates, including the Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates. The 11th century saw the establishment of Christian Crusader states, which fell to the Ayyubids and the Mamluks. Lebanon came under Ottoman rule in the early 16th century. Under Ottoman sultan Abdulmejid I, the first Lebanese proto-state, the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate, was established as a home for Maronite Christians, as part of the Tanzimat reforms.\nAfter the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire following World War I, Lebanon came under the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, administered by France, which established Greater Lebanon. By 1943, Lebanon had gained independence from Free France and established a distinct form of confessional government, with the state's major religious groups being apportioned specific political powers. The new Lebanese state was relatively stable, but this was ultimately shattered by the outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990). Lebanon was also subjugated by two military occupations: Syria from 1976 to 2005 and Israel from 1985 to 2000. It has been the scene of several conflicts with Israel, of which the ongoing war marks the fourth Israeli invasion since 1978.\nLebanon is a developing country, ranked 102nd on the Human Development Index. It has been classified as a lower-middle-income country. The Lebanese liquidity crisis, coupled with nationwide corruption and disasters such as the 2020 Beirut explosion, precipitated the collapse of Lebanon's currency and fomented political instability, widespread resource shortages, and high unemployment and poverty. The World Bank has defined Lebanon's economic crisis as one of the world's worst since the 19th century. Despite the country's small size, Lebanese culture is renowned both in the Arab world and globally, powered primarily by the large and influential Lebanese diaspora. Lebanon is a founding member of the United Nations and the Arab League, and a member of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, and the Group of 77.", "contentHash": "ead95a11a3d59143ee6a2e7a5c0beb7115cca73461397b48477fa8d0fe8b862f", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "LC:overview", "title": "Saint Lucia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376473099", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Iceland%7CJersey%7CJamaica%7CJordan%7CKenya%7CKyrgyzstan%7CCambodia%7CKiribati%7CComoros%7CSaint+Kitts+and+Nevis%7CNorth+Korea%7CKuwait%7CCayman+Islands%7CKazakhstan%7CLaos%7CLebanon%7CSt.+Lucia%7CLiechtenstein%7CSri+Lanka%7CLiberia", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:51.554Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-24T09:59:37Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1376473099", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Saint Lucia, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Saint Lucia (also written as St. Lucia) is an island country in the eastern and southern Caribbean. Part of the Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles, it is located north/northeast of the island of Saint Vincent, northwest of Barbados and south of Martinique. It covers a land area of 617 km2 (238 sq mi) with an officially estimated population of over 184,100 people as of mid 2023. The nation's capital and largest city is Castries.\nThe first proven inhabitants of the island, the Arawaks, are believed to have been the first to settle on the island in 200–400 AD. In 800 AD, the island was taken over by the Kalinago. The French were the first European colonists to settle on the island, and they signed a treaty with the native Caribs in 1660. The English took control of the island in 1663. In ensuing years, England and France fought 14 times for control of the island; consequently control over this immensely valuable geopolitical position changed frequently. Eventually, the British took complete control in 1814, shortly after the victory over French Emperor Napoleon I. Because the island switched so often between British and French control, Saint Lucia was also known as the \"Helen of the West\" after the Greek mythological character, Helen of Troy.\nRepresentative government was introduced in 1924 with universal suffrage being established in 1951. From 1958 to 1962, the island was a member of the West Indies Federation. On 22 February 1979, Saint Lucia became an independent state, while remaining as a Commonwealth realm.\nSaint Lucia is a member of the United Nations, the Organization of American States, the World Trade Organization, Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS). It is also a member of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie.", "contentHash": "27c8163ca208a66b5f3dd9ad7a00f7e8d8172b608c1358b1ca629961bae2dcab", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "LI:overview", "title": "Liechtenstein", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378783482", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Iceland%7CJersey%7CJamaica%7CJordan%7CKenya%7CKyrgyzstan%7CCambodia%7CKiribati%7CComoros%7CSaint+Kitts+and+Nevis%7CNorth+Korea%7CKuwait%7CCayman+Islands%7CKazakhstan%7CLaos%7CLebanon%7CSt.+Lucia%7CLiechtenstein%7CSri+Lanka%7CLiberia", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:51.554Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-06T03:33:24Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378783482", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Liechtenstein, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Liechtenstein ( , LIK-tən-stine; German pronunciation: [ˈlɪçtn̩ʃtaɪn] ; Alemannic German: Liachtaschta), officially the Principality of Liechtenstein (German: Fürstentum Liechtenstein [ˈfʏʁstn̩tuːm ˈlɪçtn̩ʃtaɪn] ), is a doubly landlocked country in the Central European Alps. A microstate, it is located between Austria to the east and north-east and Switzerland to the north-west, west and south.\nFormed in 1719, Liechtenstein became fully independent upon the dissolution of the German Confederation in 1866. Liechtenstein is a monarchy headed by the prince of Liechtenstein. Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein has reigned over Liechtenstein since 1989. Liechtenstein is Europe's fourth-smallest country, with an area of just over 160 square kilometres (62 square miles) and a population of 41,389. It is the world's smallest country to border two countries. The official language of Liechtenstein is German.\nLiechtenstein is divided into 11 municipalities. Its capital is Vaduz, and its largest municipality is Schaan. It is a member of the United Nations, the European Free Trade Association, and the Council of Europe. It is not a member state of the European Union, but it participates in both the Schengen Area and the European Economic Area. It has a customs union and a monetary union with Switzerland, with its usage of the Swiss franc. It is one of the few countries with no debt. A constitutional referendum in 2003 granted the monarch greater powers, including the power to dismiss the government, nominate judges and veto legislation. This was reaffirmed in 2012. As such, the monarch is not a figurehead. This creates a semi-constitutional monarchy.\nLiechtenstein has a strong financial sector centred in Vaduz. It was once known as a billionaire tax haven, culminating in a tax affair in 2008, but the principality has since made significant efforts to shed this reputation. An Alpine country, Liechtenstein is mountainous, making it a winter sport destination.", "contentHash": "eefff7b8563bfd981ab80ca18659e328b16897533e50c16dbda40f616cfa86ce", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "LK:overview", "title": "Sri Lanka", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378619112", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Iceland%7CJersey%7CJamaica%7CJordan%7CKenya%7CKyrgyzstan%7CCambodia%7CKiribati%7CComoros%7CSaint+Kitts+and+Nevis%7CNorth+Korea%7CKuwait%7CCayman+Islands%7CKazakhstan%7CLaos%7CLebanon%7CSt.+Lucia%7CLiechtenstein%7CSri+Lanka%7CLiberia", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:51.554Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-05T07:11:49Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378619112", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Sri Lanka, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, formerly known as Ceylon, is an island country in South Asia. It is located in the Indian Ocean, southwest of the Bay of Bengal, and is separated from India by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait. Sri Lanka shares a maritime border with the Maldives to the southwest and India to the northwest, and lies across the Bay of Bengal from Bangladesh and Myanmar to the northeast and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India to the east. Its executive and judicial capital is Colombo, which is also its largest city and the political, financial and cultural centre of the country; neighboring Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte is the legislative capital. Sri Lanka's population is 22 million. About 74% of the population are Sinhalese, who speak the Sinhala language, and about 15% are Tamils who speak the Tamil language. Other long-established ethnic groups include the Moors, Indian Tamils, Burghers, Malays, Chinese, and Vedda.\nThe island has a documented history of over 3,000 years, with evidence of prehistoric human settlement dating back 125,000 years. Sri Lanka has been given various names throughout its long history, with Ceylon most notably being used prior to its independence in 1948. The earliest known Buddhist writings in the island, known collectively as the Pali Canon, date back to 29 BCE. Sri Lanka, owing to its strategic geographical location, played a role as a major trading hub, and was well known to explorers across the world as early as the Anuradhapura period. The Portuguese Empire established a colony in the sixteenth century, during a period of political upheaval in the Kingdom of Kotte where it also faced attacks from neighbouring kingdoms of Kandy and Sitawaka. Following the Sinhalese–Portuguese War, the Dutch colonial empire controlled the coastal areas. By the early 19th century, the British Empire established a colony on the island, which lasted until 1948. The early 20th century saw the rise of nationalist movements and increasing calls for independence. In 1948, Sri Lanka gained independence as the Dominion of Ceylon, eventually becoming a republic in 1972. Sri Lanka's recent history has been marred by a prolonged civil war between the Tamil separatist militant organisation of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam and the Sri Lankan Armed Forces, which lasted from 1983 to 2009, and ended with the defeat of the separatists.\nIn the 21st century, Sri Lanka has emerged as a developing country, with a strategically important geographical location in the Indian Ocean, with its deep harbours giving it significant geopolitical leverage as a major trading post from the ancient Maritime Silk Road. It has the highest level of human development in South Asia and the second-highest GDP per capita in the region. Sri Lanka has a long history of international engagement and cooperation, and is a member of several international organisations—including SAARC, the G77, the Non-Aligned Movement and the Commonwealth of Nations.\n\n", "contentHash": "0ac2e9415df584fcdc601eaa13cae23ead619a96e304c73f6b14b34b5f71bd22", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "LR:overview", "title": "Liberia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378684811", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Iceland%7CJersey%7CJamaica%7CJordan%7CKenya%7CKyrgyzstan%7CCambodia%7CKiribati%7CComoros%7CSaint+Kitts+and+Nevis%7CNorth+Korea%7CKuwait%7CCayman+Islands%7CKazakhstan%7CLaos%7CLebanon%7CSt.+Lucia%7CLiechtenstein%7CSri+Lanka%7CLiberia", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:51.554Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-05T17:44:55Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378684811", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Liberia, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to its northwest, Guinea to its north, Ivory Coast to its east, and the Atlantic Ocean to its south and southwest. It has a population of around 5.5 million and covers an area of 43,000 square miles (111,369 km2). The official language is English, though over 20 indigenous languages are spoken, reflecting the country's ethnic and cultural diversity. The capital and largest city is Monrovia.\nLiberia began in the early 19th century as a project of the American Colonization Society (ACS), which fomented the emigration of Black Americans from the United States to Africa. Between 1822 and the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, more than 15,000 freed and free-born African Americans, along with 3,198 Afro-Caribbeans, relocated to Liberia. Gradually developing an Americo-Liberian identity, the settlers carried their culture and traditions with them while colonizing the indigenous population. Led by the Americo-Liberians, Liberia declared independence on July 26, 1847, which the U.S. did not recognize until February 5, 1862.\nLiberia was the first African republic to gain independence and is Africa's oldest continuously independent country. Ethiopia was never colonized but endured an Italian occupation from 1936 to 1941. Both Liberia and Ethiopia were spared from the European colonial Scramble for Africa. In the early 20th century Liberia saw a large investment in rubber production by Firestone Tire and Rubber Company. These investments led to large-scale changes in Liberia's economy, work force, and climate. During World War II, Liberia supported the U.S. war effort against Nazi Germany and in turn received considerable American investment in infrastructure, which aided the country's wealth and development. President William Tubman encouraged economic and political changes that heightened the country's prosperity and international profile; Liberia was a founding member of the League of Nations, United Nations, and the Organisation of African Unity.\nIn 1980, political tensions from the rule of William Tolbert resulted in a military coup, marking the end of Americo-Liberian rule and the seizure of power by Liberia's first indigenous leader, Samuel Doe. Establishing a dictatorial regime, Doe was assassinated in 1990 during the First Liberian Civil War, which ran from 1989 until 1997 with the election of rebel leader Charles Taylor as president. In 1998, the Second Liberian Civil War erupted against Taylor's dictatorship, and Taylor resigned by the end of the war in 2003. The two wars resulted in the deaths of 250,000 people (about 8% of the population) and the displacement of many more, with Liberia's economy shrinking by 90%. A peace agreement in 2003 led to democratic elections in 2005. The country has remained relatively stable since then.\nMining in Liberia has been a significant economic driver since the 1960s, though it largely stopped during the Liberian civil wars. Since the end of the civil wars, mining activity increased with emphasis on industrial mining. Mining has also led to concerns about environmental degradation and environmental destruction such as deforestation, water pollution, and air pollution. Industrial miners' poor wages, working conditions, and living conditions have sparked protests from the beginning of the Liberian mining industry continuing to today.", "contentHash": "ab33724e8ff05c1f050653b0b753767c78d8d55f0b8d473d2b162359929528eb", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "LS:overview", "title": "Lesotho", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377338235", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Lesotho%7CLithuania%7CLuxembourg%7CLatvia%7CLibya%7CMorocco%7CMonaco%7CMoldova%7CMontenegro%7CCollectivity+of+Saint+Martin%7CMadagascar%7CMarshall+Islands%7CNorth+Macedonia%7CMali%7CMyanmar%7CMongolia%7CMacau%7CNorthern+Mariana+Islands%7CMauritania%7CMontserrat", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:53.955Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-29T00:24:53Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377338235", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Lesotho, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Lesotho ( lih-SOO-too; Sotho pronunciation: [lɪˈsʊːtʰʊ]), officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. Surrounded by South Africa, it is the largest of the three sovereign enclaves. Lesotho is located in the Maloti Mountains, with the highest peak in southern Africa. It has an area of over 30,000 km2 (11,600 mi2), with a population of about 2.3 million. Its capital and largest city is Maseru.\nLesotho was formed in 1824 by King Moshoeshoe I. Continuous encroachments by Dutch settlers made the King enter into an agreement with the United Kingdom to become a protectorate in 1868 and, in 1884, a crown colony. It achieved independence in 1966, and was subsequently ruled by the Basotho National Party (BNP) for two decades. Its constitutional government was restored in 1993 after seven years of military rule. King Moshoeshoe II was exiled in 1990 but returned in 1992 and was reinstated in 1995. One year later, Moshoeshoe II died and his son Letsie III took the throne, which he still holds.\nThe Sotho ethnic group (also known as Basotho), from which the country derives its name, comprises 99.7% of the country's current population, making it one of the most ethnically homogeneous in the world. Their native language, Sesotho, is an official language along with English, IsiXhosa, and SiPhuthi.\nLesotho is considered a lower middle income country with significant socioeconomic challenges, but also one of the highest rates of literacy in Africa (81% as of 2021). Lesotho is a member of the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Commonwealth of Nations, the African Union, and the Southern African Development Community.\n\n", "contentHash": "1083cf178e900c70938d9b331847458f03f477d9622ef013096afd44e42db662", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "LT:overview", "title": "Lithuania", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377448384", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Lesotho%7CLithuania%7CLuxembourg%7CLatvia%7CLibya%7CMorocco%7CMonaco%7CMoldova%7CMontenegro%7CCollectivity+of+Saint+Martin%7CMadagascar%7CMarshall+Islands%7CNorth+Macedonia%7CMali%7CMyanmar%7CMongolia%7CMacau%7CNorthern+Mariana+Islands%7CMauritania%7CMontserrat", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:53.955Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-29T12:38:43Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377448384", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Lithuania, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania, is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and the Russian semi-exclave of Kaliningrad Oblast to the southwest, with a maritime border with Sweden to the west. Lithuania covers an area of 65,300 km2 (25,200 sq mi), and has a population of 2.9 million. Its capital and largest city is Vilnius; other major cities include Kaunas, Klaipėda, Šiauliai and Panevėžys. Lithuanians are the titular nation, belong to the ethnolinguistic group of Balts, and speak Lithuanian.\nFor millennia, the southeastern shores of the Baltic Sea were inhabited by various Baltic tribes. In the 1230s, Lithuanian lands were united for the first time by Mindaugas, who formed the Kingdom of Lithuania on 6 July 1253. Subsequent expansion and consolidation resulted in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which by the 14th century was the largest country in Europe. In 1386, the grand duchy entered into a de facto personal union with the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. The two realms were united into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569, forming one of the largest and most prosperous states in Europe. The commonwealth lasted more than two centuries, until neighbouring countries gradually dismantled it between 1772 and 1795, with the Russian Empire annexing most of Lithuania's territory.\nTowards the end of World War I, Lithuania declared independence in 1918, founding the modern Republic of Lithuania. In World War II, Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union, then by Nazi Germany, before being reoccupied by the Soviets in 1944. Lithuanian armed resistance to the Soviet occupation lasted until the early 1950s. On 11 March 1990, a year before the formal dissolution of the Soviet Union, Lithuania became the first Soviet republic to break away when it proclaimed the restoration of its independence.\nLithuania is a developed country with a high-income and an advanced economy ranking very high in Human Development Index. Lithuania ranks highly in digital infrastructure, press freedom and happiness. It is a member of the United Nations, the European Union, the Council of Europe, the Council of the Baltic Sea States, the Eurozone, the Nordic Investment Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Schengen Agreement, NATO, OECD and the World Trade Organization. It also participates in the Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB8) regional co-operation format.", "contentHash": "d9b29378e7593e81251dfbd6c408ee3f798be2a9c7926e1718db62f59e5937e9", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "LU:overview", "title": "Luxembourg", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1379007919", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Lesotho%7CLithuania%7CLuxembourg%7CLatvia%7CLibya%7CMorocco%7CMonaco%7CMoldova%7CMontenegro%7CCollectivity+of+Saint+Martin%7CMadagascar%7CMarshall+Islands%7CNorth+Macedonia%7CMali%7CMyanmar%7CMongolia%7CMacau%7CNorthern+Mariana+Islands%7CMauritania%7CMontserrat", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:53.955Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-07T09:56:51Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1379007919", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Luxembourg, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Luxembourg, officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in Western Europe. It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France to the south and west. Its capital and most populous city, Luxembourg City, is one of the four institutional seats of the European Union and hosts several EU institutions, notably the Court of Justice of the European Union, the highest judicial authority in the EU.\nAs part of the Low Countries, Luxembourg has close historic, political, and cultural ties to Belgium and the Netherlands. Luxembourg's culture, people, and languages are greatly influenced by France and Germany: Luxembourgish, a Germanic language, is the only recognized national language of the Luxembourgish people and of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; French is the sole language for legislation; and both languages along with German are used for administrative matters.\nWith an area of 2,586 square kilometres (998 sq mi), Luxembourg is Europe's seventh-smallest country. In 2026, it had a population of 696,268, which makes it one of the least-populated countries in Europe, albeit with the highest population growth rate; foreign nationals account for almost half the population. Luxembourg is a representative democracy headed by a constitutional monarch, Grand Duke Guillaume V, making it the world's only remaining sovereign grand duchy.\nThe County of Luxembourg was established in the 11th century as a state within the Holy Roman Empire. Its ascension culminated in its monarch, Henry VII, becoming the Holy Roman Emperor in the 14th century. Luxembourg came under Habsburg rule in the 15th century, and was annexed by France in the 18th century. Luxembourg was partitioned three times, reducing its size. Having been restored in 1815 after the defeat of Napoleon, it regained independence in 1867 after the Luxembourg Crisis.\nLuxembourg is a developed country with an advanced economy and one of the world's highest PPP-adjusted GDPs per capita, per the IMF and World Bank. It also ranks highly in terms of life expectancy, human development, and human rights. The historic city of Luxembourg was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 due to the exceptional preservation of its vast fortifications and historic quarters. Luxembourg is a founding member of the European Union, OECD, the United Nations, NATO, and the Benelux. It served on the United Nations Security Council for the first time in 2013 and 2014.\n\n", "contentHash": "5a2886aa11b5c9c2e061bd24ab338a47b9f24f21ef36a467ca0d0a3015370229", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "LV:overview", "title": "Latvia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376337755", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Lesotho%7CLithuania%7CLuxembourg%7CLatvia%7CLibya%7CMorocco%7CMonaco%7CMoldova%7CMontenegro%7CCollectivity+of+Saint+Martin%7CMadagascar%7CMarshall+Islands%7CNorth+Macedonia%7CMali%7CMyanmar%7CMongolia%7CMacau%7CNorthern+Mariana+Islands%7CMauritania%7CMontserrat", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:53.955Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-23T15:01:02Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1376337755", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Latvia, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Latvia, officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of northern Europe. It is one of the three Baltic states, along with Estonia to the north and Lithuania to the south. It borders Russia to the east and Belarus to the southeast and shares a maritime border with Sweden to the west. Latvia covers an area of 64,573 km2 (24,932 sq mi), with a population of 1.83 million. The country has a temperate seasonal climate. Its capital and largest city is Riga. Latvians, who are the titular nation and comprise 65.5% of the country's population, belong to the ethnolinguistic group of the Balts and speak Latvian. Russians are the most prominent minority in the country, at almost a quarter of the population; 37.7% of the population speak Russian as their native tongue.\nAfter centuries of Teutonic, Swedish, Polish-Lithuanian, and Russian rule, the independent Republic of Latvia was established on 18 November 1918 after breaking away from the Russian Empire in the aftermath of World War I. The country became increasingly autocratic after the coup in 1934 established the dictatorship of Kārlis Ulmanis. Latvia's de facto independence was interrupted at the outset of World War II, beginning with forcible incorporation into the Soviet Union, followed by the invasion and occupation by Nazi Germany in 1941 and the re-occupation by the Soviets in 1944, which formed the Latvian SSR for the next 45 years. As a result of extensive immigration during the Soviet occupation, ethnic Russians became the most prominent minority in the country. The peaceful Singing Revolution started in 1987 among the Baltic Soviet republics and ended with the restoration of both de facto and official independence on 21 August 1991. Latvia has since been a democratic unitary parliamentary republic.\nLatvia is a developed country with a high-income, advanced economy ranking 39th in the Human Development Index. It is a member of the European Union, Eurozone, NATO, the Council of Europe, the United Nations, the Council of the Baltic Sea States, the International Monetary Fund, the Nordic-Baltic Eight, the Nordic Investment Bank, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and the World Trade Organization.", "contentHash": "cdf9b7c7905021084bc7f154d4051fb92012600dca86e37ee8a453eb55d4fe62", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "LY:overview", "title": "Libya", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378988387", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Lesotho%7CLithuania%7CLuxembourg%7CLatvia%7CLibya%7CMorocco%7CMonaco%7CMoldova%7CMontenegro%7CCollectivity+of+Saint+Martin%7CMadagascar%7CMarshall+Islands%7CNorth+Macedonia%7CMali%7CMyanmar%7CMongolia%7CMacau%7CNorthern+Mariana+Islands%7CMauritania%7CMontserrat", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:53.955Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-07T06:31:04Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378988387", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Libya, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Libya, officially the State of Libya, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad to the south, Niger to the southwest, Algeria to the west, and Tunisia to the northwest. With an area of almost 1.8 million km2 (700,000 sq mi), Libya is the fourth-largest country in Africa and the Arab world, and the 16th-largest in the world. The country claims 32,000 square kilometres of southeastern Algeria, south of the Libyan town of Ghat. The capital and largest city is Tripoli, located in the northwest and containing over a million of Libya's seven million people.\nLibya has been inhabited by Berbers since the late Bronze Age as descendants from Iberomaurusian and Capsian cultures. In classical antiquity, the Phoenicians established city-states and trading posts in western Libya, while several Greek cities were established in the East. Parts of Libya were variously ruled by Carthaginians, Numidians, Persians, and Greeks before the entire region became a part of the Roman Empire. Libya was an early centre of Christianity. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the area of Libya was mostly occupied by the Vandals until the 7th century when invasions brought Islam to the region. From then on, centuries of Arab migration to the Maghreb shifted the demographic scope of Libya in favour of Arabs. In the 16th century, the Spanish Empire and the Knights Hospitaller occupied Tripoli until Ottoman rule began in 1551. Libya was involved in the Barbary Wars of the 18th and 19th centuries. Ottoman rule continued until the Italo-Turkish War in 1911, which resulted in Italy occupying Libya and establishing two colonies: Italian Tripolitania and Italian Cyrenaica, later unified in the Italian Libya colony from 1934 to 1943.\nDuring World War II, Libya was an area of warfare in the North African Campaign. The Italian population then went into decline and Libya became independent as a kingdom in 1951. A bloodless military coup in 1969, initiated by a coalition led by Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, overthrew King Idris I and created a republic. Gaddafi was often described by critics as a dictator, and was one of the world's longest serving non-royal leaders. He ruled for 42 years until being overthrown and killed in the 2011 civil war, which was part of the wider Arab Spring, with authority transferred to the National Transitional Council then to the elected General National Congress.\nSince 2011, Libya has been involved in a political and humanitarian crisis, and by 2014, two rival authorities claimed to govern Libya, which led to a second civil war, with parts of Libya split between separate governments, based in Tripoli and Tobruk, as well as various tribal and Islamist militias. The two main warring sides signed a permanent ceasefire in 2020, and a unity government took authority to plan for democratic elections, though political rivalries continue to delay this. In March 2022, the House of Representatives ceased recognising the Government of National Unity and proclaimed an alternative government, the Government of National Stability (GNS). Both governments have been functioning simultaneously since then, which has led to dual power in Libya. The international community continues to recognise the unity government as the legitimate government of the country.\nLibya is a developing country ranking 115th by HDI, and has the 10th-largest proven oil reserves in the world. Libya has the highest level of greenhouse gas emissions per person in Africa, but has made little progress toward developing climate commitments. Libya is a member of the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, the African Union, the Arab League, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and OPEC. The country's official religion is Islam, with 96.6% of the Libyan population being Sunni Muslims. The official language of Libya is Arabic, with vernacular Libyan Arabic being spoken most widely. The majority of Libya's population is Arab.\n\n", "contentHash": "dc48d5f15c98c2088ed3b8cf8d525e9d531aa6428dd569180db2d5b480e3f97c", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "MA:overview", "title": "Morocco", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1379000428", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Lesotho%7CLithuania%7CLuxembourg%7CLatvia%7CLibya%7CMorocco%7CMonaco%7CMoldova%7CMontenegro%7CCollectivity+of+Saint+Martin%7CMadagascar%7CMarshall+Islands%7CNorth+Macedonia%7CMali%7CMyanmar%7CMongolia%7CMacau%7CNorthern+Mariana+Islands%7CMauritania%7CMontserrat", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:53.955Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-07T08:36:21Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1379000428", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Morocco, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It has coastlines on the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to the east; the Spanish exclaves of Ceuta, Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera along the north, which it claims together with several small Spanish-controlled islands; and the disputed territory of Western Sahara to the south, partly occupied by Morocco since 1975. Morocco also claims to share a border with Mauritania through the disputed territory of Western Sahara. It has a population of approximately 37 million. Its capital is Rabat, while its largest city is Casablanca.\nThe region constituting Morocco has been inhabited since the Paleolithic era, more than 300,000 years ago. The Moroccan state traces its origins to the establishment of the Idrisid dynasty by Idris I in 788, although its historical territories did not coincide with those of present-day Morocco; the country is regarded as one of the world's oldest continuously existing states. Morocco was subsequently ruled by a series of other independent dynasties, reaching its zenith as a regional power in the 11th and 12th centuries, under the Almoravid and Almohad dynasties, both Berber kingdoms, when it controlled the southern and eastern Iberian Peninsula and the Maghreb. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Morocco faced external threats to its sovereignty, with Portugal seizing some territory and the Ottoman Empire encroaching from the east. The Marinid and Saadi dynasties otherwise resisted foreign domination, and Morocco was the only North African nation to escape Ottoman dominion. The Saadi dynasty expanded its territory through the conquest of the Songhai Empire in the late 16th century. The Alawi dynasty, which rules the country to this day, seized power in 1631, and over the next two centuries expanded diplomatic and commercial relations with the Western world. It is among the world's oldest reigning royal dynasties. Morocco's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean drew renewed European interest. In 1912, France and Spain established protectorates over the country and designated Tangier as an international zone, while the Sultan remained the formal sovereign with limited authority under colonial control. Following intermittent riots and revolts against colonial rule, Morocco regained its independence and reunified in 1956 under the leadership of Sultan Mohammed V.\nSince independence, Morocco has remained relatively stable. It has the fifth-largest economy in Africa and wields significant influence in both Africa and the Arab world; it is considered a middle power in global affairs and holds membership in the Arab League, the Arab Maghreb Union, the Union for the Mediterranean, and the African Union. It is one of the few countries in Africa ranking high on the Human Development Index and is Africa's leading industrial economy. Morocco is a unitary semi-constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The executive branch is led by the King of Morocco and the prime minister, while legislative power is vested in the two chambers of parliament: the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors. Judicial power rests with the Constitutional Court, which may review the validity of laws, elections, and referendums. The king holds vast executive and legislative powers, especially over the military, foreign policy and religious affairs; he can issue dahirs, decrees which have the force of law, and he can also dissolve the parliament after consulting the prime minister and the president of the constitutional court. Morocco is classified as a hybrid regime and, as of 2025, holds the highest ranking in the Arab world, according to The Economist Democracy Index. Islam is both the official and predominant religion, with nearly all of the population identifying as Muslims. Arabic and Berber are the official languages, though the Moroccan dialect of Arabic (known locally as Darija) is widely spoken and considered the lingua franca. The culture of Morocco is a mix of Arab, Berber, Andalusian, and African cultures.\nMorocco claims ownership of the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara, which it has designated its Southern Provinces. In 1975, after Spain agreed to decolonise the territory and cede its control to Morocco and Mauritania, a guerrilla war broke out between those powers and some of the local inhabitants. In 1979, Mauritania relinquished its claim to the area, but the war continued to rage. In 1991, a ceasefire agreement was reached, but the issue of sovereignty remained unresolved. Today, Morocco occupies about two-thirds of the territory, and efforts to resolve the dispute have thus far failed to break the political deadlock.\n\n", "contentHash": "99635827effbf0beab7a997f8cd206a16793299fbbf3ceb5a117cfbfd0b84101", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "MC:overview", "title": "Monaco", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378208460", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Lesotho%7CLithuania%7CLuxembourg%7CLatvia%7CLibya%7CMorocco%7CMonaco%7CMoldova%7CMontenegro%7CCollectivity+of+Saint+Martin%7CMadagascar%7CMarshall+Islands%7CNorth+Macedonia%7CMali%7CMyanmar%7CMongolia%7CMacau%7CNorthern+Mariana+Islands%7CMauritania%7CMontserrat", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:53.955Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T13:59:05Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378208460", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Monaco, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco, is a sovereign city-state and microstate in Western Europe. Situated on the French Riviera, it is a semi-enclave bordered by France to the north, east, and west, with the Mediterranean Sea to the south; the Italian region of Liguria is about 15 km (9.3 mi) east. With a population of 38,423 living in an area of 2.08 km2 (0.80 sq mi), Monaco is the second smallest sovereign state in the world, after Vatican City, as well as the most densely populated. It also has the world's shortest national coastline of any non-landlocked nation, at 3.83 km (2.38 mi). Fewer than 10,000 of its residents are Monégasque nationals. Although French is the official language of Monaco, Italian and Monégasque are also widely spoken and understood.\nMonaco is governed under a form of semi-constitutional monarchy, with Prince Albert II as head of state, who holds substantial political powers. The prime minister, who is the head of government, can be either a Monégasque or French citizen; the monarch consults with the Government of France before an appointment. Key members of the judiciary are detached French magistrates. The House of Grimaldi has ruled Monaco, with brief interruptions, since 1297. The state's sovereignty was officially recognised by the Franco-Monégasque Treaty of 1861, with Monaco becoming a full United Nations voting member in 1993. Despite Monaco's independence and separate foreign policy, its defence is the responsibility of France, notwithstanding two small military units.\nMonaco is recognised as one of the wealthiest and most expensive places in the world. Its economic development was spurred in the late 19th century with the opening of the state's first casino, the Monte Carlo Casino, and a rail connection to Paris. The country's mild climate, scenery, and gambling facilities contributed to its status as a tourist destination and recreation centre for the wealthy. Monaco has become a major banking centre and sought to diversify into the services sector and small, high-value-added, non-polluting industries. Monaco is a tax haven; it has no personal income tax (except for French citizens) and low business taxes. Over 30% of residents are millionaires, with real estate prices reaching €100,000 ($116,374) per square metre in 2018. Monaco is a global hub of money laundering, and in June 2024 the Financial Action Task Force placed Monaco under increased monitoring to combat money laundering and terrorist financing.\nMonaco is among the 46 member states which constitute the Council of Europe. It is not part of the European Union (EU), but participates in certain EU policies, including customs and border controls. Through its relationship with France, Monaco uses the euro as its sole currency. Monaco joined the Council of Europe in 2004 and is a member of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF). It hosts the annual motor race, the Monaco Grand Prix, one of the original Grands Prix of Formula One. The local motorsports association gives its name to the Monte Carlo Rally, hosted in January in the French Alps. The principality has a club football team, AS Monaco, which competes in French Ligue 1 and has been French champions on multiple occasions, as well as a basketball team, which plays in the EuroLeague. Monaco is a centre of marine conservation and research, being home to one of the world's first protected marine habitats, an Oceanographic Museum, and the International Atomic Energy Agency Marine Environment Laboratories, the only marine laboratory in the UN system.", "contentHash": "c458784a537a91caa29f82769bf73b6371d61b4401aa90f026dd159916537f03", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "MD:overview", "title": "Moldova", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378205082", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Lesotho%7CLithuania%7CLuxembourg%7CLatvia%7CLibya%7CMorocco%7CMonaco%7CMoldova%7CMontenegro%7CCollectivity+of+Saint+Martin%7CMadagascar%7CMarshall+Islands%7CNorth+Macedonia%7CMali%7CMyanmar%7CMongolia%7CMacau%7CNorthern+Mariana+Islands%7CMauritania%7CMontserrat", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:53.955Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T13:39:01Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378205082", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Moldova, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, with an area of 33,843 km2 (13,067 sq mi) and a population of 2.38 million. Moldova is bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. The unrecognised breakaway state of Transnistria lies across the Dniester river on the country's eastern border with Ukraine. Moldova is a parliamentary democratic republic with its capital in Chișinău, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre.\nMost of Moldovan territory was a part of the Principality of Moldavia from the 14th century until 1812, when it was ceded to the Russian Empire by the Ottoman Empire (to which Moldavia was a vassal state) and became known as Bessarabia. In 1856, southern Bessarabia was returned to Moldavia, which three years later united with Wallachia to form Romania. Still, Russian rule was restored over the entire region in 1878. During the 1917 Russian Revolution, Bessarabia briefly became an autonomous state within the Russian Republic. In February 1918, it declared independence and then integrated into Romania later that year following a vote of its assembly. The decision was disputed by Soviet Russia, which in 1924 established, within the Ukrainian SSR, a Moldavian autonomous republic on partially Moldovan-inhabited territories to the east of Bessarabia. In 1940, as a consequence of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union, leading to the creation of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (Moldavian SSR).\nOn 27 August 1991, as the dissolution of the Soviet Union was underway, the Moldavian SSR declared independence and took the name Moldova. However, the strip of Moldovan territory on the east bank of the Dniester has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990. The constitution of Moldova was adopted in 1994, and the country became a parliamentary republic. The president is head of state and the prime minister is head of government. Under the presidency of Maia Sandu, elected in 2020 on a pro-Western and anti-corruption ticket, Moldova has pursued membership in the European Union, and was granted candidate status in June 2022. Accession talks to the EU began on 13 December 2023. Sandu has suggested an end to Moldova's constitutional commitment to military neutrality in favour of a closer alliance with NATO. She strongly condemned Russia's invasion of neighbouring Ukraine.\nMoldova is a constitutional republic with a unicameral parliamentary government. The economy is emerging and upper middle income, with a high Human Development Index. It primarily exports agriculture, apparel, and sports equipment. Moldova is a member of multiple international organizations, including the United Nations, World Bank, and World Trade Organization. Moldova was granted candidate status in the European Union in June 2022.", "contentHash": "ae7fa301190e07211d9ac9805fbd6af5328a4947660a166c58ff3dccc729a31c", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "ME:overview", "title": "Montenegro", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376708589", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Lesotho%7CLithuania%7CLuxembourg%7CLatvia%7CLibya%7CMorocco%7CMonaco%7CMoldova%7CMontenegro%7CCollectivity+of+Saint+Martin%7CMadagascar%7CMarshall+Islands%7CNorth+Macedonia%7CMali%7CMyanmar%7CMongolia%7CMacau%7CNorthern+Mariana+Islands%7CMauritania%7CMontserrat", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:53.955Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-25T20:05:01Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1376708589", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Montenegro, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Montenegro is a country in Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. Its 25 municipalities have a total population of 633,158 people in an area of 13,883 km2 (5,360 sq mi). It is bordered by Serbia to the northeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Kosovo to the east, Albania to the southeast, and Croatia to the west, and has a coastline along the Adriatic Sea to the southwest. The capital and largest city is Podgorica, while Cetinje is the Old Royal Capital and cultural centre.\nBefore the arrival of the Slav peoples in the Balkans in the 6th and 7th centuries CE, the area now known as Montenegro was inhabited principally by people known as Illyrians.\nDuring the Early Medieval period, three principalities were located on the territory of modern-day Montenegro: Duklja, roughly corresponding to the southern half; Travunia, the west; and Rascia proper, the north. The Principality of Zeta emerged in the 14th and 15th centuries. From the late 14th century to the late 18th century, large parts of southern Montenegro were ruled by the Venetian Republic and incorporated into Venetian Albania. The name Montenegro was first used to refer to the country in the late 15th century. After falling under Ottoman Empire rule, Montenegro gained semi-autonomy in 1696 under the rule of the House of Petrović-Njegoš, first as a theocracy and later as a secular principality. Montenegro's independence was recognised by the Great Powers at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. In 1910, the country became a kingdom. After World War I, the kingdom became part of Yugoslavia. Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, the republics of Serbia and Montenegro together proclaimed a federation. In June 2006 Montenegro declared its independence following a referendum.\nMontenegro has an upper-middle-income economy, mostly service-based, and is in late transition to a market economy. It is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the World Trade Organization, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the Council of Europe, and the Central European Free Trade Agreement. Montenegro is also a founding member of the Union for the Mediterranean, and has been in the process of joining the European Union since 2012.", "contentHash": "6dacd18a5fb5f95a8a854fd8377c02aa1d8e897bd7a30b6425ac89790e74e041", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "MF:overview", "title": "Collectivity of Saint Martin", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378236281", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Lesotho%7CLithuania%7CLuxembourg%7CLatvia%7CLibya%7CMorocco%7CMonaco%7CMoldova%7CMontenegro%7CCollectivity+of+Saint+Martin%7CMadagascar%7CMarshall+Islands%7CNorth+Macedonia%7CMali%7CMyanmar%7CMongolia%7CMacau%7CNorthern+Mariana+Islands%7CMauritania%7CMontserrat", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:53.955Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T16:49:49Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378236281", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Collectivity of Saint Martin, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "The Collectivity of Saint Martin (French: Collectivité de Saint-Martin), commonly known as simply Saint Martin (Saint-Martin, [sɛ̃ maʁtɛ̃] ), is an overseas collectivity of France in the West Indies in the Caribbean, on the northern half of the island of Saint Martin, as well as some smaller adjacent islands. Saint Martin is separated from the island of Anguilla by the Anguilla Channel. Its capital is Marigot.\nWith a population of 31,477 as of January 2021 on an area of 53.2 square kilometres (20.5 sq mi), it encompasses the northern 60% of the divided island of Saint Martin, and some neighbouring islets, the largest of which is Île Tintamarre. The southern 40% of the island of Saint Martin constitutes Sint Maarten, which has been a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands since 2010 following the dissolution of Netherlands Antilles. This marks the only place in the world where France borders the Netherlands.\nBefore 2007, the French part of Saint Martin was a commune belonging to the French overseas department and region of Guadeloupe. Despite seceding from Guadeloupe in 2007 and gaining more autonomy as an overseas collectivity of France, Saint Martin has remained an outermost region of the European Union and is part of the eurozone. For statistical purposes, it is still included in the NUTS 2 (FRY1) and NUTS 3 (FRY10) of Guadeloupe by Eurostat.\n\n", "contentHash": "69395a23b4521814359d2e44b63f6833fb549ce0bc82b785d8cf71c7dbd40632", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "MG:overview", "title": "Madagascar", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1374601016", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Lesotho%7CLithuania%7CLuxembourg%7CLatvia%7CLibya%7CMorocco%7CMonaco%7CMoldova%7CMontenegro%7CCollectivity+of+Saint+Martin%7CMadagascar%7CMarshall+Islands%7CNorth+Macedonia%7CMali%7CMyanmar%7CMongolia%7CMacau%7CNorthern+Mariana+Islands%7CMauritania%7CMontserrat", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:53.955Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-13T01:45:31Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1374601016", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Madagascar, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar, is an island country in the Indian Ocean that includes the island of Madagascar and numerous smaller peripheral islands. Lying off the southeastern coast of Africa, it is the world's fourth-largest island, the second-largest island country, and the 46th-largest country overall. Its capital and largest city is Antananarivo.\nFollowing the prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana, Madagascar split from Africa during the Early Jurassic period, around 180 million years ago, and from the Indian subcontinent approximately 90 million years ago. This isolation allowed native plants and animals to evolve in relative seclusion. As a result, Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot and one of the world's 17 megadiverse countries, with over 90% of its wildlife being endemic. The island has a subtropical to tropical maritime climate.\nMadagascar was first permanently settled during or before the mid-first millennium CE (roughly 500 to 700) by Austronesian peoples, presumably arriving on outrigger canoes from present-day Indonesia. These were joined around the ninth century by Bantu groups crossing the Mozambique Channel from East Africa. Other groups continued to settle on Madagascar over time, each one making lasting contributions to Malagasy cultural life. Consequently, there are 18 or more classified peoples of Madagascar, the most numerous being the Merina of the central highlands.\nUntil the late 18th century, the island of Madagascar was ruled by a fragmented assortment of shifting sociopolitical alliances. Beginning in the early 19th century, most of it was united and ruled as the Kingdom of Madagascar by a series of Merina nobles. The monarchy was ended in 1897 by France's annexation of Madagascar, from which the country gained independence in 1960. It has since undergone four major constitutional periods, termed republics, and has been governed as a constitutional democracy since 1992. Following a political crisis and military coup in 2009, Madagascar underwent a protracted transition towards its fourth and current republic, with constitutional governance being restored in January 2014. In 2025, a series of mass protests resulted in a military coup and the installation of Michael Randrianirina as president of a military junta.\nMadagascar is a member of the United Nations (UN), the African Union (AU), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), and the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie. Malagasy and French are both official languages of the state. Christianity is the country's predominant religion, with a significant minority still practicing traditional faiths.\nMadagascar is classified as a least-developed country by the UN. Ecotourism and agriculture, paired with greater investments in education, health, and private enterprise, are key elements of its development strategy. Despite substantial economic growth since the early 2000s, income disparities have widened, and quality of life remains low for the majority of the population. As of 2021, 68.4% of the population was considered to be multidimensionally poor.\n\n", "contentHash": "b442c65c45d72651919da3616116d548546a03339bd6af5f408f38338dfe8100", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "MH:overview", "title": "Marshall Islands", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378590829", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Lesotho%7CLithuania%7CLuxembourg%7CLatvia%7CLibya%7CMorocco%7CMonaco%7CMoldova%7CMontenegro%7CCollectivity+of+Saint+Martin%7CMadagascar%7CMarshall+Islands%7CNorth+Macedonia%7CMali%7CMyanmar%7CMongolia%7CMacau%7CNorthern+Mariana+Islands%7CMauritania%7CMontserrat", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:53.955Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-05T03:20:58Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378590829", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Marshall Islands, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "The Marshall Islands, officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands, is an archipelagic country in Oceania. The sovereign state lies west of the International Date Line and north of the equator in the Micronesia region of the Northwestern Pacific Ocean.\nThe islands consist of 29 coral atolls, five main islands, and 1,220 other very small ones, divided across two island chains: Ratak in the east and Ralik in the west. Its capital and largest city is Majuro, home to approximately half of the country's population, and 98.47% of its territory is lagoon waters, the largest proportion of water to land of any sovereign state. One of only four atoll-based nations along with Kiribati, The Maldives, and Tuvalu, the country shares maritime boundaries with Wake Island to the north, Kiribati to the southeast, Nauru to the south, and the Federated States of Micronesia to the west. The Marshall Islands has one of the world’s highest rates of diabetes. In Ebeye, the country's second most populated island, over 33% of residents have the disease.\nAustronesian settlers reached the Marshall Islands as early as the 2nd millennium BC and introduced Southeast Asian crops, including coconuts, giant swamp taro, and breadfruit, as well as domesticated chickens, which made the islands permanently habitable.\nThe first Europeans to visit the islands were the crew of a Spanish maritime expedition led by Alonso de Salazar who arrived in Taongi in 1526, which they called Isla de San Bartolomé (Saint Bartholomew Island). They were the survivors of a larger expedition which had sailed from Spain in 1525 led by Garcia Jofre de Loaisa. In 1528, another Spanish ship arrived in the Marshall Islands and visited Ujelang and Enewetak, this time led by Alvaro de Saavedra who was sailing back to the Americas from the Spice Islands. Later, Spanish galleons usually sailed a Pacific route farther north and avoided the Marshalls. European maps and charts named the group for British captain John Marshall, who explored the region in 1788. American Protestant missionaries and Western business interests began arriving in the 1850s. German copra traders dominated the economy in the 1870s and 1880s, and the German Empire annexed the Marshalls as a protectorate in 1885.\nThe Empire of Japan occupied the islands in the autumn of 1914 at the beginning of World War I. After the war, the Marshalls and other former German Pacific colonies north of the equator became the Japanese South Seas Mandate. The United States occupied the islands during World War II and administered them as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands after the war. Between 1946 and 1958, the United States conducted 67 nuclear tests at Bikini Atoll and Enewetak Atoll.\nThe U.S. government formed the Congress of Micronesia in 1965, a plan for increased self-governance of Pacific islands. In May 1979, the United States gave the Marshall Islands independence by recognizing its constitution and president, Amata Kabua. Full sovereignty or self-government was achieved in a Compact of Free Association with the United States. The Marshall Islands has been a member of the Pacific Community (PC) since 1983 and a United Nations member state since 1991.\nPolitically, the Marshall Islands is a presidential parliamentary republic in free association with the United States, with the U.S. providing defense, subsidies, and access to U.S.-based agencies such as the Federal Communications Commission and the United States Postal Service. With few natural resources, the islands' wealth is based on a service economy, as well as fishing and agriculture; aid from the United States represents a large percentage of the islands' gross domestic product, and although most financial aid from the Compact of Free Association was set to expire in 2023, it was extended for another 20 years that same year. The country uses the United States dollar as its currency.\nThe majority of the citizens of the Republic of Marshall Islands are of Marshallese descent, though there are small numbers of immigrants from the United States, China, Philippines, and other Pacific islands. The two official languages are Marshallese, which is one of the Oceanic languages, and English. Almost the entire population of the islands practices some religion: three-quarters of the country follows either the United Church of Christ – Congregational in the Marshall Islands (UCCCMI) or the Assemblies of God.", "contentHash": "a6f1e58bd519377a1db7178d6c6a2c03981f53a67b9f4d484af62da7c594527e", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "MK:overview", "title": "North Macedonia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378290970", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Lesotho%7CLithuania%7CLuxembourg%7CLatvia%7CLibya%7CMorocco%7CMonaco%7CMoldova%7CMontenegro%7CCollectivity+of+Saint+Martin%7CMadagascar%7CMarshall+Islands%7CNorth+Macedonia%7CMali%7CMyanmar%7CMongolia%7CMacau%7CNorthern+Mariana+Islands%7CMauritania%7CMontserrat", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:53.955Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T21:05:50Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378290970", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "North Macedonia, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "North Macedonia, officially the Republic of North Macedonia, is a landlocked country in Southeastern Europe. It shares borders with Greece to the south, Albania to the west, Bulgaria to the east, Kosovo to the northwest and Serbia to the north. It constitutes approximately the northern third of the larger geographical region of Macedonia. Skopje, the capital and largest city, is home to a quarter of the country's population of over 1.83 million. The majority of the residents are ethnic Macedonians, a South Slavic people. Albanians form a significant minority at around 25%, followed by Turks, Roma, Serbs, Bosniaks, Aromanians and a few other minorities.\nIn classical antiquity most of present-day North Macedonia corresponded to the ancient regions of Paeonia and Pelagonia. In the late-6th century BC, most of the area was subjugated by the Persian Empire and then incorporated into the kingdom of Macedonia by the mid-4th century BC. Rome conquered the region by the mid-2nd century BC and made it part of its larger province of Macedonia. The area remained part of the Byzantine Empire but was often raided and settled by Slavic tribes beginning in the 6th century CE. Following centuries of contention between the Byzantine and Bulgarian empires, it became part of the Serbian Empire in the mid-14th century, and then it was part of the Ottoman Empire from the late-14th century until the Balkan Wars (1912-1913), when it came under Serbian rule.\nDuring the First World War, the territory was ruled by Bulgaria. After the end of the war, it returned to Serbian rule as part of the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. During the Second World War, it was again ruled by Bulgaria; and in 1945 it was established as a constituent state of communist Yugoslavia, which it remained until its peaceful secession in 1991. The country became a member of the United Nations (UN) in 1993.\nNorth Macedonia is a member of NATO, the Council of Europe, the World Bank, OSCE, CEFTA, BSEC and the WTO. Since 2005, it has been a candidate for joining the European Union. It is an upper-middle-income country by the World Bank's definitions and has undergone considerable economic reform since its independence in developing an open economy. It is a developing country, ranking 68th on the Human Development Index, with low income inequality. The country provides social security, a universal health care system as well as free primary and secondary education to its citizens.", "contentHash": "488ca0f31046481d12724a26f5c1acef0f33b93b6b14c8fd7c209821c014be1d", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "ML:overview", "title": "Mali", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377766180", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Lesotho%7CLithuania%7CLuxembourg%7CLatvia%7CLibya%7CMorocco%7CMonaco%7CMoldova%7CMontenegro%7CCollectivity+of+Saint+Martin%7CMadagascar%7CMarshall+Islands%7CNorth+Macedonia%7CMali%7CMyanmar%7CMongolia%7CMacau%7CNorthern+Mariana+Islands%7CMauritania%7CMontserrat", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:53.955Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-01T01:25:31Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377766180", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Mali, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Mali, officially the Republic of Mali, is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is the eighth-largest country in Africa and the 23rd largest country in the world, with an area of 1,240,192 square kilometres (478,841 sq mi). It is bordered to the north by Algeria, to the east by Niger, to the northwest by Mauritania, to the south by Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast, and to the west by Guinea and Senegal. The population is about 25.20 million, 47.19% of which are estimated to be under age 15 in 2024. Its capital and largest city is Bamako. French was the official language until 2022, when it was replaced by 13 African languages, with Bambara being the first language of the majority of the population.\nMali's northern borders reach deep into the middle of the Sahara Desert. Southern Mali, where the majority of inhabitants live, is in the Sudanian savanna and has the Niger and Senegal rivers running through it. The economy centres on agriculture and mining with its most prominent natural resources including gold (which represents 80% of its exports) and cotton. Mali is one of the poorest and least developed countries in the world.\nMali was part of three successive powerful and wealthy West African empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade: the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire, and the Songhai Empire. At its peak in 1300, the Mali Empire was the wealthiest country in Africa with Emperor Mansa Musa believed to be one of the wealthiest individuals in history. Besides being a hub of trade and mining, medieval Mali was a centre of Islam, culture and knowledge, with Timbuktu becoming a renowned place of education. The Songhai Empire absorbed the Mali Empire in 1468, followed by a Saadian army which defeated the Songhai in 1591.\nIn the late 19th century, during the Scramble for Africa, France seized control of Mali, making it a part of French Sudan; as the Sudanese Republic, a brief federation with Senegal was formed, achieving independence in 1960. After Senegal's withdrawal, the Republic of Mali was established. After a long period of one-party rule, a coup in 1991 led to a new constitution and the establishment of Mali as a democratic, multi-party state. From this, Mali experienced economic growth and increased civil liberties, though this began to reverse after 2012. Since independence, there have been four rebellions involving Tuareg people, which occurred from 1962 to 1964, 1990 to 1995, 2007 to 2009, and since 2012.\nIn January 2012, an armed conflict broke out in northern Mali, in which Tuareg rebels took control of territory in the north, and in April declared the secession of a new state, Azawad. The conflict was complicated by a military coup in March 2012 and later fighting between Tuareg and other rebel factions. In response to territorial gains, the French military launched Operation Serval in January 2013. A month later, Malian and French forces partially recaptured the north, though the conflict continued.\nIbrahim Boubacar Keïta was elected president in 2013, but allegations of fraud during the 2020 parliamentary election led to mass protests. Keïta was removed in a coup led by Assimi Goïta, who established himself as military ruler of Mali after another coup in 2021. In 2025, all political parties were dissolved, and Goïta was granted a five-year presidential term, renewable without elections. The al-Qaeda affiliate JNIM imposed a fuel blockade on major cities, causing economic disruption and in 2026 launched a joint offensive with Tuareg separatists.", "contentHash": "59c43c8b9296899a022635c3335d684154870aa5b93be096b71f36a8ee9cea8e", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "MM:overview", "title": "Myanmar", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378725235", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Lesotho%7CLithuania%7CLuxembourg%7CLatvia%7CLibya%7CMorocco%7CMonaco%7CMoldova%7CMontenegro%7CCollectivity+of+Saint+Martin%7CMadagascar%7CMarshall+Islands%7CNorth+Macedonia%7CMali%7CMyanmar%7CMongolia%7CMacau%7CNorthern+Mariana+Islands%7CMauritania%7CMontserrat", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:53.955Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-05T22:06:29Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378725235", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Myanmar, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also referred to as Burma (the official English name until 1989), is a country in northwest Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has a population of about 55 million. It is bordered by India and Bangladesh to the northwest, China to the northeast, Laos and Thailand to the east and southeast, and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to the south and southwest. The country's capital city is Naypyidaw, while its largest city is Yangon (formerly Rangoon).\nEarly civilisations in the area included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Myanmar and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Myanmar. In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley, and following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language and culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country. The Pagan Kingdom fell to Mongol invasions, and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo dynasty, the country became the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia for a short period. The early 19th-century Konbaung dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Assam, the Lushai Hills, and Manipur as well. The British East India Company seized control of the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century, and the country became a British colony. After a brief Japanese occupation, Myanmar was reconquered by the Allies. In 1948, Myanmar declared independence under the terms of the Burma Independence Act 1947.\nMyanmar's post-independence history has been checkered by continuous unrest and conflict. A coup d'état in 1962 resulted in a military dictatorship under the Burma Socialist Programme Party. The 8888 Uprising in 1988 resulted in a transition to a multi-party system two years later, but the country's post-uprising military junta, led by members of the Tatmadaw, refused to cede power and continued to rule the country directly until 2011, when the junta was officially dissolved following the 2010 general election. A nominally civilian government was installed, and longtime political prisoners like Aung San Suu Kyi were released, but the military retained power over key government operations. The 2015 general election led to a transition of power to the National League for Democracy, although the country's treatment of its ethnic minorities, particularly the Rohingya genocide, continued to be a source of international tension. Following the 2020 general election, in which the NLD won a clear majority in both houses, the Tatmadaw again seized power in the 2021 coup d'état. The coup led to widespread protests and marked the outbreak of an ongoing civil war.\nMyanmar is a member of the East Asia Summit, Non-Aligned Movement, ASEAN, and BIMSTEC, and is a Dialogue Partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The country is rich in natural resources, including jade, gems, oil, natural gas, teak, and high solar power potential. However, Myanmar suffers from prolonged political instability, corruption, poor infrastructure, and low levels of human development. The income gap in Myanmar is among the widest in the world, as a large proportion of the economy remains under military control. Myanmar continues to be classified as one of the least developed countries in the world. \nThe country remains riven by ethnic strife among its myriad ethnic groups, with one of the world's longest-running ongoing civil wars. The United Nations and human rights organizations have documented systemic human rights violations. The civil war has created a major ongoing humanitarian crisis; according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are over 1.3 million refugees and asylum seekers, and over 3.5 million people displaced internally.", "contentHash": "37fc39fa314440d498be96b99ba53da03896d18c750196361e8138c2e7cbbdad", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "MN:overview", "title": "Mongolia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378451710", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Lesotho%7CLithuania%7CLuxembourg%7CLatvia%7CLibya%7CMorocco%7CMonaco%7CMoldova%7CMontenegro%7CCollectivity+of+Saint+Martin%7CMadagascar%7CMarshall+Islands%7CNorth+Macedonia%7CMali%7CMyanmar%7CMongolia%7CMacau%7CNorthern+Mariana+Islands%7CMauritania%7CMontserrat", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:53.955Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-04T15:38:53Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378451710", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Mongolia, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south and covers an area of 1,564,116 square kilometers (603,909 square miles), making it the 18th-largest country in the world and the second largest landlocked nation after Kazakhstan, as well as the largest landlocked country that does not border an inland sea. With a population of 3.5 million, Mongolia is the world's most sparsely populated sovereign state, excluding Western Sahara. The country constitutes a significant portion of the Mongolian Plateau, and its natural environment is characterized by grassy steppe, mountains to the north and west, and the Gobi Desert to the south. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to roughly half of the country's population.\nThe territory of modern-day Mongolia has been ruled by various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Rouran, the First Turkic Khaganate, the Second Turkic Khaganate, the Uyghur Khaganate and others. In 1206, Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous land empire in history. His grandson Kublai Khan conquered China proper and established the Yuan dynasty. After the collapse of the Yuan, the Mongols retreated to Mongolia and resumed their earlier pattern of factional conflict, except during the era of Dayan Khan and Tumen Zasagt Khan.\nIn the 16th century, Tibetan Buddhism spread to Mongolia. The Qing dynasty absorbed the country in the 17th century. By the early 20th century, almost one-third of the adult male population were Buddhist monks. After the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Mongolia declared independence and achieved actual independence from the Republic of China in 1921. Shortly thereafter, the country became a satellite state of the Soviet Union. In 1924, the Mongolian People's Republic was founded as a socialist state. After the anti-communist revolutions of 1989, Mongolia conducted its own peaceful democratic revolution in 1990. This led to a multi-party system, a new constitution of 1992, and transition to a market economy.\nApproximately 30% of the population is nomadic or semi-nomadic; horse culture remains integral. Mahayana Buddhism is the majority religion (51.7%), with the irreligious being the second-largest group (40.6%). Islam is the third-largest religious identification (3.2%), concentrated among ethnic Kazakhs. The vast majority of citizens are ethnic Mongols, with roughly 5% of the population being Kazakhs, Tuvans, and other ethnic minorities, who are especially concentrated in the western regions. Mongolia is a member of the United Nations, Asia Cooperation Dialogue, G77, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, Non-Aligned Movement and a NATO global partner. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization in 1997 and seeks to expand its participation in regional economic and trade groups.\n\n", "contentHash": "d7d640c2e7633e2a383b460813850bd716b7a30642cb34289bd53315e5f0a831", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "MO:overview", "title": "Macau", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1379003503", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Lesotho%7CLithuania%7CLuxembourg%7CLatvia%7CLibya%7CMorocco%7CMonaco%7CMoldova%7CMontenegro%7CCollectivity+of+Saint+Martin%7CMadagascar%7CMarshall+Islands%7CNorth+Macedonia%7CMali%7CMyanmar%7CMongolia%7CMacau%7CNorthern+Mariana+Islands%7CMauritania%7CMontserrat", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:53.955Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-07T09:09:49Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1379003503", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Macau, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Macau or Macao is a special administrative region of China. It consists of the Macau Peninsula, the islands of Taipa and Coloane, the Cotai reclamation zone between Taipa and Coloane, and several smaller islets. It borders Zhuhai to the north and west, and it lies west of Hong Kong, separated by the Pearl River estuary. With a population of about 720,000 people and a land area of 32.9 square kilometres (12.7 sq mi), it is the most densely populated region in the world.\nFormerly a Portuguese colony, the territory of Portuguese Macau was first leased to Portugal by the Ming dynasty as a trading post in 1557. Portugal paid an annual rent and administered the territory under Chinese sovereignty until 1887, when Portugal gained perpetual colonial rights with the signing of the Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking. The colony remained under Portuguese rule until the 1999 handover to China. Macau is a special administrative region of China, which maintains separate governing and economic systems from those of mainland China under the principle of \"one country, two systems\". The unique blend of Portuguese, French, English, Italian, and Chinese architecture in the city's downtown area has resulted in its designation as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005.\nMacau is famous and globally recognised for its casinos, known by the gambling industry as the gambling capital of the world. It is also one of the most visited cities in the world. The gambling industry of Macau is around seven times larger than that of Las Vegas, Nevada. As a result, the city has one of the highest GDPs per capita and GDPs per capita by purchasing power parity in the world.\nMacau has a very high Human Development Index of 0.934, as calculated by the Government of Macau, and has the third-highest life expectancy in the world. The territory is highly urbanised, holding the status of the most densely populated territory on Earth; two-thirds of the region's total area is built on land reclaimed from the sea.\n\n", "contentHash": "647e7c43dc542203d1487a996bfffe744b64deae8d2d534a38e9306384a92304", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "MP:overview", "title": "Northern Mariana Islands", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378103857", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Lesotho%7CLithuania%7CLuxembourg%7CLatvia%7CLibya%7CMorocco%7CMonaco%7CMoldova%7CMontenegro%7CCollectivity+of+Saint+Martin%7CMadagascar%7CMarshall+Islands%7CNorth+Macedonia%7CMali%7CMyanmar%7CMongolia%7CMacau%7CNorthern+Mariana+Islands%7CMauritania%7CMontserrat", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:53.955Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T00:10:40Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378103857", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Northern Mariana Islands, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "The Northern Mariana Islands, officially the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), is an unincorporated territory and commonwealth of the United States consisting of the 14 northern islands of the Mariana Archipelago in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. The southernmost, Guam, is a separate U.S. territory. The Northern Mariana Islands were listed by the United Nations as a non-self-governing territory until 1990.\nDuring the colonial period, the Northern Marianas were variously under the control of the Spanish, German, and Japanese empires. After World War II, the islands were part of the United Nations trust territories under American administration before formally joining the United States as a territory in 1986, with their population gaining United States citizenship.\nTheir area is 183.5 square miles (475.26 km2). In 2020, 47,329 people lived in the CNMI. The vast majority of the population resides on Saipan, Tinian, and Rota. The other Northern Mariana islands are sparsely inhabited; the most notable among these is Pagan, which has been largely uninhabited since a 1981 volcanic eruption.\nThe administrative center is Capital Hill, a village in northwestern Saipan. The current governor of the CNMI is David M. Apatang, who was elevated from lieutenant governor on July 23, 2025, following the death in office of Arnold Palacios who had served as governor since January 2023. The legislative branch has a nine-member Senate and a 20-member House of Representatives.", "contentHash": "14ad3c2e5ef0c86f47569742ba3eacb2380d75f32e87d4e249449f4f033b124d", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "MR:overview", "title": "Mauritania", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378470089", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Lesotho%7CLithuania%7CLuxembourg%7CLatvia%7CLibya%7CMorocco%7CMonaco%7CMoldova%7CMontenegro%7CCollectivity+of+Saint+Martin%7CMadagascar%7CMarshall+Islands%7CNorth+Macedonia%7CMali%7CMyanmar%7CMongolia%7CMacau%7CNorthern+Mariana+Islands%7CMauritania%7CMontserrat", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:53.955Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-04T17:28:06Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378470089", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Mauritania, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Mauritania, officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country in the Maghreb region of West Africa. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Western Sahara to the north and northwest, Algeria to the northeast, Mali to the east and southeast, and Senegal to the southwest. By land area Mauritania is the 11th-largest country in Africa and the 28th-largest in the world; 90% of its territory is in the Sahara desert. Most of its population of 5.4 million live in the temperate south of the country; roughly a third of the population is concentrated in the capital and largest city, Nouakchott, on the Atlantic coast.\nThe country's name derives from Mauretania, the Latin name for a region, to the north, in the ancient Mediterranean Maghreb. Mauretania extended from central present-day northern Algeria to the Atlantic, in Morocco. Berbers occupied what is now Mauritania by the beginning of the 3rd century CE. Groups of Arab tribes migrated to this area in the late 7th century, bringing with them Islam, Arab culture, and the Arabic language. In the early 20th century, Mauritania was colonized by France as part of French West Africa. It achieved independence in 1960. The country has since experienced recurrent coups and periods of military dictatorship. The 2008 Mauritanian coup d'état was led by General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, who won subsequent presidential elections in 2009 and 2014. He was succeeded by General Mohamed Ould Ghazouani following the 2019 elections, in what was considered the country's first peaceful transition of power since independence. Mauritania has a poor human rights record, particularly because of its perpetuation of slavery; the 2023 Global Slavery Index estimates there are about 149,000 slaves in the country (or 32 per 1,000 people).\nDespite an abundance of natural resources, Mauritania remains poor; its economy is based primarily on agriculture and fishing. Mauritania is culturally and politically part of the Arab world as a member of the Arab League. Arabic is the official language, while Pulaar, Soninke and Wolof are recognized as national languages. The state religion is Islam, and almost all inhabitants are Sunni Muslims. Despite its prevailing Arab identity, Mauritanian society is multiethnic. The Haratin, comprise 40% of the population while the Bidhan make up 30% of the population. The remaining 30% of Mauritania’s population comprises various sub-Saharan ethnic groups.", "contentHash": "1f201dcc0106bc436eb1e6dc2e54bc1367c95aec4e8c0b416aff3835b64c88cc", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "MS:overview", "title": "Montserrat", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376904431", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Lesotho%7CLithuania%7CLuxembourg%7CLatvia%7CLibya%7CMorocco%7CMonaco%7CMoldova%7CMontenegro%7CCollectivity+of+Saint+Martin%7CMadagascar%7CMarshall+Islands%7CNorth+Macedonia%7CMali%7CMyanmar%7CMongolia%7CMacau%7CNorthern+Mariana+Islands%7CMauritania%7CMontserrat", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:53.955Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-26T22:17:08Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1376904431", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Montserrat, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Montserrat ( MONT-sə-RAT, locally ) is a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean. It is part of the Leeward Islands, the northern portion of the Lesser Antilles chain of the West Indies. Montserrat is about 16 km (10 mi) long and 11 km (7 mi) wide, with roughly 40 km (25 mi) of coastline. It is nicknamed \"The Emerald Isle of the Caribbean\" both for its resemblance to coastal Ireland and for the Irish ancestry of many of its inhabitants. Montserrat is the only non-fully sovereign full member of the Caribbean Community and the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States, although it is not the only dependency in the Caribbean.\nOn 18 July 1995, the previously dormant Soufrière Hills volcano in the southern end of the island became active, and its eruptions destroyed Plymouth, Montserrat's Georgian-era capital city situated on the west coast. Between 1995 and 2000, two-thirds of the island's population was forced to flee, mostly to the United Kingdom, leaving fewer than 1,200 people on the island in 1997. The population had increased to nearly 5,000 by 2016. The volcanic activity continues, mostly affecting the vicinity of Plymouth, including its docks, and the eastern side of the island around the former W. H. Bramble Airport, the remnants of which were buried by flows from further volcanic activity on 11 February 2010.\nAn exclusion zone was imposed, encompassing the southern part of the island as far north as parts of the Belham Valley, because of the size of the existing volcanic dome and the resulting possibility of pyroclastic activity. Visitors are generally not permitted to enter the exclusion zone, but a view of destroyed Plymouth can be seen from the top of Garibaldi Hill in Isles Bay. The volcano has been relatively quiet since early 2010 and continues to be closely monitored by the Montserrat Volcano Observatory.\nIn 2015, it was announced that planning would begin on a new town and port at Little Bay on the northwest coast of the island, and the centre of government and businesses was moved temporarily to Brades. After a number of delays, including Hurricanes Irma and Maria in 2017 and the COVID-19 pandemic beginning in early 2020, the Little Bay Port Development Project, a £28 million project funded by the UK and the Caribbean Development Bank, began in June 2022.", "contentHash": "613aa8a507a1d8c9b20d594ae2b161ba1055f8ad7f149827015d59fb9e9d2e3f", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "MT:overview", "title": "Malta", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378949924", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Malta%7CMauritius%7CMaldives%7CMalawi%7CMalaysia%7CMozambique%7CNamibia%7CNew+Caledonia%7CNiger%7CNorfolk+Island%7CNicaragua%7CNepal%7CNauru%7CNiue%7CNew+Zealand%7COman%7CPanama%7CPeru%7CFrench+Polynesia%7CPapua+New+Guinea", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:56.418Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-07T02:06:15Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378949924", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Malta, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Malta, officially the Republic of Malta, is an island country located in the central Mediterranean Sea. It consists of a number of islands, of which Malta and Gozo are the two main ones—south of Italy, east of Tunisia, and north of Libya. Valletta is the country's capital. Malta is the world's tenth-smallest country by area, ninth-most densely populated, and 166th most populated. It consists of a single urban region, because of which it is often described as a city-state. The two official languages are Maltese—recognised as the national language—and English.\nThe island of Malta has been inhabited since at least 6500 BC, during the Mesolithic period. Its location at the centre of the Mediterranean has historically given it great geostrategic importance, with multiple powers having ruled the islands and shaped its culture and society. Included among these powers the Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Greeks, and Romans in antiquity; the Arabs, Normans, and Aragonese during the Middle Ages; and the Knights Hospitaller, French, and British in the modern era.\nMalta came under British rule as a crown colony in the early 19th century and served as the headquarters of the British Mediterranean Fleet. It was sieged by the Axis powers during World War II and was also an Allied base for its area. The country gained independence in 1964, and established its current parliamentary republic in 1974. It has been a member state of the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations since its independence, joining the European Union (EU) in 2004 and the eurozone monetary union in 2008. Malta's history of foreign rule and its proximity to both Europe and North Africa have influenced its art, music, cuisine, and architecture. It has close historical and cultural ties to Italy, especially to the island of Sicily, with 66 percent of Maltese people speaking or having significant knowledge of the Italian language. The country was an early centre of Christianity, and Catholicism is the state religion, although the country's constitution guarantees freedom of religion.\nMalta is now a developed country with an advanced, high-income economy. It is heavily reliant on tourism, attracting travellers because of its warm climate, recreational areas, and architectural and historical monuments. \n\n", "contentHash": "162024ec3e6753b02f013543230593cdbef390cf4bc42e882afb2c25966ac9d2", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "MU:overview", "title": "Mauritius", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378998883", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Malta%7CMauritius%7CMaldives%7CMalawi%7CMalaysia%7CMozambique%7CNamibia%7CNew+Caledonia%7CNiger%7CNorfolk+Island%7CNicaragua%7CNepal%7CNauru%7CNiue%7CNew+Zealand%7COman%7CPanama%7CPeru%7CFrench+Polynesia%7CPapua+New+Guinea", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:56.418Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-07T08:20:30Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378998883", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Mauritius, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Mauritius, officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, located about 1,100 nautical miles (2,000 km; 1,300 mi) off the southeastern coast of Africa, east of Madagascar. It includes the main island (also called Mauritius), as well as Rodrigues, Agaléga, and St. Brandon (Cargados Carajos shoals). The islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues, along with nearby Réunion, are part of the Mascarene Islands. The main island of Mauritius, where the population is concentrated, hosts the capital and largest city, Port Louis. The country spans 2,040 square kilometres (790 sq mi) and has an exclusive economic zone covering approximately 580,000 square nautical miles (2,000,000 km2; 770,000 sq mi).\nThe 1502 Portuguese Cantino planisphere has led some historians to speculate that Arab sailors were the first to discover the uninhabited island around 975, naming it Dina Arobi. Called Ilha do Cirne or Ilha do Cerne on early Portuguese maps, the island was visited by Portuguese sailors in 1507. A Dutch fleet landed at what is now the Grand Port District and took possession of the island in 1598, renaming it after Maurice, Prince of Orange. Short-lived Dutch attempts at permanent settlement took place over a century aimed at exploiting the local ebony forests, establishing sugar and arrack production. When French colonisation began in 1715, the island was renamed \"Isle de France\". In 1810, the United Kingdom seized the island and under the Treaty of Paris, France ceded Mauritius and its dependencies to the United Kingdom. The British colony of Mauritius now included Rodrigues, Agaléga, St. Brandon, the Chagos Archipelago, and, until 1906, the Seychelles. Mauritius and France dispute sovereignty over the island of Tromelin, the treaty failing to mention it specifically. Mauritius became the British Empire's main sugar-producing colony and remained a primarily sugar-dominated plantation-based colony until independence, in 1968. The country became a republic in 1992 but retained the Privy Council of the United Kingdom as highest court of appeal.\nIn 1965, three years before the independence of Mauritius, the United Kingdom split the Chagos Archipelago away from Mauritius, and the islands of Aldabra, Farquhar, and Desroches from the Seychelles, to form the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). The local population was forcibly expelled and the largest island, Diego Garcia, was leased to the United States, restricting access to the archipelago. Ruling on the sovereignty dispute, the International Court of Justice has ordered the return of the Chagos Islands to Mauritius, leading to a 2025 bilateral agreement on the recognition of its sovereignty on the islands, signed in May 2025.\nGiven its geographic location and colonial past, the people of Mauritius are diverse in ethnicity, culture, language and faith. It is the only country in Africa where Hinduism is the most practised religion. Indo-Mauritians make up the bulk of the population with significant Creole, Sino-Mauritian and Franco-Mauritian minorities. The island's government is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system with Mauritius highly ranked for economic and political freedom. The Economist Democracy Index ranks Mauritius as the only country in Africa with full democracy while the V-Dem Democracy Indices classified it as an electoral democracy.\nMauritius ranks 73rd (very high) in the Human Development Index and the World Bank classifies it as a high-income economy. It is amongst the most competitive and most developed economies in Africa. The country is a welfare state. The government provides free universal health care, free education up through the tertiary level, and free public transportation for students, senior citizens, and disabled people. Mauritius is consistently ranked as the most peaceful country in Africa.\nAlong with the other Mascarene Islands, Mauritius is known for its biodiverse flora and fauna with many unique species endemic to the country. The main island was the only known home of the dodo, which became extinct soon after human settlement. Other endemic animals, such as the echo parakeet, the Mauritius kestrel and the pink pigeon, have survived and are subject to intensive and successful ongoing conservation efforts.", "contentHash": "5d5fad7a10353c7d6202a24c7455ea6b1c80626570a37f70efed18c382b1ce90", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "MV:overview", "title": "Maldives", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376437874", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Malta%7CMauritius%7CMaldives%7CMalawi%7CMalaysia%7CMozambique%7CNamibia%7CNew+Caledonia%7CNiger%7CNorfolk+Island%7CNicaragua%7CNepal%7CNauru%7CNiue%7CNew+Zealand%7COman%7CPanama%7CPeru%7CFrench+Polynesia%7CPapua+New+Guinea", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:56.418Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-24T04:06:46Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1376437874", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Maldives, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "The Maldives, officially the Republic of Maldives, and historically known as the Maldive Islands, is an archipelagic country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean, near the southeastern boundary of the Arabian Sea. The Maldives is located southwest of India and Sri Lanka, about 750 kilometres (470 miles; 400 nautical miles) from the Asian continent's mainland. The Maldives' chain of 26 atolls stretches across the equator from Ihavandhippolhu Atoll in the north to Addu Atoll in the south.\nThe Maldives is the smallest country in Asia. Its land area is only 298 square kilometres (115 sq mi), but this is spread over roughly 90,000 square kilometres (35,000 sq mi) of the sea, making it one of the world's most spatially dispersed sovereign states. With a population of 515,132 in the 2022 census, it is the second least populous country in Asia and the ninth-smallest country by area, but also one of the most densely populated countries. The Maldives has an average ground-level elevation of around 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) above sea level, and a highest natural point of only 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in), making it the world's lowest-lying country. Some sources state the highest point, Mount Villingili, as 5.1 metres or 17 feet.\nMalé is the capital and the most populated city, traditionally called the \"King's Island\", where the ancient royal dynasties ruled from its central location. The Maldives has been inhabited for over 2,500 years. Documented contact with the outside world began around 947 CE when Arab travellers began visiting the islands. In the 12th century, partly due to the importance of the Arabs and Persians as traders in the Indian Ocean, Islam reached the Maldivian Archipelago. The Maldives was soon consolidated as a sultanate, developing strong commercial and cultural ties with Asia and Africa. From the mid-16th century, the region came under the increasing influence of European colonial powers, with the Maldives becoming a British protectorate in 1887. Independence from the United Kingdom came in 1965, and a presidential republic was established in 1968 with an elected People's Majlis. The ensuing decades have seen political instability, efforts at democratic reform, and environmental challenges posed by climate change and rising sea levels. The Maldives became a founding member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC).\nFishing has historically been the dominant economic activity, and remains the second largest sector, behind the rapidly growing tourism industry. The Maldives rates \"high\" on the Human Development Index, with a per capita income significantly higher than other SAARC nations. The World Bank classifies the Maldives as having an upper-middle income economy.\nThe Maldives is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and the Non-Aligned Movement, and is a Dialogue Partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. It temporarily withdrew from the Commonwealth in October 2016 after being threatened with expulsion from the organisation for its human rights infringements and democratic backsliding. It was readmitted to the Commonwealth on 1 February 2020 after showing evidence of reform and functioning democratic processes.", "contentHash": "e88f56d454c78df9b9870ac4c89f2183bbb9de4bdd31a76106185a32a38fd1d9", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "MW:overview", "title": "Malawi", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376712201", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Malta%7CMauritius%7CMaldives%7CMalawi%7CMalaysia%7CMozambique%7CNamibia%7CNew+Caledonia%7CNiger%7CNorfolk+Island%7CNicaragua%7CNepal%7CNauru%7CNiue%7CNew+Zealand%7COman%7CPanama%7CPeru%7CFrench+Polynesia%7CPapua+New+Guinea", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:56.418Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-25T20:31:57Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1376712201", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Malawi, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Malawi, officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in Southeast Africa. It is bordered by Zambia to the west, Tanzania to the north and northeast, and Mozambique to the east, south, and southwest. Malawi spans over 118,484 km2 (45,747 sq mi) and has a population of 22,224,282 (as of July 2025). Lilongwe is its capital and largest city.\nThe part of Africa now known as Malawi was settled around the 10th century by the Akafula, also known as the Abathwa. Later, the Bantu groups came and drove out the Akafula and formed various kingdoms such as the Maravi and Nkhamanga kingdoms, that flourished from the 16th century. The British Empire began to consolidate control of the area following the 1890 British Ultimatum against the Portuguese, who had claimed the area between Angola and Mozambique in the 1885 Pink Map. In 1891, the area was designated by the British as the British Central African Protectorate, renamed Nyasaland in 1907. In 1964, Nyasaland became independent under Prime Minister Hastings Banda and was renamed Malawi. Two years later, Banda became president by converting the country into a one-party presidential republic. Banda was declared president for life in 1971. Malawi's first few decades of independence was characterized by Banda's highly repressive dictatorship. After the introduction of a multi-party system in 1993, Banda lost the 1994 general election, and the country has continued to experience peaceful transitions of power. Malawi has a democratic, multi-party republic headed by an elected president. According to the 2024 V-Dem Democracy indices, Malawi is ranked 74th electoral democracy worldwide and 11th electoral democracy in Africa. The country maintains diplomatic relations with most countries and participates in several international organisations, including the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Southern African Development Community, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, and the African Union.\nMalawi is one of the world's least developed countries. Its economy is heavily based on agriculture, and it has a largely rural and growing population. The country has a low life expectancy and high infant mortality. HIV/AIDS is highly prevalent. The diverse population includes native peoples, Asians, and Europeans. The population is predominantly Christian, and the majority are Protestant.", "contentHash": "85ba4f18d68ac30c6e08a76d5a09aa9c96803eca4166b64950bba4091da4b47f", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "MY:overview", "title": "Malaysia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378576419", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Malta%7CMauritius%7CMaldives%7CMalawi%7CMalaysia%7CMozambique%7CNamibia%7CNew+Caledonia%7CNiger%7CNorfolk+Island%7CNicaragua%7CNepal%7CNauru%7CNiue%7CNew+Zealand%7COman%7CPanama%7CPeru%7CFrench+Polynesia%7CPapua+New+Guinea", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:56.418Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-05T02:11:48Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378576419", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Malaysia, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia. A federal constitutional monarchy, it consists of 13 states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two regions: Peninsular Malaysia on Mainland Southeast Asia and East Malaysia on the island of Borneo. Peninsular Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Thailand, as well as maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, and Indonesia; East Malaysia shares land borders with Brunei and Indonesia, and maritime borders with the Philippines and Vietnam. Kuala Lumpur is the country's national capital, largest city, and the seat of the legislative branch of the federal government, while Putrajaya is the federal administrative capital, representing the seat of both the executive branch and the judicial branch of the federal government. With a population of over 34 million, it is the world's 43rd-most populous country.\nThe country has its origins in the Malay kingdoms, which, from the 18th century on, became subject to the British Empire, along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate. During World War II, British Malaya, along with other nearby British and American colonies, was occupied by the Empire of Japan. Following three years of occupation, Malaya was briefly unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 until 1948 when it was restructured as the Federation of Malaya. The country achieved independence on 31 August 1957. On 16 September 1963, independent Malaya united with the then British crown colonies of North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore to become Malaysia. In August 1965, Singapore was separated from the federation and became an independent country.\nMalaysia is tropical and is one of 17 megadiverse countries; it is home to numerous endemic species. The country is multiethnic and multicultural, which has a significant effect on its politics. About half the population is ethnically Malay, with minorities of Chinese, Indians, and indigenous peoples. The Bumiputra policy grants the Malay majority a constitutionally enshrined privileged status over Malaysian citizens who are Chinese or Indians via affirmative action measures. The official language is Malaysian Malay, a standard form of the Malay language. English remains an active second language. While recognising Islam as the official religion, the constitution grants freedom of religion to non-Muslims though conversion out of Islam is forbidden while conversion to it is allowed. The government is modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system, and the legal system is based on common law. The head of state is an elected monarch, chosen among the nine state rulers every five years. The head of government is the prime minister.\nThe country's economy was once heavily reliant on agriculture and primary commodities but is now driven by the services and manufacturing sectors. Malaysia ranks highly in peacefulness and passport strength and has a newly industrialised economy that is relatively open and state-oriented. The country is a founding member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), the East Asia Summit (EAS), and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), as well as a member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), the Commonwealth of Nations, and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC).", "contentHash": "b269ad5c8c60987af5e35dea36c0f540119d0348fc260286195eb2d154f15a47", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "MZ:overview", "title": "Mozambique", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378950793", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Malta%7CMauritius%7CMaldives%7CMalawi%7CMalaysia%7CMozambique%7CNamibia%7CNew+Caledonia%7CNiger%7CNorfolk+Island%7CNicaragua%7CNepal%7CNauru%7CNiue%7CNew+Zealand%7COman%7CPanama%7CPeru%7CFrench+Polynesia%7CPapua+New+Guinea", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:56.418Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-07T02:11:04Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378950793", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Mozambique, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique, is a country in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Eswatini and South Africa to the south and southwest. The sovereign state is separated from the Comoros, Mayotte, and Madagascar through the Mozambique Channel to the east. The capital and largest city is Maputo.\nBetween the 7th and 11th centuries, a series of Swahili port towns developed in the area, which contributed to the development of a distinct Swahili culture and dialect. In the late medieval period, these towns were frequented by traders from Somalia, Ethiopia, Egypt, Arabia, Persia, and India. The voyage of Vasco da Gama in 1498 marked the arrival of the Portuguese, who began a gradual process of colonisation and settlement in 1505. After over four centuries of Portuguese rule, Mozambique gained independence in 1975, becoming the People's Republic of Mozambique shortly thereafter. After only two years of independence, the country descended into an intense and protracted civil war lasting from 1977 to 1992. In 1994, Mozambique held its first multiparty elections and has since remained a relatively stable presidential republic, although it still faces a low-intensity insurgency mainly in the furthest regions from the southern capital and where Islam is the dominant faith.\nMozambique is endowed with rich and extensive natural resources. The country's economy is based chiefly on fishery—mostly molluscs, crustaceans and echinoderms—and agriculture, with a growing industry of food and beverages, chemical manufacturing, aluminium and oil. The tourism sector is expanding. Mozambique's GDP grew significantly after 2001, but since 2014/15, both a significant decrease in household real consumption and a sharp rise in economic inequality have been observed. The nation remains one of the poorest and most underdeveloped countries in the world, ranking low in GDP per capita, human development, measures of inequality and average life expectancy.\nMozambique's population of around 34,777,605 (as of 2024 estimates; a 2.96% increase from 2023) consists of more than 2,000 ethnic groups and is composed overwhelmingly of Bantu peoples. However, the only official language in the country is Portuguese, which is spoken in urban areas as a first or second language by most, and generally as a lingua franca between younger Mozambicans with access to formal education. The most important local languages include Tsonga, Makhuwa, Sena, Chichewa, and Swahili. Glottolog lists 46 languages spoken in the country, of which one is a signed language (Mozambican Sign Language/Língua de sinais de Moçambique). The most popular religion in Mozambique is Christianity, with significant minorities following Islam and other African traditional religions.\n\n", "contentHash": "b8701231835fc717e09d7a97f76a4d07e5cfac1fedd43d371b9b557bcc32964f", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "NA:overview", "title": "Namibia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378787907", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Malta%7CMauritius%7CMaldives%7CMalawi%7CMalaysia%7CMozambique%7CNamibia%7CNew+Caledonia%7CNiger%7CNorfolk+Island%7CNicaragua%7CNepal%7CNauru%7CNiue%7CNew+Zealand%7COman%7CPanama%7CPeru%7CFrench+Polynesia%7CPapua+New+Guinea", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:56.418Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-06T04:01:43Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378787907", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Namibia, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Zambia (via the Caprivi Strip) and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east, and South Africa to the south; in the northeast, approximating a quadripoint, Zimbabwe lies less than 200 metres (660 ft) away along the Zambezi river near Kazungula, Zambia. Namibia's capital and largest city is Windhoek.\nNamibia is the driest country in sub-Saharan Africa, and has been inhabited since prehistoric times by the Khoi, San, Damara and Nama people. Around the 14th century, immigrating Bantu peoples arrived as part of the Bantu expansion. From 1600, the Owambo formed kingdoms, such as Ondonga and Oukwanyama. In 1884, the German Empire established rule over most of the territory, forming a colony known as German South West Africa. Between 1904–08, German troops waged a punitive campaign against the Herero and Nama which escalated into the first genocide of the 20th century. German rule ended during the First World War with a 1915 defeat by South African forces. In 2021, German and Namibian diplomats created a \"reconciliation agreement\" acknowledging atrocities from the German colonial period.\nIn 1920, the League of Nations mandated administration of the colony to South Africa. The National Party, elected to power in 1948 in South Africa, applied apartheid to what was then known as South West Africa. Uprisings and demands for political representation resulted in the United Nations assuming direct responsibility over the territory in 1966, but South Africa maintained de facto rule until 1973. That year the UN recognised the South West Africa People's Organisation, SWAPO, as the official representative of the Namibian people. Namibia gained independence from South Africa in March 1990, following the South African Border War. However, Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands remained under South African control until 1994.\nNamibia is a parliamentary democracy. Agriculture, tourism and the mining industry – including mining for diamonds, uranium, gold, silver and base metals – form the basis of its economy, while the manufacturing sector is comparatively small. Despite significant GDP growth since its independence, poverty and inequality remain significant. 41% of the population is affected by multidimensional poverty, and more than 400,000 people live in informal housing. Income disparity is one of the world's highest with a Gini coefficient of 59 in 2015.\nWith a population of 3.1 million people, Namibia is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. Since the end of the Cold War, it has attracted notable immigration from Germany, Angola, and Zimbabwe. Namibia is a member state of the United Nations, the Southern African Development Community, the African Union and the Commonwealth of Nations.", "contentHash": "10fcc8ab2efd95cf84d947e5eefac5466e1ea045eedcc301374f1114b7f1b42d", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "NC:overview", "title": "New Caledonia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378160755", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Malta%7CMauritius%7CMaldives%7CMalawi%7CMalaysia%7CMozambique%7CNamibia%7CNew+Caledonia%7CNiger%7CNorfolk+Island%7CNicaragua%7CNepal%7CNauru%7CNiue%7CNew+Zealand%7COman%7CPanama%7CPeru%7CFrench+Polynesia%7CPapua+New+Guinea", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:56.418Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T05:52:05Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378160755", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "New Caledonia, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "New Caledonia is a French territory consisting of a group of islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean, 220 km (140 mi) southwest of Vanuatu and 1,210 km (750 mi) east of Australia. Located 16,100 km (10,000 mi) from Metropolitan France, it forms a sui generis collectivity of the French Republic, having a unique legal status enshrined in a dedicated chapter of the French Constitution.\nThe archipelago, part of the Melanesia subregion, includes the main island of Grande Terre, the Loyalty Islands, the Chesterfield Islands, the Belep archipelago, the Isle of Pines, and a few remote islets. The Chesterfield Islands are in the Coral Sea. French people, especially locals, call Grande Terre le Caillou, a nickname also used more generally for New Caledonia itself. Pro-independence Kanak parties use the name (la) Kanaky to refer to New Caledonia, a term coined in the 1980s from the ethnic name of the indigenous Melanesian Kanak people, who make up 41% of New Caledonia's population. New Caledonia is associated with the European Union as an overseas country and territory (OCT).\nNew Caledonia has a land area of 18,575 km2 (7,172 sq mi) divided into three provinces. The North and South Provinces are on the New Caledonian mainland, while the Loyalty Islands Province is a series of four inhabited islands off the east coast of mainland (from north to south: Ouvéa, Lifou, Tiga, and Maré). New Caledonia's population of 264,596 (April 2025 census) is of diverse origins and varies by geography; in the North and Loyalty Islands Provinces, the indigenous Kanaks predominate, while the wealthy South Province contains significant populations of European (Caldoches and Metropolitan French), Kanak, and Polynesian (mostly Wallisian) origin, as well as smaller groups of Southeast Asian, Pied-Noir, and North African heritage. The capital of New Caledonia is Nouméa.", "contentHash": "1baeefa29326c5c7619ab5d65d54bd349a7d70d0f506b651ea8b3b92fd2c4822", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "NE:overview", "title": "Niger", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378962625", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Malta%7CMauritius%7CMaldives%7CMalawi%7CMalaysia%7CMozambique%7CNamibia%7CNew+Caledonia%7CNiger%7CNorfolk+Island%7CNicaragua%7CNepal%7CNauru%7CNiue%7CNew+Zealand%7COman%7CPanama%7CPeru%7CFrench+Polynesia%7CPapua+New+Guinea", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:56.418Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-07T03:14:27Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378962625", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Niger, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Niger, officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is a unitary state bordered by Libya to the northeast, Chad to the east, Nigeria to the south, Benin and Burkina Faso to the southwest, Mali to the west and Algeria to the northwest. It covers a land area of almost 1.27 million km2 (490,000 mi2), making it the sixth-largest country in Africa and the second-largest landlocked nation in Africa behind Chad. Over 80% of its land area lies in the Sahara. Its predominantly Muslim population of about 29 million lives mostly in clusters in the south and west of the country. The capital Niamey is located in the southwest corner along the namesake Niger River.\nFollowing the spread of Islam to the region, Niger was on the fringes of some states, including the Kanem–Bornu Empire and the Mali Empire before more significant parts of its territory became included in states such as the Sultanate of Agadez and the Songhai Empire. It was colonized by France during the Scramble for Africa as part of French West Africa, becoming a distinct colony in 1922. Since obtaining independence in 1960, Niger has experienced five coups d'état and four periods of military rule. Niger's seventh and most recent constitution was enacted in 2010, establishing a multiparty, unitary semi-presidential system. Following the most recent coup in 2023, the country has been ruled by National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland, a military junta, led by President Abdourahamane Tiani.\nThe Hausa are the largest ethnic group, making up around 56% of the population. Hausa is the official and national language; English and French serve as the working languages as per the 2025 transitional charter under President Tiani. According to the UN's Multidimensional Poverty Index report of 2023, Niger is one of the poorest countries in the world. Some non-desert portions of the country undergo periodic drought and desertification. Its economy is concentrated around subsistence agriculture, with some export agriculture in the less arid south, and the export of raw materials, including uranium ore. It faces challenges to development due to its landlocked position, desert terrain, low literacy rate, an Islamist insurgency, and high fertility rates due to birth control not being used and the resulting rapid population growth.", "contentHash": "6a165ab15f0aea984d80acd7934de1cf2a302bf338fd5aa49418dca404f181d0", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "NF:overview", "title": "Norfolk Island", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378191125", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Malta%7CMauritius%7CMaldives%7CMalawi%7CMalaysia%7CMozambique%7CNamibia%7CNew+Caledonia%7CNiger%7CNorfolk+Island%7CNicaragua%7CNepal%7CNauru%7CNiue%7CNew+Zealand%7COman%7CPanama%7CPeru%7CFrench+Polynesia%7CPapua+New+Guinea", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:56.418Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T11:27:38Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378191125", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Norfolk Island, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Norfolk Island (, NOR-fək or locally , NOR-fohk; Norf'k Ailen) is an external territory of Australia located in the Pacific Ocean between New Zealand and New Caledonia, 1,412 kilometres (877 mi) directly east of Australia's Evans Head and about 900 kilometres (560 mi) from Lord Howe Island. Together with the neighbouring Phillip Island and Nepean Island, the three islands collectively form the Territory of Norfolk Island. At the 2021 census, it had 2,188 inhabitants living on a total area of about 35 km2 (14 sq mi). Its capital is Kingston.\n\nEast Polynesians were the first to settle Norfolk Island, but they had already departed when Great Britain settled it as part of its 1788 colonisation of Australia. The island served as a convict penal settlement from 6 March 1788 until 5 May 1855, except for an 11-year hiatus between 15 February 1814 and 6 June 1825, when it lay abandoned. On 8 June 1856, permanent civilian residence on the island began when descendants of the Bounty mutineers were relocated from Pitcairn Island. The island was formally transferred from the United Kingdom to Australia in 1914.\nNative to the island, the evergreen Norfolk Island pine is a symbol of the island and is pictured on its flag. The pine is a key export for Norfolk Island, being a popular ornamental tree in Australia (where two related species grow), and also worldwide.", "contentHash": "103483aa3ccb9797f6815ab4f54f67dc501cba9ca3451f8f0b21a6697d3bff4c", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "NI:overview", "title": "Nicaragua", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378745878", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Malta%7CMauritius%7CMaldives%7CMalawi%7CMalaysia%7CMozambique%7CNamibia%7CNew+Caledonia%7CNiger%7CNorfolk+Island%7CNicaragua%7CNepal%7CNauru%7CNiue%7CNew+Zealand%7COman%7CPanama%7CPeru%7CFrench+Polynesia%7CPapua+New+Guinea", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:56.418Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-06T00:32:20Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378745878", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Nicaragua, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Nicaragua, officially the Republic of Nicaragua, is a country in Central America, comprising 130,370 square kilometers (50,340 sq mi). With a population of 7,097,329 as of 2026, it is the third-most populous country in Central America after Guatemala and Honduras, and the largest by area in all of Central America.\nNicaragua is bordered by Honduras to the north, the Caribbean Sea of the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Costa Rica to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The country also shares maritime borders with El Salvador to the west and Colombia to the east. Nicaragua's largest city and national capital is Managua, which is also the fourth-largest city in Central America, with a population of 1,055,247 as of December 2020. Nicaragua is known as \"the breadbasket of Central America\" due to having the most fertile soil and arable land in all of Central America. The official language is Spanish, though different groups on the Caribbean coast (Mosquitia) speak their own languages and English. The mixture of cultural traditions has generated substantial diversity in folklore, cuisine, music, and literature, including contributions by Nicaraguan poets and writers such as Rubén Darío.\nOriginally inhabited by various indigenous cultures since ancient times, the region was conquered by the Spanish Empire in the 16th century. Nicaragua gained independence from Spain in 1821. The Caribbean region (Mosquitia) followed a different historical path, being an independent kingdom under British protection from the 17th century until 1860 with the signing of the Treaty of Managua, which brought it into a union with Nicaragua, while its northernmost part was placed under Honduras by the Wyke-Cruz Treaty of 1859. Since its independence, Nicaragua has undergone periods of political unrest, dictatorship, American occupation and fiscal crisis, as well as the Nicaraguan Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s and the Contra War of the 1980s.\nThough nominally a unitary presidential republic, Nicaragua has experienced significant democratic backsliding since 2007 under the presidency of Daniel Ortega, resulting in large protests in 2018 and a subsequent crackdown. Following the 2021 election, it has been widely described as an authoritarian dictatorship, and the next national elections were effectively canceled in 2026. It is a developing country and has the second lowest GDP per capita (nominal) and fourth lowest GDP per capita (PPP) among Latin American and Caribbean countries. In 2025, Nicaragua was ranked as the second-most corrupt country in Latin America, after Venezuela, by the Corruption Perceptions Index. Nicaragua's multiethnic population includes people of mestizo, indigenous, European, and African heritage.\nKnown as the \"land of lakes and volcanoes\", Nicaragua is also home to the Bosawás Biosphere Reserve, the second-largest tropical rainforest of the Americas. The biological diversity, warm tropical climate and active volcanoes have made Nicaragua an increasingly popular tourist destination. Nicaragua is a founding member of the United Nations and is also a member of the Non-Aligned Movement, Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America, and Community of Latin American and Caribbean States.", "contentHash": "4168bcdad1a0f072014a0b01fd931271710a830680efdd3d1c4c0be1cb8bec4f", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "NP:overview", "title": "Nepal", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378933633", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Malta%7CMauritius%7CMaldives%7CMalawi%7CMalaysia%7CMozambique%7CNamibia%7CNew+Caledonia%7CNiger%7CNorfolk+Island%7CNicaragua%7CNepal%7CNauru%7CNiue%7CNew+Zealand%7COman%7CPanama%7CPeru%7CFrench+Polynesia%7CPapua+New+Guinea", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:56.418Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-07T00:18:49Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378933633", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Nepal, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is mainly situated in the Himalayas, but also includes parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north, and India to the south, east, and west, while it is narrowly separated from Bangladesh by the Siliguri Corridor, and from Bhutan by the Indian state of Sikkim. Nepal has a diverse geography, including fertile plains, subalpine forested hills, and eight of the world's ten highest mountains, including Mount Everest, the highest point above mean sea level on Earth. Kathmandu is the nation's capital and its largest city. Nepal is a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-religious, and multi-cultural sovereign state, with Nepali as the official language.\nParts of northern Nepal were intertwined with the culture of Tibet. The centrally located Kathmandu Valley is intertwined with the culture of Indo-Aryans, and was the seat of the prosperous Newar confederacy known as Nepal Mandala. The Himalayan branch of the ancient Silk Road was dominated by the valley's traders. The cosmopolitan region developed distinct traditional art and architecture. By the 18th century, the Gorkha Kingdom achieved the unification of Nepal. The Shah dynasty established the Kingdom of Nepal and later formed an alliance with the British Empire, under its Rana dynasty of premiers. The country was never colonised but served as a buffer state between Imperial China and British India. Parliamentary democracy was introduced in 1951 but was twice suspended by Nepalese monarchs, in 1960 and 2005. The Nepalese Civil War in the 1990s and early 2000s resulted in the establishment of a secular republic in 2008, ending the world's last Hindu monarchy. The Constitution of Nepal, adopted in 2015, affirms the country as a federal parliamentary republic divided into seven provinces. \nNepal's foreign policy focuses on neutrality, sovereignty, and multilateral cooperation. Nepal was admitted to the United Nations in 1955, and friendship treaties were signed with India in 1950 and China in 1960. Nepal hosts the permanent secretariat of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), of which it is a founding member. Nepal is also a member of the Non-Aligned Movement and the Bay of Bengal Initiative. Nepal's foreign relations also emphasise development assistance, trade partnerships, and promoting peace and stability in South Asia.\n\n", "contentHash": "92d6c1e517dc6b8b15a7f6c264de9eb8b50b9e87f3007a5db549fe1906ca3b55", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "NR:overview", "title": "Nauru", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378848528", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Malta%7CMauritius%7CMaldives%7CMalawi%7CMalaysia%7CMozambique%7CNamibia%7CNew+Caledonia%7CNiger%7CNorfolk+Island%7CNicaragua%7CNepal%7CNauru%7CNiue%7CNew+Zealand%7COman%7CPanama%7CPeru%7CFrench+Polynesia%7CPapua+New+Guinea", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:56.418Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-06T13:44:09Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378848528", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Nauru, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Nauru (), officially the Republic of Naoero (), is an island country and microstate in the South Pacific Ocean. It lies within the Micronesia subregion of Oceania, with its nearest neighbour being Banaba (part of Kiribati) about 300 kilometres (190 mi) to the east. Yaren is its de facto capital.\nWith an area of only 21 square kilometres (8.1 mi2; 2,100 ha; 5,200 acres), Nauru is the third-smallest country in the world, as well as the smallest member state of the Commonwealth of Nations by both area and population. Its population of about 12,000 is the world's third-smallest (not including colonies or overseas territories). Nauru is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States.\nFirst settled by Micronesians circa 1000 BCE, Nauru was annexed and claimed as a colony by the German Empire in the late 19th century. It was occupied by Australia during World War I and subsequently became a League of Nations mandate administered by Australia with New Zealand and the United Kingdom as co-trustees. Nauru was occupied by Japan for three years during World War II and became a United Nations trust territory after the war's end. Nauru gained its independence from Australia in 1968. At various points since 2001, it has accepted aid from the Australian Government in exchange for hosting the Nauru Regional Processing Centre, a controversial offshore Australian immigration detention facility. As a result of heavy dependence on Australia, some sources have identified Nauru as an Australian client state.\nNauru is a phosphate-rock island with rich deposits near the surface, as a result of which most of its interior was profitably, but destructively strip-mined for about a century starting in 1900. The island's viable phosphate reserves were exhausted in the 1990s and, in a classic example of the resource curse, mismanagement of the island's accumulated mining wealth resulted in serious financial troubles through the 2000s. Nauru's economy gradually recovered in the 2010s.", "contentHash": "7cd11dd428bfab3d6dc3a027e96a073e7d8b1216f668d07d1bce54f7a64771e9", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "NU:overview", "title": "Niue", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378818720", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Malta%7CMauritius%7CMaldives%7CMalawi%7CMalaysia%7CMozambique%7CNamibia%7CNew+Caledonia%7CNiger%7CNorfolk+Island%7CNicaragua%7CNepal%7CNauru%7CNiue%7CNew+Zealand%7COman%7CPanama%7CPeru%7CFrench+Polynesia%7CPapua+New+Guinea", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:56.418Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-06T08:17:34Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378818720", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Niue, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Niue is a self-governing island country in the South Pacific Ocean, in Polynesia, part of Oceania. Like the neighboring Cook Islands, it is in free association with New Zealand. Its population is predominantly Polynesian. As one of the world's largest coral islands, Niue is nicknamed \"The Rock\", which comes from the traditional name \"Rock of Polynesia\".\nNiue's position is inside a triangle drawn between Tonga, Samoa, and the Cook Islands. It is 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) northeast of New Zealand, and 604 kilometres (375 mi) northeast of Tonga. Niue's land area is about 261.46 square kilometres (100.95 mi2) and its population was 1,689 at the Census in 2022.\nThe terrain of the island has two noticeable levels. The higher level is made up of a limestone cliff running along the coast, with a plateau in the centre of the island reaching approximately 60 metres (200 ft) above sea level. The lower level is a coastal terrace approximately 500 metres (1,600 ft) wide and about 25–27 metres (80–90 feet) high, which slopes down and meets the sea in small cliffs. A coral reef surrounds the island; the only major break in the reef is in the central western coast, close to the capital, Alofi.\nNiue is subdivided into 14 villages (municipalities). Each village has a council that elects its chairperson; they are also electoral districts, and each sends an assemblyperson to the Niue Assembly (parliament).\nSince Niue is part of the Realm of New Zealand, most diplomatic relations on behalf of Niue are conducted by New Zealand. Niueans are citizens of New Zealand, and Charles III is Niue's head of state in his capacity as King of New Zealand. \nAs of 2006, between 90% and 95% of Niuean people live in New Zealand, along with about 70% of the speakers of the Niuean language. Niue is a bilingual country: 30% of the population speak both Niuean and English; 11% speak only English; and 46% speak only Niuean.\nNiue is a parliamentary democracy; legislative elections are held every three years. Niue is not a member of the United Nations (UN); however, UN organisations accept its status as a freely associated state, equivalent to an independent state for the purposes of international law. As such, Niue is a member of some UN specialised agencies (such as UNESCO and the WHO), and is invited, along with the other non-UN member state, the Cook Islands, to attend United Nations conferences open to \"all states\". Niue has been a member of the Pacific Community since 1980.", "contentHash": "e574cad21999622cdc321fe7699a56dfff9b6bf838a5587c7eeedd6c07cdb8ed", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "NZ:overview", "title": "New Zealand", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376912799", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Malta%7CMauritius%7CMaldives%7CMalawi%7CMalaysia%7CMozambique%7CNamibia%7CNew+Caledonia%7CNiger%7CNorfolk+Island%7CNicaragua%7CNepal%7CNauru%7CNiue%7CNew+Zealand%7COman%7CPanama%7CPeru%7CFrench+Polynesia%7CPapua+New+Guinea", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:56.418Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-26T23:31:43Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1376912799", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "New Zealand, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "New Zealand (Māori: Aotearoa, pronounced [aɔˈtɛaɾɔa] ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It comprises two main landmasses—the North Island (Te Ika-a-Māui) and the South Island (Te Waipounamu)—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island country by area and lies east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and south of the islands of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. The country's varied topography and sharp mountain peaks, including the Southern Alps (Kā Tiritiri o te Moana), owe much to tectonic uplift and volcanic eruptions. New Zealand's capital city is Wellington, and its most populous city is Auckland.\nThe islands of New Zealand were the last large habitable land to be settled by humans. Between about 1280 and 1350, Polynesians began to settle in the islands and subsequently developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight and record New Zealand. In 1769, the British explorer Captain James Cook became the first European to set foot on and map New Zealand. In 1840, representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which paved the way for Britain's declaration of sovereignty later that year and the establishment of the Colony of New Zealand in 1841. Subsequently, a series of conflicts between the colonial government and Māori tribes resulted in the alienation and confiscation of large amounts of Māori land. New Zealand became a dominion in 1907; it gained full statutory independence in 1947, retaining the monarch as head of state. Today, the majority of New Zealand's population of around 5.3 million is of European descent; the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pasifika. Reflecting this, New Zealand's culture mainly derives from Māori and early British settlers but has recently broadened from increased immigration. The official languages are English, Māori, and New Zealand Sign Language, with the local dialect of English being dominant.\nA developed country, New Zealand was the first to introduce a minimum wage and to give women the right to vote. Recognised as a middle power, New Zealand ranks very highly in international measures of quality of life and human rights and has one of the lowest levels of perceived corruption in the world. It retains visible levels of inequality, including structural disparities between its Māori and European populations. During the 1980s, New Zealand underwent major economic changes that transformed it from a protectionist to a liberalised free-trade economy. The service sector dominates the country's economy, followed by the industrial sector, and agriculture; international tourism is also a significant source of revenue. New Zealand and Australia have a strong relationship and are considered to share a strong Trans-Tasman identity, stemming from centuries of British colonisation. The country is part of multiple international organisations and forums.\nNationally, legislative authority is vested in an elected, unicameral Parliament, while executive political power is exercised by the Government, led by the prime minister, currently Christopher Luxon. Charles III is the country's king and is represented by the governor-general, Cindy Kiro. New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes. The Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau (a dependent territory); the Cook Islands and Niue (self-governing states in free association with New Zealand); and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealand's territorial claim in Antarctica.", "contentHash": "78847ab9d153ced411c5da4982f1c2a8e3a80e3785c21653739b78790af53829", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "OM:overview", "title": "Oman", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1379011005", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Malta%7CMauritius%7CMaldives%7CMalawi%7CMalaysia%7CMozambique%7CNamibia%7CNew+Caledonia%7CNiger%7CNorfolk+Island%7CNicaragua%7CNepal%7CNauru%7CNiue%7CNew+Zealand%7COman%7CPanama%7CPeru%7CFrench+Polynesia%7CPapua+New+Guinea", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:56.418Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-07T10:29:57Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1379011005", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Oman, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman, is a country in the southeastern Arabian Peninsula in West Asia. It shares land borders with Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen, and maritime borders with Iran and Pakistan. Its coastline extends along the Arabian Sea to the southeast and the Gulf of Oman to the northeast. The exclaves of Madha and Musandam are surrounded by the United Arab Emirates on their land borders, while Musandam's coastal boundaries are formed by the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman. With an area of 315,331 km2 (121,750 sq mi) and a population of approximately 5.46 million, Oman is the third-largest country on the Arabian Peninsula. Muscat is the capital and largest city, Islam is the state religion, and Arabic is the official language.\nOman has been continuously ruled by the Al Bu Said dynasty since 1744. Beginning in the 17th century, Oman emerged as a major regional power, expelling the Portuguese from its coastal possessions and establishing an empire that competed with the British and Portuguese for influence in the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean. At its peak in the 19th century, Omani influence and control extended across the Strait of Hormuz to what later became Iran and Pakistan, and as far south as Zanzibar. In the 20th century, Oman came under the influence of the British Empire while de jure remaining sovereign. After the Dhofar rebellion and the 1970 Omani coup d'état, the state of Muscat and Oman transitioned into the modern state under Qaboos bin Said.\nOman is an absolute monarchy ruled by a sultan, who serves as both head of state and head of government. Executive authority is exercised through the Council of Ministers, while the bicameral Council of Oman consists of the appointed Council of State and the elected Consultative Assembly. Qaboos bin Said served as sultan from 1970 until his death in 2020. His nearly five-decade reign marked the beginning of a period of rapid modernization now known as the Omani Renaissance, which saw a rise in the country's living standards, the abolition of slavery, the end of the Dhofar Rebellion, and the promulgation of Oman's constitution. In 2020, Haitham bin Tariq succeeded Qaboos as the Sultan of Oman.\nOman's oil reserves are ranked as the 22nd largest globally. In 2010, the United Nations Development Programme recognised Oman as the most improved country in the world in terms of development during the preceding 40 years. A portion of Oman's economy involves tourism, and trade of fish, dates and other agricultural produce. The World Bank classifies Oman as a high-income economy. As of 2024, Oman ranks as the 42nd most peaceful country in the world in the Global Peace Index and the third-most peaceful country in the Middle East and North Africa. Oman is a member of the United Nations, the Arab League, the Gulf Cooperation Council, the Non-Aligned Movement, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.\n\n", "contentHash": "03948c2eb02d1ba65695fa8e135f8422383a083f30894cddf1a6198c2ca51aeb", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "PA:overview", "title": "Panama", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1375344945", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Malta%7CMauritius%7CMaldives%7CMalawi%7CMalaysia%7CMozambique%7CNamibia%7CNew+Caledonia%7CNiger%7CNorfolk+Island%7CNicaragua%7CNepal%7CNauru%7CNiue%7CNew+Zealand%7COman%7CPanama%7CPeru%7CFrench+Polynesia%7CPapua+New+Guinea", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:56.418Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-17T06:52:36Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1375344945", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Panama, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Panama, officially the Republic of Panama, is a country located at the southern end of Central America in North America, bordering South America. It is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the south. Its capital and largest city is Panama City, whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half of the country's over 4 million inhabitants.\nBefore the arrival of Spanish colonists in the 16th century, Panama was inhabited by a number of different Indigenous peoples. It broke away from Spain in 1821 and joined the Republic of Gran Colombia, a union of Nueva Granada, Ecuador, and Venezuela. After Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831, Panama and Nueva Granada eventually became the Republic of Colombia. With the backing of the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, allowing the construction of the Panama Canal to be completed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. The 1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties agreed to transfer the canal from the United States to Panama on December 31, 1999. The surrounding territory was returned first, in 1979.\nRevenue from canal tolls has continued to represent a significant portion of Panama's GDP, especially after the Panama Canal expansion project (finished in 2016) doubled its capacity. Commerce, banking, and tourism are major sectors. Panama is regarded as having a high-income economy. In 2019, Panama ranked 57th in the world in terms of the Human Development Index. In 2018, Panama was ranked the seventh-most competitive economy in Latin America, according to the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Index. Panama was ranked 82nd in the Global Innovation Index in 2025. Covering around 40 percent of its land area, Panama's jungles are home to an abundance of tropical plants and animals – some of them found nowhere else on Earth.\nPanama is a founding member of the United Nations and other international organizations such as the Organization of American States, Latin America Integration Association, Group of 77, World Health Organization, and Non-Aligned Movement.", "contentHash": "1c54e96c218cee2d4e640a49bbe2c549aa6fe10abb3ea26430fc587bf7b177e3", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "PE:overview", "title": "Peru", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378860443", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Malta%7CMauritius%7CMaldives%7CMalawi%7CMalaysia%7CMozambique%7CNamibia%7CNew+Caledonia%7CNiger%7CNorfolk+Island%7CNicaragua%7CNepal%7CNauru%7CNiue%7CNew+Zealand%7COman%7CPanama%7CPeru%7CFrench+Polynesia%7CPapua+New+Guinea", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:56.418Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-06T15:31:18Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378860443", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Peru, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered to the north by Ecuador and Colombia, to the east by Brazil, to the southeast by Bolivia, to the south by Chile, and to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a megadiverse country, with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west, to the peaks of the Andes mountains extending from the north to the southeast of the country, to the tropical Amazon basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon River. Peru has a population of over 32 million, and its capital and largest city is Lima. At 1,285,216 km2 (496,225 sq mi), Peru is the 19th largest country in the world, and the third largest in South America.\nPeruvian territory was home to several cultures during the ancient and medieval periods, and has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country, tracing its heritage back to the 10th millennium BCE Caral–Supe civilization, the earliest civilization in the Americas and considered one of the cradles of civilization. Notable succeeding cultures and civilizations include the Nazca culture, the Moche, Wari and Tiwanaku empires, the Kingdom of Cusco, and the Inca Empire, the largest known state in the pre-Columbian Americas. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and Charles V established a viceroyalty with the official name of the Kingdom of Peru that encompassed most of its South American territories, with its capital in Lima. Higher education started in the Americas with the official establishment of the National University of San Marcos in Lima in 1551.\nPeru formally proclaimed independence from Spain in 1821, and following the military campaigns of Bernardo O'Higgins, José de San Martín, and Simón Bolívar, as well as the decisive battle of Ayacucho, it completed its independence in 1824. In the ensuing years, the country first suffered from political instability until a period of relative economic and political stability began due to the exploitation of guano that ended with the War of the Pacific (1879–1884). Throughout the 20th century, Peru grappled with political and social instability, including the internal conflict between the state and guerrilla groups, interspersed with periods of economic growth. Implementation of Plan Verde shifted Peru towards neoliberal economics under the authoritarian rule of Alberto Fujimori and Vladimiro Montesinos in the 1990s, with the former's political ideology of Fujimorism leaving a lasting imprint on the country's governance that continues to the present day. The 2000s marked economic expansion and poverty reduction, but the subsequent decade revealed long-existing sociopolitical vulnerabilities, exacerbated by a political crisis instigated by Congress and the COVID-19 pandemic, precipitating the period of unrest beginning in 2022.\nThe sovereign state of Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its main economic activities include mining, manufacturing, agriculture and fishing, along with other growing sectors such as telecommunications and biotechnology. The country forms part of The Pacific Pumas, a political and economic grouping of countries along Latin America's Pacific coast that share common trends of positive growth, stable macroeconomic foundations, improved governance and an openness to global integration. Peru ranks high in social freedom; it is an active member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Pacific Alliance, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership and the World Trade Organization; it is regarded as a middle power.\nPeru's population includes Mestizos, Amerindians, White people, Afro-descedant people, and Asian people. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechuan languages, Aymara, or other Indigenous languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music. Peru has recently gained international recognition for its vibrant gastronomy, blending Indigenous, Spanish, African, and Asian influences. Lima is now considered a global culinary capital, home to award-winning restaurants like Central and Maido.\n\n", "contentHash": "73e076d049a46523fe48dfd0d6f118cd10f50898fe65f900550e8749b59b7b5f", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "PF:overview", "title": "French Polynesia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378590309", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Malta%7CMauritius%7CMaldives%7CMalawi%7CMalaysia%7CMozambique%7CNamibia%7CNew+Caledonia%7CNiger%7CNorfolk+Island%7CNicaragua%7CNepal%7CNauru%7CNiue%7CNew+Zealand%7COman%7CPanama%7CPeru%7CFrench+Polynesia%7CPapua+New+Guinea", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:56.418Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-05T03:18:10Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378590309", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "French Polynesia, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "French Polynesia ( POL-ih-NEE-zhə; French: Polynésie française [pɔlinezi fʁɑ̃sɛːz] ; Tahitian: Pōrīnetia farāni) is an overseas collectivity of France and its sole overseas country; it is classified as a non-self-governing territory by the United Nations. It comprises 121 geographically dispersed islands and atolls stretching over more than 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) in the South Pacific Ocean. French Polynesia is associated with the European Union as an overseas country and territory (OCT). The total land area of French Polynesia is 3,521 square kilometres (1,359 sq mi), with a population of 282,596 as of September 2025 of which at least 205,000 live in the Society Islands and the remaining population lives in the rest of the archipelago.\nFrench Polynesia is divided into five island groups: the Austral Islands; the Gambier Islands; the Marquesas Islands; the Society Islands (comprising the Leeward and Windward Islands); and the Tuamotus. Among its 121 islands and atolls, 75 were inhabited at the 2017 census. Tahiti, which is in the Society Islands group, is the most populous island, home to nearly 69% of the population of French Polynesia as of 2017. Papeete, located on Tahiti, is the capital of French Polynesia. Although not an integral part of its territory, Clipperton Island was administered from French Polynesia until 2007.\nHundreds of years after the Great Polynesian Migration, European explorers began traveling through the region, visiting the islands of French Polynesia on several occasions. Traders and whaling ships also visited. In 1842, the French took over the islands and established a French protectorate that they called Établissements français d'Océanie (EFO; French Establishments/Settlements of Oceania).\nIn 1946, the EFO became an overseas territory under the constitution of the French Fourth Republic, and Polynesians were granted the right to vote through citizenship. In 1957, the territory was renamed French Polynesia. In 1983, it became a member of the Pacific Community, a regional development organization. Since 28 March 2003, French Polynesia has been an overseas collectivity of the French Republic under the constitutional revision of article 74, and later gained, with law 2004-192 of 27 February 2004, an administrative autonomy, two symbolic manifestations of which are the title of the President of French Polynesia and its additional designation as an overseas country.", "contentHash": "88399939c678513824b259faaebea17580cdcedeacb4373d8698cdff334f5ccb", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "PG:overview", "title": "Papua New Guinea", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377852219", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Malta%7CMauritius%7CMaldives%7CMalawi%7CMalaysia%7CMozambique%7CNamibia%7CNew+Caledonia%7CNiger%7CNorfolk+Island%7CNicaragua%7CNepal%7CNauru%7CNiue%7CNew+Zealand%7COman%7CPanama%7CPeru%7CFrench+Polynesia%7CPapua+New+Guinea", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:56.418Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-01T14:39:07Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377852219", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Papua New Guinea, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Papua New Guinea (PNG), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is an island nation in Oceania that comprises the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and offshore islands in Melanesia, a region of the southwestern Pacific Ocean north of Australia. It has a land border with Indonesia to the west and maritime borders with Australia to the south and the Solomon Islands to the east. Its capital is Port Moresby. The country's 462,840 km2 (178,700 mi2) includes a large mainland and hundreds of islands.\nThe eastern half of New Guinea was divided in 1884 between German New Guinea in the north and British New Guinea in the south, with the latter ceded to Australia in 1902 and reorganised as the Territory of Papua. Australia occupied German New Guinea during World War I and then administered the territory as a League of Nations mandate. The nation was the site of fierce fighting during the New Guinea campaign of World War II, following which the two territories were united in 1949. Papua New Guinea was granted independence as a Commonwealth realm in 1975. Representing the monarch is a governor-general. Politics take place within a Westminster system, with the government led by a prime minister. Members of the National Parliament, the unicameral legislative body, also serve as provincial leaders.\nThe population is highly rural, with only 14% living in urban centres in 2023. The persistence of traditional communities and lifestyles is explicitly protected by the Papua New Guinea Constitution. While official population estimates suggest the population is around 11.8 million, estimates using satellite data put the number closer to 17 million. The population is extremely diverse. There are 840 known spoken languages, making it the most linguistically diverse country in the world. Cultural practices are similarly diverse. Many cultural and linguistic groups are small, although English and Tok Pisin serve as common languages. This diversity has led to friction, especially in politics, and the government has struggled to combat violence against women.\nThe country has a large Christian majority population, of several different denominations, and in March 2025 its constitution was amended to adopt Christianity as the official state religion.\nThe rural and diverse population is a result of highly mountainous geography. The land supports around 5% of all known species, and the export-driven economy is also dependent on natural resources. Papua New Guinea is a developing economy where nearly 40% of the population are subsistence farmers living relatively independently of the cash economy. The country retains close ties to Australia, and has enhanced ties with both Asia and the Pacific.", "contentHash": "d6be900da0fd690e62dba99e9b325e40649fb079679be6676ba4a763a0255f52", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "PH:overview", "title": "Philippines", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378735398", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Philippines%7CSt.+Pierre+and+Miquelon%7CPitcairn+Islands%7CPuerto+Rico%7CState+of+Palestine%7CPalau%7CParaguay%7CQatar%7CRomania%7CSerbia%7CRwanda%7CSolomon+Islands%7CSeychelles%7CSudan%7CSingapore%7CSaint+Helena%2C+Ascension+and+Tristan+da+Cunha%7CSlovenia%7CSlovakia%7CSierra+Leone%7CSan+Marino", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:58.837Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-05T23:39:45Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378735398", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Philippines, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of about 7,641 islands, with a total area of about 300,000 square kilometers. The islands are broadly categorized into three main geographical divisions: from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. With a population of over 114 million, it is the world's thirteenth-most-populous country.\nThe Philippines is bounded by the South China Sea to the west, the Philippine Sea to the east, and the Celebes Sea to the south. It shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Japan to the northeast, Palau to southeast, Indonesia to the south, Malaysia to the southwest, Vietnam to the west, and China to the northwest. It has diverse ethnicities and a rich culture. Manila is the country's capital, and its most populated city is Quezon City. Both are within Metro Manila.\nNegritos, the archipelago's earliest inhabitants, were followed by waves of Austronesian peoples. The adoption of animism, Hinduism with Buddhist influence, and Islam established island-kingdoms. Extensive overseas trade with neighbors such as the late Tang or Song empire brought Chinese people to the archipelago as well, who would also gradually settle in and intermix over the centuries. The arrival of the explorer Ferdinand Magellan marked the beginning of Spanish colonization. In 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago las Islas Filipinas in honor of King Philip II. Catholicism became the dominant religion, and Manila became the western hub of trans-Pacific trade. Hispanic immigrants from Latin America and Iberia would also selectively colonize. The Philippine Revolution began in 1896, and became entwined with the 1898 Spanish–American War. Spain ceded the territory to the United States, and Filipino revolutionaries declared the First Philippine Republic. The ensuing Philippine–American War ended with the United States controlling the territory until the Japanese invasion of the islands during World War II. After the United States retook the Philippines from the Japanese, the Philippines became independent in 1946. Since then, the country notably experienced a period of martial law from 1972 to 1981 under the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos and his subsequent overthrow by the People Power Revolution in 1986, returning to democracy.\nThe Philippines is an emerging market and a developing and newly industrialized country, whose economy is transitioning from being agricultural to service- and manufacturing-centered. It has a variety of natural resources and a globally-significant level of biodiversity. The country is also part of multiple international organizations and forums, mainly in the Asia-Pacific region. Despite its fast economic growth, it continues to struggle with inequality, widespread corruption, and vulnerability to natural disasters due to its location both within the Pacific Ring of Fire and near the equator, making it prone to earthquakes, monsoon rains, and typhoons, to which the Philippines has built a resilience.", "contentHash": "ef84556971f891a1423bd9ba046306125a3d09db447971fa640f17d035c4c999", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "PM:overview", "title": "Saint Pierre and Miquelon", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1375947292", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Philippines%7CSt.+Pierre+and+Miquelon%7CPitcairn+Islands%7CPuerto+Rico%7CState+of+Palestine%7CPalau%7CParaguay%7CQatar%7CRomania%7CSerbia%7CRwanda%7CSolomon+Islands%7CSeychelles%7CSudan%7CSingapore%7CSaint+Helena%2C+Ascension+and+Tristan+da+Cunha%7CSlovenia%7CSlovakia%7CSierra+Leone%7CSan+Marino", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:58.837Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-21T02:00:05Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1375947292", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Saint Pierre and Miquelon (, MEEK-ə-lon), officially the Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (French: Collectivité territoriale de Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon; pronounced [sɛ̃.pjɛ.ʁ‿e.mi.klɔ̃]), is a self-governing territorial overseas collectivity of France in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, located off the Canadian island of Newfoundland. Saint Pierre and Miquelon is an archipelago of eight islands, covering 242 km2 (93 sq mi) of land. It had an estimated population of 5,513 in 2026 and its residents are French citizens; they elect their own deputy to the National Assembly and participate in senatorial and presidential elections.\nSaint Pierre and Miquelon is an overseas country and territory (OCT) of the European Union, although not an integral part of it. It is neither part of the Schengen area, nor of the European customs territory. On the other hand, the euro is the official currency in Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and its inhabitants have European Union citizenship. The territory is also part of the Regional Joint Cooperation Commission (Atlantic Canada Cooperation), the Halifax Search and Rescue Region and the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization.\nThe islands are in the Gulf of St. Lawrence near the entrance of Fortune Bay, which extends into the southwestern coast of Newfoundland, near the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. St. Pierre is 19 kilometres (10+1⁄2 nautical miles) from Point May on the Burin Peninsula of Newfoundland and 3,819 kilometres (2,373 mi) from Brest, the nearest city in Metropolitan France. The tiny Canadian Green Island lies 10 kilometres (5+1⁄2 nmi) east of Saint Pierre, roughly halfway to Point May.", "contentHash": "642b7c035bad93334e86a70a69accefe78fd32546026520eba541c5475e9f859", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "PN:overview", "title": "Pitcairn Islands", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378456394", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Philippines%7CSt.+Pierre+and+Miquelon%7CPitcairn+Islands%7CPuerto+Rico%7CState+of+Palestine%7CPalau%7CParaguay%7CQatar%7CRomania%7CSerbia%7CRwanda%7CSolomon+Islands%7CSeychelles%7CSudan%7CSingapore%7CSaint+Helena%2C+Ascension+and+Tristan+da+Cunha%7CSlovenia%7CSlovakia%7CSierra+Leone%7CSan+Marino", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:58.837Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-04T16:10:06Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378456394", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Pitcairn Islands, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "The Pitcairn Islands ( PIT-kairn; Pitkern: Pitkern Ailen), officially Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands, are a group of four volcanic islands in the southern Pacific Ocean that form the sole British Overseas Territory in the Pacific Ocean. The four islands—Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno—are scattered across several hundred kilometres of ocean and have a combined land area of about 47 square kilometres (18 square miles). Henderson Island accounts for 86% of the land area, but only Pitcairn Island is inhabited. The inhabited islands nearest to the Pitcairn Islands are Mangareva (of French Polynesia), 688 km (428 miles) to the west, as well as Easter Island, 1,929 km (1199 miles) to the east.\nThe Pitcairn Islanders are descended primarily from nine British HMS Bounty mutineers and twelve Tahitian women. In 2023, the territory had a permanent population of 35, making it the smallest territory in the world by number of permanent residents. Owing to the island's extreme isolation and small population, incidents of widespread sexual abuse went undetected until 1999, culminating in a high-profile sexual assault trial in 2004.", "contentHash": "56b99b725aaa7a93eddcdc6d3fe69641b9b64bf76547760e40f9aff258999f15", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "PR:overview", "title": "Puerto Rico", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378917908", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Philippines%7CSt.+Pierre+and+Miquelon%7CPitcairn+Islands%7CPuerto+Rico%7CState+of+Palestine%7CPalau%7CParaguay%7CQatar%7CRomania%7CSerbia%7CRwanda%7CSolomon+Islands%7CSeychelles%7CSudan%7CSingapore%7CSaint+Helena%2C+Ascension+and+Tristan+da+Cunha%7CSlovenia%7CSlovakia%7CSierra+Leone%7CSan+Marino", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:58.837Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-06T22:27:40Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378917908", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Puerto Rico, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Puerto Rico (abbreviated PR), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, is a self-governing Caribbean archipelago and island organized as an unincorporated territory of the United States under the designation of commonwealth. Located about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southeast of Miami, Florida, between the Dominican Republic in the Greater Antilles and the U.S. Virgin Islands in the Lesser Antilles, it consists of the eponymous main island and numerous smaller islands, including Vieques, Culebra, and Mona. With approximately 3.2 million people, it is divided into 78 municipalities, of which the most populous is the capital municipality of San Juan, followed by those within the San Juan metropolitan area. Spanish and English are the official languages of its government, though Spanish predominates, as it is culturally part of Latin America.\nPuerto Rico was settled by a succession of Indigenous peoples of the Americas beginning 2,000 to 4,000 years ago; these included the Ortoiroid, Saladoid, and Taíno. It was claimed by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493 and subsequently colonized by Juan Ponce de León in 1508. Puerto Rico was contested by other European powers into the 18th century but remained a Spanish possession for the next 400 years. The decline of the Indigenous population, followed by an influx of Spanish settlers—primarily from the Canary Islands and Andalusia—and African slaves vastly changed the cultural and demographic landscape. Within the Spanish Empire, Puerto Rico played a strategically significant role. By the late 19th century, a distinct Puerto Rican identity began to emerge, centered on a fusion of European, African, and Indigenous elements. In 1898, following the Spanish–American War, Puerto Rico was acquired by the United States.\nPuerto Ricans have been U.S. citizens since 1917 and can move freely between the archipelago and the U.S. Residents of Puerto Rico are disenfranchised from federal elections and pay federal taxes and Puerto Rico income taxes; most are exempt from federal income tax on personal income earned in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico sends a nonvoting representative to the U.S. Congress, called a resident commissioner, and participates in presidential primaries; as it is not a state, Puerto Rico does not have a vote in the U.S. Congress, which oversees it under the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950. Congress approved a territorial constitution in 1952, allowing residents to elect a governor in addition to a senate and house of representatives. The political status of Puerto Rico is an ongoing debate.\nBeginning in the mid-20th century, the U.S. government, together with the Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company, launched a series of economic projects to develop Puerto Rico into an industrial high-income economy. It is classified by the International Monetary Fund as a developed jurisdiction. It ranks 47th on the Human Development Index. The major sectors of the economy are manufacturing, primarily pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, and electronics, followed by services, namely tourism and hospitality.", "contentHash": "bda12468764b5de426e27277f4b587778c17fe57b9c0186b70f909a97e7a1919", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "PS:overview", "title": "Palestine", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1379002894", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Philippines%7CSt.+Pierre+and+Miquelon%7CPitcairn+Islands%7CPuerto+Rico%7CState+of+Palestine%7CPalau%7CParaguay%7CQatar%7CRomania%7CSerbia%7CRwanda%7CSolomon+Islands%7CSeychelles%7CSudan%7CSingapore%7CSaint+Helena%2C+Ascension+and+Tristan+da+Cunha%7CSlovenia%7CSlovakia%7CSierra+Leone%7CSan+Marino", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:58.837Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-07T09:02:47Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1379002894", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Palestine, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Palestine, officially the State of Palestine, is a country in the Southern Levant region of West Asia. It comprises the Israeli-occupied West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and Gaza Strip, collectively known as the occupied Palestinian territories. Israel has occupied the Palestinian territories since the 1967 war; the West Bank is currently divided into 165 Palestinian enclaves under partial civilian rule by the Palestinian Authority, and Israeli settlements under Israeli law in the West Bank settlements. Palestine share the vast majority of their borders with Israel, with the West Bank bordering Jordan to the east and the Gaza Strip bordering Egypt to the southwest. It has a total land area of 6,020 square kilometers (2,320 sq mi) while its population exceeds five million. Its proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, while Ramallah serves as its de facto administrative center. Gaza was its largest city prior to Israel's forced evacuations in 2023. \nSituated at a continental crossroad, the Palestine region was ruled by various empires and experienced various demographic changes from antiquity to the modern era. The region has religious significance. The ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict dates back to the rise of the Zionist movement, supported by the United Kingdom during World War I. The war saw Britain occupying Palestine from the Ottoman Empire, where it set up Mandatory Palestine under the auspices of the League of Nations. Increased Jewish immigration led to intercommunal conflict between Jews and Palestinian Arabs, which escalated into a civil war in 1947 after a proposed partitioning by the United Nations was rejected by the Palestinians and other Arab nations.\nThe 1948 Palestine war saw the forcible displacement of a majority of the Arab population, and consequently the establishment of Israel; these events are referred to by Palestinians as the Nakba ('catastrophe'). In the Six-Day War in 1967, Israel occupied the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, which had been held by Jordan and Egypt respectively. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) declared independence in 1988. In 1993, the PLO signed the Oslo Accords with Israel, creating limited PLO governance in the West Bank and Gaza Strip through the Palestinian Authority (PA). Israel withdrew from Gaza in its unilateral disengagement in 2005. In 2007, internal divisions between political factions led to a takeover of Gaza by Hamas. Since then, the West Bank has been governed in part by the Fatah-led PA, while the Gaza Strip has remained under the control of Hamas.\nThe Gaza Strip has long been subject to Israeli military occupation and an illegal blockade. Israel has also constructed large settlements in the occupied West Bank and East Jerusalem since 1967, which currently house more than 737,000 Israeli settlers, which are illegal under international law. Following the October 7 attacks by Hamas in Israel in 2023 which killed 1195 people, Israel launched a large-scale military operation in Gaza that has killed over 72,000 Palestinians, caused mass population displacement, a humanitarian crisis, and a famine in the Gaza Strip; these acts have been recognised as constituting genocide against the Palestinian people by a growing scholarly consensus.\nPalestine is a permanent non-member observer state at the United Nations (UN) and is recognized as a sovereign state by 157 of the UN's 193 member states. The questions of Palestine's borders, legal and diplomatic status of Jerusalem, and the right of return of Palestinian refugees remain unsolved. Some of the other challenges to Palestine include restrictions on movement, ineffective government and Israeli settlements and settler violence, as well as an overall poor security situation. Despite these challenges, the country maintains an emerging economy and sees frequent tourism. Arabic is the official language of the country. While the majority of Palestinians practice Islam, Christianity also has a presence. Palestine is also a member of several international organizations, including the Arab League and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, UNESCO, and a delegation of parliamentarians sit at the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.\n\n", "contentHash": "0c55f71839b0327a663c2517ed30c1cd14e97aa7859287f700cc927be09e4d26", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "PW:overview", "title": "Palau", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378820158", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Philippines%7CSt.+Pierre+and+Miquelon%7CPitcairn+Islands%7CPuerto+Rico%7CState+of+Palestine%7CPalau%7CParaguay%7CQatar%7CRomania%7CSerbia%7CRwanda%7CSolomon+Islands%7CSeychelles%7CSudan%7CSingapore%7CSaint+Helena%2C+Ascension+and+Tristan+da+Cunha%7CSlovenia%7CSlovakia%7CSierra+Leone%7CSan+Marino", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:58.837Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-06T08:34:48Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378820158", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Palau, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Palau, officially the Republic of Palau, is an island country located in the Micronesia subregion of Oceania in the western Pacific Ocean. The Republic of Palau consists of approximately 340 islands and is the western part of the Caroline Islands, while the eastern and central parts make up the Federated States of Micronesia.\nIt has a total area of 466 square kilometers (180 sq mi), making it the sixteenth smallest country in the world. The most populous island is Koror, home to the country's most populous city of the same name. The capital, Ngerulmud, is located on the largest island of Babeldaob, in Melekeok State. Palau shares maritime boundaries with international waters to the north, the Federated States of Micronesia to the east, Indonesia to the south, and the Philippines to the northwest.\nThe country was originally settled approximately 1,000 BCE by migrants from Maritime Southeast Asia. Palau was first drawn on a European map by the Bohemian missionary Paul Klein based on a description given by a group of Palauans shipwrecked on the Philippine coast on Samar. The Palau islands were made part of the Spanish East Indies in 1885. Following Spain's defeat in the Spanish–American War in 1898, the islands were sold to Germany in 1899 under the terms of the German–Spanish Treaty, where they were administered as part of German New Guinea.\nAfter World War I, the islands were made a part of the Japanese-ruled South Seas Mandate by the League of Nations. During World War II, skirmishes including the major Battle of Peleliu were fought between American and Japanese troops as part of the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign. Along with other Pacific Islands, Palau was made a part of the United States–governed Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands in 1947. Having voted in a referendum against joining the Federated States of Micronesia in 1978, the islands gained full sovereignty in 1994 under a Compact of Free Association with the United States.\nPolitically, Palau is a presidential republic in free association with the United States, which provides defense, funding, and access to social services. Legislative power is concentrated in the bicameral Palau National Congress. Palau's economy is based mainly on tourism, subsistence agriculture, and fishing, with a significant portion of gross national product (GNP) derived from foreign aid. The country uses the United States dollar as its official currency. The islands' culture mixes Micronesian, Melanesian, Asian, and Western elements. Ethnic Palauans, the majority of the population, are of mixed Micronesian, Melanesian, and Austronesian descent. A smaller proportion of the population is of Japanese descent. The country's two official languages are Palauan (a member of the Austronesian language family) and English. The minor Micronesian languages Sonsorolese and Tobian, as well as Japanese, are recognized at the state level.", "contentHash": "f5b6634c001422a13253114151ae5eda9fe4f02af764cd2740c23a24ca86d09d", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "PY:overview", "title": "Paraguay", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378207577", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Philippines%7CSt.+Pierre+and+Miquelon%7CPitcairn+Islands%7CPuerto+Rico%7CState+of+Palestine%7CPalau%7CParaguay%7CQatar%7CRomania%7CSerbia%7CRwanda%7CSolomon+Islands%7CSeychelles%7CSudan%7CSingapore%7CSaint+Helena%2C+Ascension+and+Tristan+da+Cunha%7CSlovenia%7CSlovakia%7CSierra+Leone%7CSan+Marino", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:58.837Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T13:53:41Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378207577", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Paraguay, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay, is a landlocked country located in the central region of South America. It borders Bolivia to the northwest and north, Brazil to the northeast and east, and Argentina to the southeast, south, and west. Paraguay has access to the Atlantic Ocean via the Paraná–Paraguay Waterway, a system of navigable channels shared by five countries. The country is governed as a unitary presidential republic composed of a capital district and seventeen departments. Its capital and largest city is Asunción. It dates its independence from Spain to 1811.\nThe indigenous Guaraní had been living in eastern Paraguay for at least a millennium before the arrival of Spanish conquistadores in 1524. The city of Asunción was founded in 1537 as the first capital of the Governorate of the Río de la Plata within the Spanish Empire. During the 17th century, Paraguay was the center of Jesuit missions, where the natives were converted to Christianity and introduced to European culture. After the expulsion of the Jesuits from Spanish territories in 1767, Paraguay increasingly became a peripheral colony. \nFollowing independence from Spain in the early 19th century, Paraguay was ruled by a series of authoritarian governments. This period ended with the disastrous Triple Alliance War (1864–1870), during which the country lost half its prewar population and around 25–33% of its territory. Paraguay prevailed in another major conflict in the twentieth century, the Chaco War with Bolivia (1932-1935). It subsequently came under a succession of military dictators, culminating in the 35-year regime of Alfredo Stroessner. He was overthrown in 1989 by an internal military coup, marking the beginning of Paraguay's current democratic era.\nParaguay is a developing country, ranking 99th in the Human Development Index, with the seventh highest GDP (PPP) per capita in South America. As of 2024, it had one of the fastest growing economies in the Western Hemisphere, driven by beef and soybean exports, manufacturing, and construction. Paraguay is one of the world's leading exporters of hydroelectricity; the Itaipu Dam on the Paraná River border with Brazil is the third-largest hydroelectric dam in the world in terms of produced energy. Paraguay is a founding member of Mercosur, the United Nations, the Organization of American States and the Lima Group. Additionally, the city of Luque, in metropolitan Asunción, is the seat of the South American Football Confederation. Ciudad del Este is Paraguay's second-largest city and hosts many of the country's consulates-general.\nThe majority of Paraguay's 6 million people are mestizo, and Guarani culture remains widely influential; more than 90% of the population speak various dialects of the Guarani language alongside Spanish, the highest rate of fluency in an indigenous language in Latin America. In a 2014 Positive Experience Index based on global polling data, Paraguay ranked as the \"world's happiest place\", and in 2024, placed 24th in the progress rankings of the World Happiness Report.", "contentHash": "88c4e03e63d123109da83e206bf7c557da1349cb07d1ecf44e3b18973c149598", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "QA:overview", "title": "Qatar", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378787147", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Philippines%7CSt.+Pierre+and+Miquelon%7CPitcairn+Islands%7CPuerto+Rico%7CState+of+Palestine%7CPalau%7CParaguay%7CQatar%7CRomania%7CSerbia%7CRwanda%7CSolomon+Islands%7CSeychelles%7CSudan%7CSingapore%7CSaint+Helena%2C+Ascension+and+Tristan+da+Cunha%7CSlovenia%7CSlovakia%7CSierra+Leone%7CSan+Marino", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:58.837Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-06T03:57:02Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378787147", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Qatar, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Qatar, officially the State of Qatar, is a country in West Asia. It occupies the Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in the Middle East; it shares its sole land border with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf. The Gulf of Bahrain, an inlet of the Persian Gulf, separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain. The capital is Doha, home to over 80% of the country's inhabitants. Most of the land area is made up of flat, low-lying desert.\nQatar has been ruled as a hereditary monarchy by the House of Thani since Mohammed bin Thani signed an agreement with Britain in 1868, which officially recognised its separate status. Following Ottoman rule, Qatar became a British protectorate in 1916 and gained independence in 1971. The current emir is Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, who, like previous emirs, holds nearly all executive, legislative, and judicial authority in an autocratic manner under the Constitution of Qatar. He appoints the prime minister and cabinet. The Shura Council (also known as the \"Consultative Assembly\") has a limited ability to block legislation and dismiss ministers, but is fully appointed by the emir, who also has the last say on these decisions. While Qatar held a partial Shura Council election in 2021, with two-thirds of seats elected, in 2024 it moved to abolish those elections altogether, and reverted to a fully appointed Council.\nOn 21 June 2026, the population of Qatar was 3,180,059, although 3.02 million are foreign expatriates and migrant workers. Its official religion is Islam. The country has the fourth-highest GDP (PPP) per capita in the world and the eleventh-highest GNI per capita (Atlas method). It ranks 42nd in the Human Development Index, the third-highest HDI in the Arab world. It is a high-income economy, backed by the world's third-largest natural gas reserves and oil reserves. Qatar is one of the world's largest exporters of liquefied natural gas and the world's largest emitter of carbon dioxide per capita.\nIn the 21st century, Qatar emerged as both a non-NATO ally of the United States and a middle power in the Arab world. Its economy has grown rapidly due to its resource-wealth, and its geopolitical power has risen through its media group, Al Jazeera Media Network, and reported financial support for rebel groups during the Arab Spring. Qatar also forms part of the Gulf Cooperation Council.", "contentHash": "991768a6b9e0170e7d146dc1afba4194dc1748c0704ef58cac2a55ef5e83822f", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "RO:overview", "title": "Romania", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378287456", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Philippines%7CSt.+Pierre+and+Miquelon%7CPitcairn+Islands%7CPuerto+Rico%7CState+of+Palestine%7CPalau%7CParaguay%7CQatar%7CRomania%7CSerbia%7CRwanda%7CSolomon+Islands%7CSeychelles%7CSudan%7CSingapore%7CSaint+Helena%2C+Ascension+and+Tristan+da+Cunha%7CSlovenia%7CSlovakia%7CSierra+Leone%7CSan+Marino", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:58.837Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T20:50:53Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378287456", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Romania, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Romania is a country in Central and Southeastern Europe. It lies on the lower course of the Danube, north of the Balkan Peninsula, and on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea. It borders Ukraine to the north and east, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Bulgaria to the south, Moldova to the east, and the Black Sea to the southeast. It is the twelfth-largest country in Europe by area, covering 238,397 km2 (92,046 mi2), and the sixth-most populous member state of the European Union, with 19 million inhabitants. The capital, largest city and economic centre is Bucharest. Other major cities include Cluj-Napoca, Iași, Constanța, Timișoara, Brașov and Craiova.\nRomania was settled during the Lower Paleolithic, later becoming Dacia before Trajan's Dacian Wars and Romanisation. The modern Romanian state was formed in 1859 with the unification of Moldavia and Wallachia under Alexandru Ioan Cuza, becoming the Kingdom of Romania in 1881 under Carol I of Romania. Romania gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877, formalised by the Treaty of Berlin. After World War I, Transylvania, Banat, Bukovina, and Bessarabia joined the Old Kingdom, forming Greater Romania, which reached its largest territorial extent. In 1940, under Axis pressure, Romania lost territories to Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Soviet Union. Following the Act of 23 August, Romania switched sides to join the Allies. After World War II, it regained Northern Transylvania through the Paris Peace Treaties. Under Soviet occupation, King Michael I was forced to abdicate, and Romania became a socialist republic and Warsaw Pact member. After the fall of communism and the Romanian revolution in 1989, Romania transitioned to liberal democracy.\nRomania is a developed country with a high-income economy and is widely regarded as a middle power in international relations. The country possesses 11 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Romania is a global net exporter of automotive parts and is an increasingly prominent technology centre with some of the fastest internet speeds in the world. \nRomania is a member of many international organizations, institutions, and forms of political and socio-economic cooperation, including: the UN since 1955, FAO since 1961, the Latin Union since 1980, the Council of Europe since 1993, the OSCE and OIF since 2003, NATO since 29 March 2004, the EU since 1 January 2007, the Schengen free-movement area toward the Occident since 1 January 2025, the EU–Mercosur free trade area since 2026, etc.; and of economic institutions: the World Bank Group, the IMF since 1972, the EBRD since 1991, the European Investment Bank since 2007, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank since 2018, etc.; and is a candidate for accession to the OECD.", "contentHash": "531c64c8097031593d6bae73cbc43239e6fa00741292929ac25e43d51b94b8f6", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "RS:overview", "title": "Serbia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378846270", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Philippines%7CSt.+Pierre+and+Miquelon%7CPitcairn+Islands%7CPuerto+Rico%7CState+of+Palestine%7CPalau%7CParaguay%7CQatar%7CRomania%7CSerbia%7CRwanda%7CSolomon+Islands%7CSeychelles%7CSudan%7CSingapore%7CSaint+Helena%2C+Ascension+and+Tristan+da+Cunha%7CSlovenia%7CSlovakia%7CSierra+Leone%7CSan+Marino", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:58.837Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-06T13:20:48Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378846270", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Serbia, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a landlocked country in Southeastern and Central Europe. It is bordered by Hungary to the north, Romania to the northeast, Bulgaria to the southeast, North Macedonia to the south, Croatia to the northwest, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west, Montenegro to the southwest, and it also claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo. \nSerbia has about 6.5 million inhabitants, with its capital, Belgrade, being its largest city. \nContinuously inhabited since the Paleolithic age, the territory of modern-day Serbia, then part of the Roman Empire, experienced Slavic migrations in the 6th century. The first Serb proto-state was established in the 7th century and by the 9th century had developed into a more stable principality, recognized as a tributary state to the Byzantine Empire. The Serbian Kingdom was established in 1217, reaching its territorial apex in 1346 as the Serbian Empire. By the mid-16th century, the Ottoman Empire annexed the entirety of modern-day Serbia; their rule was at times interrupted by the Habsburg Empire, which maintained a foothold in the northern part of the country from the early 18th century. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Serbian Revolution established the Principality of Serbia, which developed into a constitutional monarchy and gained international recognition of its independence in 1878 before being proclaimed a kingdom in 1882. Emerging victorious from World War I, Serbia incorporated the former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina into its territory in 1918, before uniting that same year with Slovenes and Croats to form the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, ending its existence as a separate political entity. Serbia was re-established after World War II as one of six federal units of socialist Yugoslavia. During the breakup of Yugoslavia, it formed a union with Montenegro, which was dissolved in 2006, subsequently restoring Serbia's independence. In 2008, Kosovo unilaterally declared independence, receiving mixed responses from the international community, while Serbia continues to regard it as part of its sovereign territory.\nSerbia is a parliamentary republic, with its constitution ensuring the separation of powers between the executive (with president and government headed by the prime minister), legislative (with unicameral parliament), and judiciary branches. The country is a member of the United Nations and numerous other international organizations and has been negotiating its accession to the European Union. It exerts regional influence as a small power in Europe, particularly in neighboring Southeast Europe. An upper-middle-income economy, Serbia provides universal health care as well as free primary and secondary education and subsidized tertiary education to its citizens.", "contentHash": "aee2791790ba25415eef08921f0fb683f459b2d10ef0b97d4c987d68741ef90a", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "RW:overview", "title": "Rwanda", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378475365", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Philippines%7CSt.+Pierre+and+Miquelon%7CPitcairn+Islands%7CPuerto+Rico%7CState+of+Palestine%7CPalau%7CParaguay%7CQatar%7CRomania%7CSerbia%7CRwanda%7CSolomon+Islands%7CSeychelles%7CSudan%7CSingapore%7CSaint+Helena%2C+Ascension+and+Tristan+da+Cunha%7CSlovenia%7CSlovakia%7CSierra+Leone%7CSan+Marino", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:58.837Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-04T18:03:05Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378475365", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Rwanda, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Rwanda, officially the Republic of Rwanda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. Its geography is dominated by mountains in the west and savanna in the southeast. The largest and most notable lakes are mainly in the western and northern regions of the country, and several volcanoes that form part of the Virunga volcanic chain are primarily in the northwest. The climate is considered tropical highland, with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons each year. Its capital and largest city is Kigali, located at the centre of the country, at 1,567 metres above sea level. Rwanda lies a few degrees south of the Equator in the Great Rift Valley of East Africa. Rwanda is bordered by Uganda to the north, Tanzania to the east, Burundi to the south, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. With a population of about 14 million people living within a total area of 26,338 square kilometres (10,169 sq mi), of which land accounts for about 93.7%, Rwanda is the 21st most densely populated country in the world, with an average of about 578 people per square kilometre (1,500 per square mile).\nHunter-gatherers settled the territory in the Stone and Iron Ages, followed later by Bantu peoples. The population coalesced first into clans, and then into kingdoms. In the 15th century, one kingdom, under King Gihanga, managed to incorporate several of its close neighbour territories establishing the Kingdom of Rwanda. The Kingdom of Rwanda dominated from the mid-eighteenth century, with its Tutsi kings conquering others militarily, centralising power, and enacting unifying policies. In 1897, Germany colonized Rwanda as part of German East Africa, followed by Belgium, which took control in 1916 during World War I. Both European nations ruled through the Rwandan king and perpetuated a pro-Tutsi policy. The Hutu population revolted in 1959. They massacred numerous Tutsi and ultimately established an independent, Hutu-dominated republic in 1962 led by President Grégoire Kayibanda. A 1973 military coup overthrew Kayibanda and brought Juvénal Habyarimana to power, who retained the pro-Hutu policy. The Tutsi-led Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) launched a civil war in 1990. Habyarimana was assassinated in April 1994 by unknown parties. Social tensions erupted in the Rwandan genocide carried out by Hutu Power extremists against the Tutsis. The RPF ended the genocide with a military victory in July 1994.\nRwanda has been governed by the RPF as a de facto one-party state since 1994 with former commander Paul Kagame serving as president since 2000. The country has been governed by a series of centralized authoritarian governments since precolonial times. Although Rwanda has low levels of corruption compared with neighbouring countries, it ranks among the lowest in international measurements of government transparency and civil liberties, despite recent gains that have elevated it to the medium category on the Human Development Index. The population is young and predominantly rural; Rwanda has one of the youngest populations in the world. Rwandans are drawn from just one cultural and linguistic group, the Banyarwanda. However, within this group there are three subgroups: the Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa. The Twa are forest-dwelling Central African foragers and are often considered descendants of Rwanda's earliest inhabitants. Christianity is the largest religion in the country; the principal and national language is Kinyarwanda, spoken by native Rwandans, with English, French, and Swahili serving as additional official languages.\nRwanda's economy is based on services, agricultural exports, and manufacturing. Coffee and tea are the major cash crops that it exports, although it is surpassed in banana production. Tourism is a fast-growing sector and is now the country's leading foreign exchange earner. As of the most recent survey in 2024, 30.5% of the population is affected by multidimensional poverty with 27.4% under the national poverty line. The country is a member of the African Union, the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations (one of the few members without a historical link to the British Empire), COMESA, the OIF, and the East African Community.", "contentHash": "3f49db0da79ea2c6b10bb7f6908dcf0c1092761c3149519f421b25f49e238d93", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "SB:overview", "title": "Solomon Islands", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378723484", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Philippines%7CSt.+Pierre+and+Miquelon%7CPitcairn+Islands%7CPuerto+Rico%7CState+of+Palestine%7CPalau%7CParaguay%7CQatar%7CRomania%7CSerbia%7CRwanda%7CSolomon+Islands%7CSeychelles%7CSudan%7CSingapore%7CSaint+Helena%2C+Ascension+and+Tristan+da+Cunha%7CSlovenia%7CSlovakia%7CSierra+Leone%7CSan+Marino", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:58.837Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-05T21:52:51Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378723484", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Solomon Islands, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Solomon Islands, also known simply as the Solomons, is an archipelagic country consisting of six major islands and over 1,000 smaller islands in Melanesia, Oceania, to the north-east of Australia. It is adjacent to Bougainville to the west, New Caledonia and Vanuatu to the south-east, Fiji, Tuvalu, and Wallis and Futuna to the east, and the Federated States of Micronesia and Nauru to the north. It has a total area of 28,896 square kilometres (11,157 sq mi), and a population of 828,857 according to official estimates from 2025. Its capital and largest city, Honiara, is located on the largest island, Guadalcanal. The country takes its name from the wider area of the Solomon Islands archipelago, which is a collection of Melanesian islands that also includes the Autonomous Region of Bougainville (currently a part of Papua New Guinea), but excludes the Santa Cruz Islands.\nThe islands have been settled since at least some time between 30,000 and 28,800 BC, with later waves of migrants, notably the Lapita people, mixing and producing the modern indigenous Solomon Islanders population. In 1568, the Spanish navigator Álvaro de Mendaña was the first European to visit them. Though not named by Mendaña, it is believed that the islands were called \"the Solomons\" by those who later received word of his voyage and mapped his discovery. Mendaña returned decades later, in 1595, and another Spanish expedition, led by Portuguese navigator Pedro Fernandes de Queirós, visited the Solomons in 1606.\nIn June 1893, Captain Herbert Gibson of HMS Curacoa declared the southern Solomon Islands a British protectorate. During World War II, the Solomon Islands campaign (1942–1945) saw fierce fighting between the United States, British Imperial forces, and the Empire of Japan, including the Battle of Guadalcanal.\nThe official name of the then-British administration was changed from the \"British Solomon Islands Protectorate\" to \"The Solomon Islands\" in 1975, and self-government was achieved the following year. Independence was obtained, and the name changed to just \"Solomon Islands\" (without the definite article), in 1978. At independence, Solomon Islands became a constitutional monarchy. The King of Solomon Islands is Charles III, who is represented in the country by a governor-general appointed on the advice of the prime minister.\n\n", "contentHash": "ca2a8166fa1c34d3da0663f557fdaf26e5125164f6361eb338507680986e6983", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "SC:overview", "title": "Seychelles", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378140669", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Philippines%7CSt.+Pierre+and+Miquelon%7CPitcairn+Islands%7CPuerto+Rico%7CState+of+Palestine%7CPalau%7CParaguay%7CQatar%7CRomania%7CSerbia%7CRwanda%7CSolomon+Islands%7CSeychelles%7CSudan%7CSingapore%7CSaint+Helena%2C+Ascension+and+Tristan+da+Cunha%7CSlovenia%7CSlovakia%7CSierra+Leone%7CSan+Marino", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:58.837Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T03:42:04Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378140669", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Seychelles, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Seychelles ( , ; French: [sɛʃɛl] or [seʃɛl]), officially the Republic of Seychelles (French: République des Seychelles; Seychellois Creole: Repiblik Sesel), is an archipelagic country consisting of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city, Victoria, is 1,500 kilometres (800 nautical miles) east of mainland Africa. Nearby island countries and territories include the Maldives, Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, and the French overseas departments of Mayotte and Réunion to the south; and the Chagos Archipelago to the east.\nSeychelles is the smallest country in Africa as well as the least populated sovereign African country, with an estimated population of 100,600 in 2022.\nThe Seychelles archipelago was uninhabited prior to sustained external contact. Although Arab and Swahili sailors likely knew of the islands earlier through Indian Ocean trade routes, there is no evidence of permanent settlement before European involvement. The islands were first recorded by Europeans in the 16th century, but were not settled until the 18th century, when France formally claimed them. During the period of French colonization, enslaved Africans were brought to the islands for plantation labor; many had already been captured and enslaved through existing African-Arab slave trade or Indian Ocean slave trade.\nIt faced competing French and British interests until it came under full British control in the early 19th century. After Britain assumed control in the early 19th century, slavery was abolished and later replaced in part by indentured laborers from India. Since proclaiming independence from the United Kingdom in 1976, it has developed from a largely agricultural society to a market-based diversified economy, characterized by service, public sector, and tourism activities. From 1976 to 2015, nominal GDP grew nearly 700%, and purchasing power parity nearly 1600%. Since the late 2010s, the government has taken steps to encourage foreign investment.\nAs of the early 21st century, Seychelles has the highest nominal per capita GDP and the highest Human Development Index ranking of any African country. According to the 2024 V-Dem Democracy indices, Seychelles is the 43rd-ranked electoral democracy worldwide, the 1st-ranked liberal democracy in Africa, and the 2nd-ranked electoral democracy on the continent. Seychellois culture and society is an eclectic mix of French, British, Indian and African influences, with infusions of Chinese elements. The country is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, the Southern African Development Community, and the Commonwealth of Nations.", "contentHash": "0235f08cd5e4b81efb14bf2f217d06d1d12b4fa6ab3fe2f6a2ca1da905bee6fe", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "SD:overview", "title": "Sudan", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377158767", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Philippines%7CSt.+Pierre+and+Miquelon%7CPitcairn+Islands%7CPuerto+Rico%7CState+of+Palestine%7CPalau%7CParaguay%7CQatar%7CRomania%7CSerbia%7CRwanda%7CSolomon+Islands%7CSeychelles%7CSudan%7CSingapore%7CSaint+Helena%2C+Ascension+and+Tristan+da+Cunha%7CSlovenia%7CSlovakia%7CSierra+Leone%7CSan+Marino", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:58.837Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-28T03:23:50Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377158767", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Sudan, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. It borders the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, Libya to the northwest, Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the east, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the southeast, and South Sudan to the south. Sudan has a population of 51.8 million people as of 2025 and occupies 1,886,068 square kilometres (728,215 square miles), making it Africa's third-largest country by area. Sudan's capital and most populous city is Khartoum. \nThe area that is now Sudan witnessed the Khormusan (c. 40000–16000 BC), Halfan culture (c. 20500–17000 BC), Sebilian (c. 13000–10000 BC), Qadan culture (c. 13000–9000 BC), the war of Jebel Sahaba, the earliest known war in the world, around 11500 BC, A-Group culture (c. 3800–3100 BC), Kingdom of Kerma (c. 2500–1500 BC), the Egyptian New Kingdom (c. 1500–1070 BC), and the Kingdom of Kush (c. 785 BC – 350 AD). After the fall of Kush, the Nubians formed the three Christian kingdoms of Nobatia, Makuria, and Alodia. Between the 14th and 15th centuries, most of Sudan was gradually settled by Arab nomads. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, central and eastern Sudan were dominated by the Funj sultanate, while Darfur ruled the west and the Ottomans the east.\nFrom the 19th century, the entirety of Sudan was conquered by the Egyptians under the Muhammad Ali dynasty. Religious-nationalist fervour erupted in the Mahdist Uprising in which Mahdist forces were eventually defeated by a joint Egyptian-British military force. In 1899, under British pressure, Egypt agreed to share sovereignty over Sudan with the United Kingdom as a condominium. In effect, Sudan was governed as a British possession. The Egyptian revolution of 1952 toppled the monarchy and demanded the withdrawal of British forces from all of Egypt and Sudan. Muhammad Naguib, one of the two co-leaders of the revolution and Egypt's first President, was half-Sudanese and had been raised in Sudan. He made securing Sudanese independence a priority of the revolutionary government. On 1 January 1956, Sudan was declared an independent state.\nAfter Sudan became independent, the Gaafar Nimeiry regime began Islamist rule. This exacerbated the rift between the Islamic North, the seat of the government, and the Animists and Christians in the South, who had already waged a civil war from 1955 to 1972. Persistent conflicts over language, religion, and political power erupted in a second civil war between government forces, influenced by the National Islamic Front (NIF), and the southern rebels, whose most influential faction was the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA). This eventually led to the independence of South Sudan in 2011. Sudan was the largest country in Africa until the secession of South Sudan, following the referendum.\nBetween 1989 and 2019, a military dictatorship led by Omar al-Bashir ruled Sudan with the National Congress Party (NCP) and committed widespread human rights abuses, including torture, persecution of minorities, alleged sponsorship of global terrorism, and ethnic genocide in Darfur from 2003–2020. The regime killed an estimated 300,000 to 400,000 people. Protests erupted in 2018, demanding Bashir's resignation, which resulted in a coup d'état on 11 April 2019 and Bashir's imprisonment. Since 2023, Sudan has been embroiled in a third civil war, between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF).\nIslam was Sudan's state religion and Sharia law was applied from 1983 until 2020, when the country became a secular state. Sudan is a least developed country and among the poorest countries in the world, ranking 170th on the Human Development Index as of 2024 and 185th by nominal GDP per capita. Its economy largely relies on agriculture due to international sanctions and isolation, as well as a history of internal instability and factional violence. The large majority of Sudan is dry and over 60% of Sudan's population lives in poverty. Sudan is a member of the United Nations, Arab League, African Union, COMESA, Non-Aligned Movement and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.", "contentHash": "6a208b119821ddc16a9736354328d6f38f4ded0f56a7f4ff09616fe9823edc30", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "SG:overview", "title": "Singapore", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378951358", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Philippines%7CSt.+Pierre+and+Miquelon%7CPitcairn+Islands%7CPuerto+Rico%7CState+of+Palestine%7CPalau%7CParaguay%7CQatar%7CRomania%7CSerbia%7CRwanda%7CSolomon+Islands%7CSeychelles%7CSudan%7CSingapore%7CSaint+Helena%2C+Ascension+and+Tristan+da+Cunha%7CSlovenia%7CSlovakia%7CSierra+Leone%7CSan+Marino", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:58.837Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-07T02:14:02Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378951358", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Singapore, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country in Southeast Asia. Its territory comprises a main island, over 60 satellite islands and islets, and one outlying islet. The country is about one degree of latitude (137 kilometres or 85 miles) north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bordering the Strait of Malacca to the west, the Singapore Strait to the south along with the Riau Islands in Indonesia, the South China Sea to the east and the Straits of Johor along with the State of Johor in Malaysia to the north.\nIn its early history, Singapore was a maritime emporium known as Temasek; subsequently, it was a major constituent of several successive thalassocratic empires. Its contemporary era began in 1819, when Stamford Raffles established Singapore as an entrepôt trading post of the British Empire. In 1867, Singapore came under direct British control as part of the Straits Settlements. During World War II, Singapore was occupied by Japan in 1942 and returned to Britain as a Crown colony following Japan's surrender in 1945. Singapore gained self-governance in 1959 and in 1963 became part of the new federation of Malaysia, alongside Malaya, North Borneo and Sarawak. Ideological differences led to Singapore's expulsion from the federation two years later; it became an independent sovereign country in 1965. After early years of turbulence and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland, the nation rapidly developed to become one of the Four Asian Tigers.\nAs a highly developed country, Singapore has the highest PPP-adjusted GDP per capita in the world and is the only country in Asia with a AAA sovereign credit rating from all major rating agencies. Identified as a tax haven, it is a major aviation, financial and maritime shipping hub and has consistently been ranked as one of the most expensive cities for expatriates and foreign workers. Singapore ranks highly in key social indicators: education, healthcare, housing, peacefulness, passport strength, personal safety and infrastructure, with a high home-ownership rate. Singaporeans enjoy one of the longest life expectancies, fastest Internet connection speeds, lowest infant mortality rates and lowest levels of corruption in the world. Singapore is organised into five regions, 55 planning areas and hundreds of subzones. It has the second highest population density of any country, although there are numerous green and recreational spaces as a result of urban planning. With a multicultural population and in recognition of the cultural identities of the country's major ethnic groups, Singapore has four official languages: English, Malay, Mandarin and Tamil. English is the common language, with exclusive use in numerous public services. Multi-racialism is enshrined in the constitution and continues to shape national policies.\nSingapore is a parliamentary republic and its legal system is based on common law. While it is constitutionally a multi-party democracy where free elections are regularly held, it functions as a de facto one-party state, with the People's Action Party (PAP) maintaining continuous political dominance since 1959. The PAP's longstanding control has resulted in limited political pluralism and a highly centralised governance structure over national institutions. One of the five founding members of ASEAN, Singapore is also the headquarters of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Secretariat, the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council Secretariat and is the host city of many international conferences and events. Singapore is also a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the East Asia Summit, the Non-Aligned Movement and the Commonwealth of Nations.\n\n", "contentHash": "eea0b7ffd65844f27fe023a3f6aded738d0511f384a12fcb85dd3536013d2ba3", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "SH:overview", "title": "Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376910940", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Philippines%7CSt.+Pierre+and+Miquelon%7CPitcairn+Islands%7CPuerto+Rico%7CState+of+Palestine%7CPalau%7CParaguay%7CQatar%7CRomania%7CSerbia%7CRwanda%7CSolomon+Islands%7CSeychelles%7CSudan%7CSingapore%7CSaint+Helena%2C+Ascension+and+Tristan+da+Cunha%7CSlovenia%7CSlovakia%7CSierra+Leone%7CSan+Marino", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:58.837Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-26T23:15:19Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1376910940", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha is a British Overseas Territory located in the South Atlantic and consisting of the island of Saint Helena, Ascension Island, and the archipelago of Tristan da Cunha (including Gough Island). Its name was Saint Helena and Dependencies until 1 September 2009, when a new constitution came into force, giving the three islands equal status as three territories, with a grouping under the Crown.\n\n", "contentHash": "7623ab73f1e145764b83e0dce0dc7f44b769d5ae2e1e6ccc5b49e10d7174f5e2", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "SI:overview", "title": "Slovenia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378637929", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Philippines%7CSt.+Pierre+and+Miquelon%7CPitcairn+Islands%7CPuerto+Rico%7CState+of+Palestine%7CPalau%7CParaguay%7CQatar%7CRomania%7CSerbia%7CRwanda%7CSolomon+Islands%7CSeychelles%7CSudan%7CSingapore%7CSaint+Helena%2C+Ascension+and+Tristan+da+Cunha%7CSlovenia%7CSlovakia%7CSierra+Leone%7CSan+Marino", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:58.837Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-05T10:58:53Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378637929", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Slovenia, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia, is a country in Central Europe. It borders Italy to its west, Austria to its north, Hungary to its northeast, and Croatia to its south and southeast; its southwestern boundary consists of a 46.6-kilometre (29.0 mi) coastline on the Adriatic Sea. The country is mostly mountainous and forested, covering 20,271 square kilometres (7,827 sq mi). Its population is approximately 2.1 million people. Slovene is the official language. Slovenia has a predominantly temperate continental climate, with the exception of the Slovene Littoral and the Julian Alps. Ljubljana, the capital and largest city, is geographically situated near the centre of the country. Other urban centers include Maribor, Ptuj, Kranj, Celje, Koper, Novo Mesto, Velenje, Nova Gorica, Sežana, Murska Sobota, and Jesenice.\nThe region has a long history of settlement. Proto-Illyrian tribes settled the area during the Early Bronze Age, stretching from present-day Albania to the city of Trieste, while the Slavic tribes (the ancestors of modern Slovenes) arrived in the 5th century AD. The present territory has been part of many different states, including the Roman Empire, the Western Roman Empire, the Carolingian Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Republic of Venice, the Habsburg Empire, Napoleonic France, the Austrian Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. \nThe Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in December 1918; in 1929, the Kingdom became known as Yugoslavia. In 1941, during World War II, Slovenia's territory was partitioned by Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Horthyist Hungary, and the Independent State of Croatia. Following World War II, in 1945 Slovenia was established as one of six constituent republics that made up the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Modern Slovenia emerged in June 1991, when the country declared independence from Yugoslavia. After the brief Ten-Day War, it became a sovereign state.\nSlovenia is a developed country, with a high-income economy characterized by a mixture of traditional industries, such as manufacturing and agriculture, and modern sectors, such as information technology and financial services. The economy is highly dependent on trade, with exports accounting for a significant portion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Slovenia is a member of the Council of Europe, the European Union, the United Nations, NATO, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and other associations in the global community.", "contentHash": "c06d4f29696faff1c6d0298f36fb0b4ed64ee8a0c5b9ab08cc17f43c215ced5b", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "SK:overview", "title": "Slovakia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378508938", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Philippines%7CSt.+Pierre+and+Miquelon%7CPitcairn+Islands%7CPuerto+Rico%7CState+of+Palestine%7CPalau%7CParaguay%7CQatar%7CRomania%7CSerbia%7CRwanda%7CSolomon+Islands%7CSeychelles%7CSudan%7CSingapore%7CSaint+Helena%2C+Ascension+and+Tristan+da+Cunha%7CSlovenia%7CSlovakia%7CSierra+Leone%7CSan+Marino", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:58.837Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-04T20:42:20Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378508938", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Slovakia, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Slovakia, officially the Slovak Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the west, and the Czech Republic to the northwest. Slovakia's mostly mountainous territory spans about 49,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi), hosting a population exceeding 5.4 million. The capital and largest city is Bratislava, while the second largest city is Košice.\nThe Slavs arrived in the territory of the present-day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries. From the late 6th century, parts of modern Slovakia were incorporated into the Avar Khaganate. In the 7th century, the Slavs played a significant role in the creation of Samo's Empire. When the Avar Khaganate dissolved in the 9th century, the Slavs established the Principality of Nitra before it was annexed by the Principality of Moravia, which later became Great Moravia. When Great Moravia fell in the 10th century, the territory was integrated into the Principality of Hungary at the end of the 9th century, which later became the Kingdom of Hungary in 1000. In 1241 and 1242, after the Mongol invasion of Europe, much of the territory was destroyed, but was recovered largely thanks to Hungarian king Béla IV. During the 16th and 17th centuries, southern portions of present-day Slovakia were incorporated into provinces of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman-controlled areas were ceded to the Habsburgs by the turn of the 18th century. The Hungarian declaration of independence in 1848 was followed in the same year by the Slovak Uprising through the establishment of the Slovak National Council. While the uprising did not achieve its aim, it played an important role in cementing a Slovak national identity. The Hungarian wars of independence eventually resulted in a compromise that established the Austro-Hungarian Empire.\nDuring World War I, the Czechoslovak National Council successfully fought for independence amidst the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the state of Czechoslovakia was proclaimed in 1918. The borders were set by the Treaty of Saint Germain in 1919 and by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920. Czechoslovakia incorporated the territory of present-day Slovakia which was entirely part of the Kingdom of Hungary. In the lead up to World War II, local fascist parties gradually came to power in the Slovak lands, and the first Slovak Republic was established in 1939 as a one-party clerical fascist client state under the control of Nazi Germany. In 1940, the country joined the Axis when its leaders signed the Tripartite Pact. Czechoslovakia was re-established after the country's liberation at the end of the war in 1945. Following the Soviet-backed coup of 1948, Czechoslovakia became a communist state within the Eastern Bloc, a satellite state of the Soviet Union behind the Iron Curtain and member of the Warsaw Pact. Attempts to liberalise communism culminated in the Prague Spring, which was suppressed by the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. In 1989, the Velvet Revolution peacefully ended Communist rule in Czechoslovakia. Slovakia became an independent democratic state on 1 January 1993 after the peaceful dissolution of Czechoslovakia, sometimes referred to as the Velvet Divorce.\nSlovakia is a developed country with an advanced high-income economy. The country maintains a combination of a market economy with a comprehensive social security system, providing citizens with universal health care, free education, one of the lowest retirement ages in Europe and one of the longest paid parental leaves in the OECD. Slovakia is a member of the European Union, the eurozone, the Schengen Area, the United Nations, NATO, CERN, the OECD, the WTO, the Council of Europe, the Visegrád Group, and the OSCE. Slovakia is also home to eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Known as the \"European Detroit\" due to its dense concentration of automotive manufacturing, Slovakia is the world's largest per-capita car producer. The country manufactured a total of 1.08 million cars in 2023, with the automotive sector representing 44% of its total industrial output.", "contentHash": "a55af5b46e386680f31772835c086d656ba06cbc8735a32ba6148d1072ac862d", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "SL:overview", "title": "Sierra Leone", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378448645", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Philippines%7CSt.+Pierre+and+Miquelon%7CPitcairn+Islands%7CPuerto+Rico%7CState+of+Palestine%7CPalau%7CParaguay%7CQatar%7CRomania%7CSerbia%7CRwanda%7CSolomon+Islands%7CSeychelles%7CSudan%7CSingapore%7CSaint+Helena%2C+Ascension+and+Tristan+da+Cunha%7CSlovenia%7CSlovakia%7CSierra+Leone%7CSan+Marino", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:58.837Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-04T15:17:02Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378448645", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Sierra Leone, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country on the west coast of West Africa. It is bordered to the southeast by Liberia and by Guinea to the north. Sierra Leone's land area is 73,252 km2 (28,283 sq mi). It has a tropical climate and environments ranging from savannahs to rainforests. As of the 2023 census, Sierra Leone had a population of 8,460,512. Freetown is its capital and largest city.\nSierra Leone is a presidential republic, with a unicameral parliament and a directly elected president. It is a secular state. Its constitution provides for the separation of state and religion and freedom of conscience. Muslims constitute three-quarters of the population, and there is a significant Christian minority. Religious tolerance is very high.\nSierra Leone's current territorial configuration was established in two phases: in 1808, the coastal Sierra Leone Colony was founded as part of the British Empire, to be a place to resettle returning Africans after the abolition of the slave trade; then in 1896, the inland Protectorate was created as a result of the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885. This led to the formal recognition of the territory as the Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate. Sierra Leone attained independence from the United Kingdom in 1961 under the leadership of Prime Minister Sir Milton Margai of the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP). In 1971, under Prime Minister Siaka Stevens of the All People's Congress (APC), the country adopted a new constitution, transforming Sierra Leone into a presidential republic, with Stevens as the inaugural president.\nIn 1978, Stevens declared the APC to be the sole legally recognised party. In 1985, he was succeeded by Joseph Saidu Momoh. Momoh's enactment of a new constitution in 1991 reintroduced a multi-party system. That same year, a protracted civil war broke out between the government and the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) rebel group. The conflict, characterised by multiple coups d'état, persisted for 11 years. Intervention by ECOMOG forces and later by the United Kingdom resulted in the defeat of the RUF in 2002, ushering in a period of relative stability.\nSierra Leone is a culturally diverse country, home to approximately 18 ethnic groups, with the Temne and Mende peoples being predominant. The Creole people, descendants of freed African-American, Afro-Caribbean slaves and liberated Africans, constitute about 1.2% of the population. English is the official language, while Krio is the lingua franca, spoken by 97% of the population. The country is rich with natural resources, notably diamonds, gold, bauxite and aluminium. As of the most recent survey in 2019, 59.2% of the population is affected by multidimensional poverty and an additional 21.3% vulnerable to it. Sierra Leone maintains membership in several international organisations, including the United Nations, African Union, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and the Commonwealth of Nations, among others.", "contentHash": "493f3822ef0fdbfbe058bb425bbe0eeacd0bc6c19ab5140876c30570421e6482", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "SM:overview", "title": "San Marino", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378901714", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Philippines%7CSt.+Pierre+and+Miquelon%7CPitcairn+Islands%7CPuerto+Rico%7CState+of+Palestine%7CPalau%7CParaguay%7CQatar%7CRomania%7CSerbia%7CRwanda%7CSolomon+Islands%7CSeychelles%7CSudan%7CSingapore%7CSaint+Helena%2C+Ascension+and+Tristan+da+Cunha%7CSlovenia%7CSlovakia%7CSierra+Leone%7CSan+Marino", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:39:58.837Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-06T20:41:29Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378901714", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "San Marino, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "San Marino, officially the Republic of San Marino, is a landlocked country in Southern Europe, completely surrounded by Italy. Located on the northeastern slopes of the Apennine Mountains, it is the larger of two microstates within the Italian Peninsula, the other being Vatican City. San Marino is the fifth-smallest country in the world, with a land area of just over 61 square kilometres (24 sq mi) and a population of 34,042 as of 2025 which in 2026 dropped to 33,559. Its capital, the City of San Marino, sits atop Monte Titano, while its largest settlement is Dogana, in the municipality of Serravalle. San Marino claims to have been founded in AD 301 and to be the oldest extant sovereign state, and the oldest constitutional republic. It is named after Saint Marinus, a legendary stonemason from the Roman island of Rab (in present-day Croatia), who is said to have fled persecution under Emperor Diocletian to have established a monastic community on Monte Titano, where he built a small chapel. The country has a rare constitutional structure: the Grand and General Council, a democratically elected legislature, selects two heads of state, the Captains Regent, every six months. They are chosen from opposing political parties, and serve concurrently with equal powers and preside over several institutions of state, including the Grand and General Council. Only the Federal Council of Switzerland follows this same structure, except with some modifications due to its immensely larger size. \nSan Marino is a member of the Council of Europe and uses the euro as its official currency, but is not part of the European Union. The official language is Italian, although the traditional regiolect is Sammarinese, a dialect of Romagnol. Its economy is based on finance, industry, services, retail, and tourism, and it ranks among the wealthiest countries in the world by GDP (PPP) per capita. It hosts the Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean. San Marino was also the first currently-existing state to abolish the death penalty (in 1865), although it had not actually been used since the 1400s. In 2025 San Marino was ranked 29th on the Human Development Index.", "contentHash": "dd658be3bcc9bf4836002e765bc83f1888e29b373bd909eff7aae9bd255bd043", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "SN:overview", "title": "Senegal", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378494883", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Senegal%7CSomalia%7CSuriname%7CSouth+Sudan%7CS%C3%A3o+Tom%C3%A9+and+Pr%C3%ADncipe%7CEl+Salvador%7CSint+Maarten%7CSyria%7CEswatini%7CTurks+and+Caicos+Islands%7CChad%7CFrench+Southern+and+Antarctic+Lands%7CTogo%7CThailand%7CTajikistan%7CTimor-Leste%7CTurkmenistan%7CTunisia%7CTonga%7CTrinidad+and+Tobago", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:01.349Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-04T19:39:05Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378494883", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Senegal, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Senegal, officially the Republic of Senegal, is the westernmost country of mainland West Africa, situated along the Atlantic Ocean coast. It borders Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, Guinea to the southeast and Guinea-Bissau to the southwest. Senegal nearly surrounds the Gambia, a country occupying a narrow strip of land along the banks of the Gambia River, which separates Senegal's southern region of Casamance from the rest of the country. It also shares a maritime border with Cape Verde. The capital and largest city of Senegal is Dakar.\nSenegal is the westernmost country in the mainland of the Old World, or Afro-Eurasia. It owes its name to the Senegal River, which borders it to the north and east. The climate is typically Sahelian, with a rainy season. Senegal covers a land area of almost 197,000 square kilometres (76,000 sq mi) and has a population of around 18 million. The state is a semi-presidential republic; since the country's foundation in 1960, it has been recognized as one of the most stable countries on the African continent. On the 2024 V-Dem Democracy Indices, Senegal is ranked 68th in electoral democracy worldwide and 10th in electoral democracy in Africa.\nThe state was formed as part of the independence of French West Africa from French colonial rule. Because of this history, French is the official language, but it is understood by only a small minority of the population. Over 30 languages are spoken in Senegal. Wolof is the most widely spoken, with 80% of the population speaking it as a first or second language, acting as Senegal's lingua franca alongside French. Arabic and Pulaar also remain popular among certain communities. Like other African nations, the country includes a wide mix of ethnic and linguistic communities, with the largest being the Wolof, Fula, and Serer people. Senegalese people are predominantly Muslim.\nAs a developing nation, Senegal is classified as a heavily indebted poor country, with a relatively low ranking on the Human Development Index (169th out of 193). Most of the population lives on the coast and works in agriculture or other food industries; other major industries include mining, tourism, and services. The historic lack of natural resources in Senegal has redirected efforts towards increasing literacy and educational attainment. Senegal is a member state of the African Union, the United Nations, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and the Community of Sahel–Saharan States.", "contentHash": "706a9951c2304a66d3132950a4506c937a5ea32698beb182deea21c475d14ffd", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "SO:overview", "title": "Somalia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378044584", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Senegal%7CSomalia%7CSuriname%7CSouth+Sudan%7CS%C3%A3o+Tom%C3%A9+and+Pr%C3%ADncipe%7CEl+Salvador%7CSint+Maarten%7CSyria%7CEswatini%7CTurks+and+Caicos+Islands%7CChad%7CFrench+Southern+and+Antarctic+Lands%7CTogo%7CThailand%7CTajikistan%7CTimor-Leste%7CTurkmenistan%7CTunisia%7CTonga%7CTrinidad+and+Tobago", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:01.349Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-02T16:57:53Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378044584", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Somalia, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Somalia, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia, is the easternmost country in continental Africa. Stretching across the Horn of Africa, it borders Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, and the Indian Ocean to the east. Somalia has the longest coastline on Africa's mainland. Somalia has an estimated population over 19 million, of which 2.7 million live in the capital and largest city, Mogadishu. As one of Africa's most ethnically homogeneous countries, around 85% of its residents are ethnic Somalis. The official and national language of the country is Somali, and Arabic is recognised as a second language. The overwhelming majority of the population are Sunni Muslims.\nIn ancient history, Somalia was an important commercial centre. During the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade, including the Ajuran Sultanate, Adal Sultanate, and the Sultanate of the Geledi. In the late 19th century, the Somali sultanates were colonised by the Italian and British empires, who merged these tribal territories into two colonies: Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland. In 1960, the two territories united to form the independent Somali Republic under a civilian government. Siad Barre of the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) seized power in 1969 and established the Somali Democratic Republic, launching a failed invasion of Ethiopia which triggered major instability in Somalia and brutally attempting to quash the Somaliland War of Independence in the north of the country.\nThe SRC collapsed in 1991 with the onset of the Somali Civil War. Instability continued through periods of reduced conflict under transitional governments in the early 2000s.At the end of 2006, a US-backed Ethiopian invasion overthrew the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), leading to the installation of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia (TFG) in Mogadishu under an Ethiopian military occupation. The subsequent insurgency which emerged saw the ICU fragment into various rebel factions, including the militant group al-Shabaab, which waged a protracted conflict against Ethiopian forces, the two powers exchanging control of territories through mid-2012. A new provisional constitution was passed in August 2012, reforming Somalia as a federation and began reconstruction under the Federal Government of Somalia. Insurgents still control much of central and southern Somalia and influence government-controlled areas.\nSomalia is among the least developed countries in the world because of its low GDP per capita and the Human Development Index. It has maintained an informal economy mainly based on livestock, remittances from Somalis working abroad, and telecommunications. It is a member of the United Nations, the Arab League, African Union, Non-Aligned Movement, East African Community, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.\nIn 2026 the United Nations and the World Food Programme warned that six million people or one third of Somalia's population were facing food crises and that 1.9 million children faced acute malnutrition, primarily due to a severe drought and cut in aid expenditures.", "contentHash": "aac4ba39f5dbd2cd753206c74499a71d47d761509bca62ae15f55a13459ea913", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "SR:overview", "title": "Suriname", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377433053", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Senegal%7CSomalia%7CSuriname%7CSouth+Sudan%7CS%C3%A3o+Tom%C3%A9+and+Pr%C3%ADncipe%7CEl+Salvador%7CSint+Maarten%7CSyria%7CEswatini%7CTurks+and+Caicos+Islands%7CChad%7CFrench+Southern+and+Antarctic+Lands%7CTogo%7CThailand%7CTajikistan%7CTimor-Leste%7CTurkmenistan%7CTunisia%7CTonga%7CTrinidad+and+Tobago", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:01.349Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-29T10:20:53Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377433053", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Suriname, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Suriname, officially the Republic of Suriname, is a country on the northern coast of South America, also considered part of the Caribbean region. Situated slightly north of the equator, over 90% of its territory is covered by rainforest, the second-highest proportion of forest cover in the world. Suriname is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north, French Guiana to the east, Brazil to the south, and Guyana to the west. It is the smallest sovereign country in South America by both population and territory, with around 612,985 inhabitants in 2021 in an area of approximately 165,940 square kilometres (64,070 square miles). The capital and largest city is Paramaribo, which is home to roughly half the population.\nSuriname was inhabited as early as the fourth millennium BC by various Indigenous peoples, including the Lokono, Kalina, and Wayana. Europeans arrived and contested the area in the 16th century, with the Dutch controlling much of the country's current territory by the late 17th century. Under Dutch rule, Suriname was a lucrative plantation colony focused mostly on sugar; its economy was driven by African slave labour until the abolition of slavery in 1863. Approximately 300,000 enslaved Africans were taken to Suriname during the transatlantic slave trade, from the mid-1600s to the early 1800s. After 1863, indentured servants were recruited mostly from British India and the Dutch East Indies. In 1954, Suriname became a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. On 25 November 1975, it became independent following negotiations with the Dutch government. Suriname continues to maintain close diplomatic, economic, and cultural ties with the Netherlands. Surinamese culture and society strongly reflect the legacy of Dutch colonial rule. \nSuriname is the only independent state outside Europe where Dutch is the official and prevailing language of government, business, media, and education; an estimated 60% of the population speaks Dutch as a native language. Sranan Tongo, an English-based creole language, is a widely used lingua franca and English itself is also widely spoken, understood and used. Most Surinamese are descendants of slaves brought from Africa by Europeans, and indentured labourers brought from Asia by the Dutch. Suriname is highly diverse, with no ethnic group forming a majority; proportionally, its Muslim and Hindu populations are some of the largest in the Americas. Most people live along the northern coast, centred on Paramaribo, making Suriname one of the least densely populated countries on Earth.\nIt is a developing country with a high level of human development; its economy is heavily dependent on its abundant natural resources, namely bauxite, gold, petroleum, and agricultural products. Suriname is a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), the United Nations, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Organization of American States.", "contentHash": "01e5ca056f11b9d423006f20765c1b0f810fdd5436e92e1ddaf5e519cb36c412", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "SS:overview", "title": "South Sudan", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378502016", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Senegal%7CSomalia%7CSuriname%7CSouth+Sudan%7CS%C3%A3o+Tom%C3%A9+and+Pr%C3%ADncipe%7CEl+Salvador%7CSint+Maarten%7CSyria%7CEswatini%7CTurks+and+Caicos+Islands%7CChad%7CFrench+Southern+and+Antarctic+Lands%7CTogo%7CThailand%7CTajikistan%7CTimor-Leste%7CTurkmenistan%7CTunisia%7CTonga%7CTrinidad+and+Tobago", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:01.349Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-04T20:11:11Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378502016", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "South Sudan, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "South Sudan (), officially the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered by Sudan to the north, Ethiopia to the east, Kenya to the southeast, Uganda to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southwest, and the Central African Republic to the west. South Sudan's diverse landscape includes vast plains and plateaus, dry and tropical savannahs, inland floodplains, and forested mountains. The Nile River system is the defining physical feature of the country, running south to north across its center, which is dominated by a large swamp known as the Sudd. South Sudan has an estimated population of just over 12.7 million in 2024. Juba is the capital and largest city.\nSudan was occupied by Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty in the 1800s and governed as an Anglo-Egyptian condominium from 1899 until Sudanese independence in 1956. Following the First Sudanese Civil War, the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region was formed in 1972 and lasted until 1983. The Second Sudanese Civil War broke out in 1983 and ended in 2005 with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement. Later that year, southern autonomy was restored when an Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan was formed. \nSouth Sudan became an independent state on 9 July 2011, following 98.8% support for independence in a January 2011 referendum. It is the most recent sovereign state with widespread recognition as of 2026. South Sudan descended into the South Sudanese Civil War from 2013 to 2018, enduring rampant human rights abuses, including forced displacement, ethnic massacres, and killings of journalists by various parties. It has since been governed by a coalition formed by leaders of the former warring factions, Salva Kiir Mayardit (Sudan People's Liberation Movement or SPLM) and Riek Machar (Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition or SPLM-IO). The country continues to recover from the war while experiencing ongoing and systemic ethnic violence.\nThe South Sudanese population is composed mostly of Nilotic peoples spanning a variety of ethnic and linguistic groups. It is demographically among the youngest nations in the world, with roughly half its people under 18 years old. The majority of inhabitants adhere to Christianity or various traditional indigenous faiths, with a sizeable Muslim minority. South Sudan is a member of the United Nations, African Union, East African Community, and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development. It is one of the least developed countries in the world, ranking the lowest in the Human Development Index. The South Sudanese economy has historically produced the world's lowest nominal GDP per capita.", "contentHash": "322ab17e2dbb1ef5064ae3664760701afb3b7aa4399bfe9e8c593f23188237c2", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "ST:overview", "title": "São Tomé and Príncipe", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1375996168", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Senegal%7CSomalia%7CSuriname%7CSouth+Sudan%7CS%C3%A3o+Tom%C3%A9+and+Pr%C3%ADncipe%7CEl+Salvador%7CSint+Maarten%7CSyria%7CEswatini%7CTurks+and+Caicos+Islands%7CChad%7CFrench+Southern+and+Antarctic+Lands%7CTogo%7CThailand%7CTajikistan%7CTimor-Leste%7CTurkmenistan%7CTunisia%7CTonga%7CTrinidad+and+Tobago", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:01.349Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-21T10:17:53Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1375996168", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "São Tomé and Príncipe, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "São Tomé and Príncipe, officially the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe, is an island country in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western equatorial coast of Central Africa. It consists of two archipelagos around the two main islands of São Tomé and Príncipe, about 81 nautical miles (150 km; 93 mi) apart and about 135 and 121 nautical miles (250 and 224 km; 155 and 139 mi) off the northwestern coast of Gabon. With a population of 201,800 (2018 official estimate), São Tomé and Príncipe is the second-smallest and second-least populous African sovereign state after Seychelles.\nThe islands were uninhabited until Portuguese explorers João de Santarém and Pedro Escobar discovered them on 21 December 1470. Gradually colonized and settled throughout the 16th century, they collectively served as a vital commercial and trade centre for the Atlantic slave trade. The rich volcanic soil and proximity to the equator made São Tomé and Príncipe ideal for sugar cultivation, followed later by other cash crops such as coffee and cocoa. The lucrative plantation economy was heavily dependent upon enslaved Africans. Cycles of social unrest and economic instability throughout the 19th and 20th centuries culminated in peaceful independence in 1975 as a one-party communist state, which would remain in place until 1990. São Tomé and Príncipe has since remained one of Africa's most stable and democratic countries. São Tomé and Príncipe is a developing economy with a medium Human Development Index.\nThe people of São Tomé and Príncipe are predominantly of African and mestiço (mixed European and African) descent, with most practicing Christianity. The legacy of Portuguese rule is also visible in the country's culture, customs, and music, which fuse both European and African influences. São Tomé and Príncipe is a founding member state of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries.", "contentHash": "fc4667d4328d5b67fb951c53aef6726e4fafc0485a92ae85a2d2327317db9756", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "SV:overview", "title": "El Salvador", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1375822836", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Senegal%7CSomalia%7CSuriname%7CSouth+Sudan%7CS%C3%A3o+Tom%C3%A9+and+Pr%C3%ADncipe%7CEl+Salvador%7CSint+Maarten%7CSyria%7CEswatini%7CTurks+and+Caicos+Islands%7CChad%7CFrench+Southern+and+Antarctic+Lands%7CTogo%7CThailand%7CTajikistan%7CTimor-Leste%7CTurkmenistan%7CTunisia%7CTonga%7CTrinidad+and+Tobago", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:01.349Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-20T07:55:21Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1375822836", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "El Salvador, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "El Salvador, officially the Republic of El Salvador, is a sovereign nation in Central America. Situated along the Pacific coast, it is bounded by Guatemala to the northwest and Honduras to the northeast. The country's political, economic, and cultural center is its capital and largest municipality, San Salvador. As of 2024, El Salvador's population was estimated at approximately 6 million inhabitants.\nHistorically, the territory comprising modern-day El Salvador was inhabited by various Mesoamerican civilizations, notably the Olmecs - whose presence around the first millennium BCE is attested by archeological monuments - followed by the Maya and later the Cuzcatlecs. In 1524, the region was conquered by the Spanish Empire and subsequently incorporated into the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Because the central administration in Mexico City exercised limited direct oversight over the Central American isthmus, Spain established the Captaincy General of Guatemala in 1609, an administrative division that included the territory of El Salvador throughout the colonial period. \nFollowing its independence from Spain in 1821, El Salvador was briefly annexed by the First Mexican Empire before seceding to join the Federal Republic of Central America in 1823. Upon the dissolution of the federation in 1841, El Salvador established full sovereignty as an independent republic. Late in the 19th century, the nation temporarily reunited with Honduras and Nicaragua to form the Greater Republic of Central America, a political union that endured from 1896 to 1898. From the late 19th through the mid-20th century, El Salvador experienced prolonged political and economic instability, marked by frequent military coups, civil unrest, and a succession of authoritarian regimes. Entrenched socioeconomic disparities and escalating conflict eventually culminated in the Salvadoran Civil War (1979-1992), fought between the military-led government and the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), a coalition of left-wing guerrilla groups. The war concluded with the signing of the Chapultepec Peace Accords in 1992. This negotiated settlement demilitarized the opposition, reformed the security forces, and established a multiparty constitutional republic. The conflict and its economic aftermath triggered mass emigration, primarily to the United States. Between 1980 and 2008, nearly one million citizens migrated to the U.S., establishing Salvadorans as the sixth-largest immigrant population in the nation by 2008.\nHistorically, the economy of El Salvador was driven primarily by agricultural export commodities. During the 16th century, Spanish colonial authorities commercialized indigenous cacao production, centered around Izalco, alongside balsam harvested from the coastal ranges of La Libertad and Ahuachapán. By the 19th century, indigo emerged as the primary export due to global demands for natural dyes, before being superseded by coffee in the early 20th century, which at its peak generated roughly 90% of national export revenues. In subsequent decades, the country systematically diversified its economic base by expanding manufacturing, broadening trade partnerships and developing financial links, thereby reducing its historical reliance on coffee. In 2001, El Salvador replaced its national currency, the colón (in circulation since 1892), with the United States dollar. \nSocioeconomic indicators from the late 2010s reflected that El Salvador maintained one of the lowest levels of income inequality in Central America. Concurrently, international studies assessing economic complexity ranked the country among the less complex market systems globally for commercial enterprise.", "contentHash": "8ab3ad759257f7982270c9596fc96b80e3ebd2373456e0ba5a7d55ed92167aea", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "SX:overview", "title": "Sint Maarten", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378201429", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Senegal%7CSomalia%7CSuriname%7CSouth+Sudan%7CS%C3%A3o+Tom%C3%A9+and+Pr%C3%ADncipe%7CEl+Salvador%7CSint+Maarten%7CSyria%7CEswatini%7CTurks+and+Caicos+Islands%7CChad%7CFrench+Southern+and+Antarctic+Lands%7CTogo%7CThailand%7CTajikistan%7CTimor-Leste%7CTurkmenistan%7CTunisia%7CTonga%7CTrinidad+and+Tobago", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:01.349Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T13:10:31Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378201429", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Sint Maarten, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Sint Maarten, officially the Country of Sint Maarten, is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands located in the Caribbean region of North America. With a population of 58,477 as of June 2023 on an area of 34 km2 (13 sq mi), it encompasses the southern 44% of the divided island of Saint Martin, while the northern 56% of the island constitutes the French overseas collectivity of Saint Martin. Sint Maarten's capital is Philipsburg. Collectively, Sint Maarten and the other Dutch islands in the Caribbean are often called the Dutch Caribbean.\nBefore 10 October 2010, Sint Maarten was known as the Island Territory of Sint Maarten (Dutch: Eilandgebied Sint Maarten), and was one of six (and from 1986 onwards, five) island territories (eilandgebieden) that constituted the Netherlands Antilles. Sint Maarten has the status of an EU overseas country; it is not part of the European Union, but is a member of the Overseas Countries and Territories Association.\nOn 6 and 7 September 2017, the island was hit by Category 5 Hurricane Irma, which caused widespread and significant damage to buildings and infrastructure.", "contentHash": "c9f6e89266443db9b125c638000a18fbd609dc614ea2ce0f657837d8405e8fcd", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "SY:overview", "title": "Syria", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378820804", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Senegal%7CSomalia%7CSuriname%7CSouth+Sudan%7CS%C3%A3o+Tom%C3%A9+and+Pr%C3%ADncipe%7CEl+Salvador%7CSint+Maarten%7CSyria%7CEswatini%7CTurks+and+Caicos+Islands%7CChad%7CFrench+Southern+and+Antarctic+Lands%7CTogo%7CThailand%7CTajikistan%7CTimor-Leste%7CTurkmenistan%7CTunisia%7CTonga%7CTrinidad+and+Tobago", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:01.349Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-06T08:42:21Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378820804", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Syria, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north and northwest, Iraq to the east and southeast, Jordan to the south, and Israel and Lebanon to the southwest. It is a republic under a provisional government and comprises 14 governorates. Damascus is Syria's capital and largest city. With a population of 26 million across an area of 185,180 square kilometres (71,500 sq mi), it is the 56th-most populous and 87th-largest country.\nThe name \"Syria\" historically referred to the region of Syria, or known as Greater Syria and Syria-Palestine. The modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires, including the Eblan civilization. Damascus was the capital of the Umayyad Empire and later became an important political and administrative center, alongside Aleppo, under the Ayyubid and Mamluk Sultanates and the Ottoman Empire. The modern Syrian state was established in the mid-20th century after centuries of Ottoman rule, as a French Mandate. The state represented the largest Arab state to emerge from the formerly Ottoman-ruled Syrian provinces. It gained de jure independence as a parliamentary republic in 1945 when the First Syrian Republic became a founding member of the United Nations, an act which legally ended the French Mandate. French troops withdrew in April 1946, granting the nation de facto independence. The post-independence period was tumultuous, with multiple coups and coup attempts between 1949 and 1971. In 1958, Syria entered a brief pan-Arab union with Egypt, which was terminated following a 1961 coup d'état. The 1963 coup d'état carried out by the military committee of the Ba'ath Party established a one-party state, which ran Syria under martial law from 1963 to 2011. Internal power-struggles within Ba'athist factions caused further coups in 1966 and 1970, the latter of which saw Hafez al-Assad come to power. Under Assad, Syria became a hereditary dictatorship. Assad died in 2000, and he was succeeded by his son, Bashar.\nDuring the Arab Spring in 2011, members of the Syrian opposition organized protests against the Assad regime, which became known as the Syrian Revolution. After the government responded with lethal violence, the Free Syrian Army was formed, and the revolution escalated into a multifaceted 13-year civil war, drawing in several countries and triggering a refugee crisis that displaced more than 6 million people. Rebel advances were reversed following the emergence of the Islamic State, which occupied roughly two-thirds of Syria by May 2015. Alongside rebel and government counteroffensives, several countries led a campaign that resulted in the Islamic State's territorial defeat in 2017. Following its defeat in the four-year Battle of Aleppo, the Free Syrian Army fragmented and declined. \nBy 2020, the civil war had become a frozen conflict, while Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) consolidated the remaining rebel groups in its stronghold in northwestern Syria. In late 2024, HTS and other opposition forces launched a series of offensives, culminating in the fall of Damascus and the fall of the Assad regime on 8 December 2024. The Syrian caretaker government was established following the fall of the Assad regime under Ahmed al-Sharaa, who became Syria's de facto head of state and was formally appointed president of Syria at the Syrian Revolution Victory Conference on 29 January 2025. The caretaker government remained in place until it was replaced by the Syrian transitional government in March 2025. Post-war conflict has continued following the fall of the Assad regime, involving clashes with Assad loyalists, Alawite and Druze insurgents, the former Syrian Democratic Forces, and Israeli forces. \nSyria is a unitary presidential republic currently undergoing a political transition. It is governed by the Syrian transitional government under the Constitutional Declaration, with executive authority vested in the president, while the People's Assembly serves as the unicameral legislature and judicial power is vested in an independent judiciary. Syria is a developing country with a mixed economy. Its economy was primarily based on agriculture in its early years but deteriorated following the outbreak of the Syrian civil war in 2011. A country of fertile plains, high mountains, plateaus, and deserts, Syria is home to diverse ethnic and religious groups. Levantine Arabs are the largest ethnic group, while Sunni Muslims constitute the largest religious group. Syria is a founding member of the United Nations and the Arab League, and is a member of numerous international organisations. It is also home to six UNESCO World Heritage Sites.\n\n", "contentHash": "7cd7b5a6054c58e0945bfd4160881a07c1606c12e042950dbbc5a774ae12e0c9", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "SZ:overview", "title": "Eswatini", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377361933", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Senegal%7CSomalia%7CSuriname%7CSouth+Sudan%7CS%C3%A3o+Tom%C3%A9+and+Pr%C3%ADncipe%7CEl+Salvador%7CSint+Maarten%7CSyria%7CEswatini%7CTurks+and+Caicos+Islands%7CChad%7CFrench+Southern+and+Antarctic+Lands%7CTogo%7CThailand%7CTajikistan%7CTimor-Leste%7CTurkmenistan%7CTunisia%7CTonga%7CTrinidad+and+Tobago", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:01.349Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-29T02:24:16Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377361933", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Eswatini, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Eswatini, formally the Kingdom of Eswatini (historically called KaNgwane), also known by its former official names Swaziland and the Kingdom of Swaziland, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. It is bordered by South Africa on all sides except the east, where it shares a border with Mozambique. At no more than 200 km (120 mi) north to south and 130 km (81 mi) east to west, Eswatini is the second smallest country in continental Africa. However, its climate and topography are diverse, ranging from a cool and mountainous highveld to a hot and dry lowveld. The executive capital is Mbabane, and the legislative capital is Lobamba.\nThe population is composed primarily of ethnic Swazis. The prevalent language is Swazi (siSwati in native form). The Swazis established their kingdom in the mid-18th century under the leadership of Ngwane III. The country and the Swazi take their names from Mswati II, the 19th-century king under whose rule the country was expanded and unified. Its boundaries were drawn up in 1881 in the midst of the European Scramble for Africa. \nAfter the Second Boer War, the kingdom, under the name of Swaziland, was a British high commission territory from 1903 until it regained its full independence on 6 September 1968. In April 2018, the king changed the official name from Kingdom of Swaziland to Kingdom of Eswatini, the name commonly used in the Swazi language.\nEswatini is a developing country that is classified as having a lower-middle income economy. As a member of the Southern African Customs Union and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, its main local trading partner is South Africa; to ensure economic stability, Eswatini's currency, the lilangeni, is pegged to the South African rand. Eswatini's major overseas trading partners are the United States and the European Union. The majority of the country's employment is provided by its agricultural and manufacturing sectors. Eswatini is a member of the Southern African Development Community, the African Union, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the United Nations.\nEswatini's government is an absolute monarchy, the last of its kind in Africa. The country has been ruled by King Mswati III since 1986. Elections are held every five years to determine the House of Assembly and the Senate majority, but political parties are prohibited from running. Eswatini's constitution was adopted in 2005. \nThe Swazi population faces major health issues: HIV/AIDS and (to a lesser extent) tuberculosis are widespread. Twenty-eight percent of the adult population are HIV-positive. As of 2018, Eswatini has the 12th-lowest life expectancy in the world, at 58 years. Also as of 2018, people aged 14 years or younger constitute 35% of the country's population; the median age is 22 years.\n\n", "contentHash": "fee0b50bbffd839820ee930daa3295645521dcf421c2c46ad186a40bbb638afa", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "TC:overview", "title": "Turks and Caicos Islands", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377078887", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Senegal%7CSomalia%7CSuriname%7CSouth+Sudan%7CS%C3%A3o+Tom%C3%A9+and+Pr%C3%ADncipe%7CEl+Salvador%7CSint+Maarten%7CSyria%7CEswatini%7CTurks+and+Caicos+Islands%7CChad%7CFrench+Southern+and+Antarctic+Lands%7CTogo%7CThailand%7CTajikistan%7CTimor-Leste%7CTurkmenistan%7CTunisia%7CTonga%7CTrinidad+and+Tobago", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:01.349Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-27T20:06:16Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377078887", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Turks and Caicos Islands, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Turks and Caicos Islands ( and ) is a British Overseas Territory consisting of the larger Caicos Islands and smaller Turks Islands, two groups of tropical islands in the Lucayan Archipelago of the Atlantic Ocean and northern West Indies. They are known primarily for tourism and as an offshore financial centre. The resident population in 2023 was estimated by The World Factbook at 59,367, making it the third-largest of the British overseas territories by population. However, according to a Department of Statistics estimate in 2022, the population was 47,720.\nThe islands are southeast of Mayaguana in the Bahamas island chain and north of the island of Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic). Cockburn Town, the capital since 1766, is situated on Grand Turk about 1,042 kilometres (647 mi) east-southeast of Miami. They have a total land area of 430 square kilometres (170 sq mi).\nThe islands were inhabited for centuries by Lucayan people (Taíno). The first recorded European sighting of them was in 1512. In subsequent centuries, they were claimed by several European powers, with the British Empire eventually gaining control. For many years they were governed indirectly through Bermuda, the Bahamas, and Jamaica. When the Bahamas gained independence in 1973, the islands received their own governor, and have remained an autonomous territory since.", "contentHash": "830c0e7b4d07b7feab1d30bbf27ef8569cbd7b300acbce86cd468efc86070f84", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "TD:overview", "title": "Chad", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378504036", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Senegal%7CSomalia%7CSuriname%7CSouth+Sudan%7CS%C3%A3o+Tom%C3%A9+and+Pr%C3%ADncipe%7CEl+Salvador%7CSint+Maarten%7CSyria%7CEswatini%7CTurks+and+Caicos+Islands%7CChad%7CFrench+Southern+and+Antarctic+Lands%7CTogo%7CThailand%7CTajikistan%7CTimor-Leste%7CTurkmenistan%7CTunisia%7CTonga%7CTrinidad+and+Tobago", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:01.349Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-04T20:20:10Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378504036", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Chad, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Chad, officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon to the southwest, Nigeria to the southwest (at Lake Chad), and Niger to the west. Chad has a population of 20 million, of which 1.6 million live in the capital and largest city of N'Djamena. With a total area of around 1,300,000 km2 (500,000 sq mi), Chad is the fifth-largest country in Africa and the twentieth largest nation by area.\nWith over 200 ethnic and linguistic groups, the official languages are French and Arabic, with French being the lingua franca and language of government and education. Islam (55.1%) and Christianity (41.1%) are the main practiced religions.\nBeginning in the 7th millennium BC, humans moved into the Chadian basin in great numbers. By the end of the 1st millennium AD, a series of states and empires had risen and fallen in Chad's Sahelian strip, each focused on controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region. France conquered the territory by 1920 and incorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa. In 1960, Chad obtained independence under the leadership of François Tombalbaye. Resentment towards his policies in the Muslim north culminated in the eruption of a long-lasting civil war in 1965. In 1979 the rebels conquered the capital and put an end to the south's hegemony. The rebel commanders then fought amongst themselves until President Hissène Habré defeated his rivals. The Chadian–Libyan conflict erupted in 1978 which stopped in 1987 with a French military intervention. Habré was overthrown in turn in 1990 by his general Idriss Déby. With French support, a modernisation of the Chadian National Army was initiated in 1991. From 2003, the Darfur crisis in Sudan spilled over the border and destabilised the nation. Already poor, the nation struggled to accommodate over a million Sudanese refugees in eastern Chad.\nWhile many political parties participated in the National Assembly, power lay firmly in the hands of the Patriotic Salvation Movement during the presidency of Déby, whose rule was described as authoritarian. After Déby was killed by FACT rebels in April 2021, the Transitional Military Council led by his son Mahamat Déby assumed control of the government and dissolved the Assembly. One of the world's least developed countries, Chad remains plagued by political violence and recurrent attempted coups d'état. Chad ranks the 4th lowest in the Human Development Index and is among the poorest and most corrupt countries. Most of its inhabitants live in poverty as subsistence herders and farmers. Since 2003 crude oil has become the country's primary source of export earnings. Chad has a poor human rights record.", "contentHash": "43b2041f05785c82faca917160f3170e05f9cbc4317c5b9e9c43c01c38b50f9e", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "TF:overview", "title": "French Southern and Antarctic Lands", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378780201", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Senegal%7CSomalia%7CSuriname%7CSouth+Sudan%7CS%C3%A3o+Tom%C3%A9+and+Pr%C3%ADncipe%7CEl+Salvador%7CSint+Maarten%7CSyria%7CEswatini%7CTurks+and+Caicos+Islands%7CChad%7CFrench+Southern+and+Antarctic+Lands%7CTogo%7CThailand%7CTajikistan%7CTimor-Leste%7CTurkmenistan%7CTunisia%7CTonga%7CTrinidad+and+Tobago", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:01.349Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-06T03:14:58Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378780201", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "The French Southern and Antarctic Lands (French: Terres australes et antarctiques françaises, TAAF) is an overseas territory (French: Territoire d'outre-mer or TOM) of France.\nIt consists of:\n\nAdélie Land (Terre Adélie), the French claim on the continent of Antarctica.\nCrozet Islands (Îles Crozet), a group in the southern Indian Ocean, south of Madagascar.\nKerguelen Islands (Archipel des Kerguelen), a group of volcanic islands in the southern Indian Ocean, southeast of Africa and southwest of Australia.\nSaint Paul and Amsterdam Islands (Îles Saint Paul et Amsterdam), a group to the north of the Kerguelen Islands.\nScattered Islands (Îles Éparses), a dispersed group of islands around the coast of Madagascar.\nThe territory is sometimes referred to as the French Southern Lands (French: Terres australes françaises) or the French Southern Territories, usually to emphasize non-recognition of French sovereignty over Adélie Land as part of the Antarctic Treaty System.\nThe entire territory has no known permanently settled inhabitants. Approximately 150 (in the winter) to 310 (in the summer) people are usually present in the French Southern and Antarctic Lands at any time, but they are mainly made up of military personnel, officials, scientific researchers and support staff.\nOn 5 July 2019, the Crozet Islands, the Kerguelen Islands, and the Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands, as the \"French Austral Lands and Seas\", were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site because of their pristine wilderness, biodiversity, and enormous bird colonies.\nAlthough the region's capital is based in Réunion, this island is a member of the overseas departments and regions of France, and should not be confused with the overseas territories.", "contentHash": "818f85701e984a6f743800d17d2ce5d0ff74c01e47ae105a2545301af3991ce3", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "TG:overview", "title": "Togo", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378209604", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Senegal%7CSomalia%7CSuriname%7CSouth+Sudan%7CS%C3%A3o+Tom%C3%A9+and+Pr%C3%ADncipe%7CEl+Salvador%7CSint+Maarten%7CSyria%7CEswatini%7CTurks+and+Caicos+Islands%7CChad%7CFrench+Southern+and+Antarctic+Lands%7CTogo%7CThailand%7CTajikistan%7CTimor-Leste%7CTurkmenistan%7CTunisia%7CTonga%7CTrinidad+and+Tobago", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:01.349Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T14:05:58Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378209604", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Togo, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Togo, officially the Togolese Republic, is a country located in West Africa. It is bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. It is one of the least developed countries in the world. It extends north from the Gulf of Guinea (where its capital, Lomé, is located) to the Burkina Faso-Togo border. It is a small, tropical country, spanning 57,000 square kilometres (22,000 square miles) with a population of approximately 8 million. It has a width of less than 115 km (71 mi) between Ghana and its eastern neighbour Benin.\nVarious people settled the boundaries of present-day Togo between the 11th and 16th centuries. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, the coastal region served primarily as a European slave trading outpost, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name \"The Slave Coast\". In 1884, during the scramble for Africa, Germany established a protectorate in the region called Togoland. After World War I, Togo was transferred to France with its contemporary borders. Togo gained independence from France in 1960. In 1967, Gnassingbé Eyadéma led a successful military coup d'état and became president of an anti-communist, single-party state. In 1993, Eyadéma faced multiparty elections marred by irregularities, and won the presidency three times. At the time of his death, Eyadéma was the \"longest-serving leader in modern African history\", having been president for 38 years. In 2005, his son Faure Gnassingbé was elected president.\nTogo is a tropical, sub-Saharan nation whose economy depends mostly on agriculture. The official language is French, while the two national languages are Kabiye and Ewe. Other languages are also spoken, particularly those of the Gbe family. Christians represent roughly half of the population (49.2%), followed by Muslims and adherents of traditional religions. Togo is a member of the United Nations, African Union, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, Francophonie, Commonwealth of Nations, and Economic Community of West African States.", "contentHash": "e99e0cfed9e375052e2bce446fda88f037ec270bea533e09a5f1b287260fe48f", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "TH:overview", "title": "Thailand", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376993408", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Senegal%7CSomalia%7CSuriname%7CSouth+Sudan%7CS%C3%A3o+Tom%C3%A9+and+Pr%C3%ADncipe%7CEl+Salvador%7CSint+Maarten%7CSyria%7CEswatini%7CTurks+and+Caicos+Islands%7CChad%7CFrench+Southern+and+Antarctic+Lands%7CTogo%7CThailand%7CTajikistan%7CTimor-Leste%7CTurkmenistan%7CTunisia%7CTonga%7CTrinidad+and+Tobago", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:01.349Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-27T08:59:11Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1376993408", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Thailand, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand, and formerly known as Siam, is a country located in Mainland Southeast Asia. It shares land borders with Myanmar to the west and northwest, Laos to the east and northeast, Cambodia to the southeast, and Malaysia to the south. Its maritime boundaries include the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea, and it shares maritime borders with Vietnam, Indonesia, and India. Thailand has a population of nearly 66 million people and covers an area of approximately 513,115 km2 (198,115 sq mi). The capital and largest city is Bangkok.\nArchaeological evidence indicates that humans have inhabited the area for at least 40,000 years. Indigenous ethnic groups include the Mon, Khmer, and Malay people. The Tai people are believed to have originated from the Điện Biên Phủ region since the 5th century and began migrating into the territory of modern Thailand between the 8th and 10th centuries. During the classical historical period, major kingdoms such as Sukhothai, Lan Na, and Ayutthaya were established. The Sukhothai Kingdom is regarded as the beginning of Thai history, while the Ayutthaya Kingdom, founded in 1350 CE, became a regional power replacing the Khmer Empire. European contact began in 1511 when Portuguese envoys arrived in Ayutthaya. The Ayutthaya Kingdom flourished until its complete destruction during the 1765–1767 Burmese–Siamese War by the Burmese forces under the Konbaung dynasty in 1767.\nAfter the fall of Ayutthaya, King Taksin reunified the kingdom and established the Thonburi Kingdom, which lasted only 15 years before he was overthrown by Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), the founder of the Chakri dynasty. King Rama I established the Rattanakosin Kingdom and moved the capital to Bangkok in 1782. During the era of Western imperialism, Siam remained the only country in Southeast Asia to avoid colonisation by European powers, although it ceded territory, trade rights, and legal privileges through several unequal treaties. The governance system evolved into an absolute monarchy centralised under the rule of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V). Siam adapted to international relations during the imperialist era and joined World War I on the side of the Allies, a political decision aimed at revising the effects of unequal treaties and enhancing Siam's international status.\nFollowing the Siamese revolution of 1932 by the Khana Ratsadon (lit. 'People's Party'), Siam transitioned to a parliamentary constitutional monarchy and was officially renamed Thailand. During World War II, the country was under the military dictatorship of Plaek Phibunsongkhram and allied with the Empire of Japan as part of the Axis powers, but Thailand did not become a defeated nation due to the underground Free Thai Movement's \"Declaration of Peace\", which was recognised by the Allies. During the Cold War, Thailand became a key major non-NATO ally of the United States and played a major role in countering communism in the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and other proxy wars. Thailand also joined the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO). In the 1970s through 1990s, Thailand alternated between liberal democracy and military dictatorship.\nIn the 21st century, Thailand has experienced political conflict between supporters and opponents of Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra, leading to the 2006 and 2014 coups d'état. Thailand operates under the 2017 Constitution and a coalition government following the 2019 Thai general election, as well as political demonstrations demanding democracy and monarchy reform. The current constitutional structure allows de facto political influence by the Royal Thai Armed Forces. Thailand has faced border tensions from the 2008–2011 Cambodian–Thai border crisis extending to the 2025 Cambodian–Thai border crisis involving territorial disputes and military clashes.\nThailand is recognised as a developing country and holds significant geopolitical importance as a regional power in Southeast Asia. A unitary state governed under a parliamentary system, Thailand promotes its shared values and interests through participation in international organisations including the United Nations and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and as a major non-NATO ally of the United States. As a newly industrialised country, its advanced economy ranks among the largest in the region, relying chiefly upon manufacturing, agriculture, and tourism.", "contentHash": "2feab41a31b286c90dc5d83592566d478a422aea65e9b344f5a81efb2405d83b", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "TJ:overview", "title": "Tajikistan", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378879063", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Senegal%7CSomalia%7CSuriname%7CSouth+Sudan%7CS%C3%A3o+Tom%C3%A9+and+Pr%C3%ADncipe%7CEl+Salvador%7CSint+Maarten%7CSyria%7CEswatini%7CTurks+and+Caicos+Islands%7CChad%7CFrench+Southern+and+Antarctic+Lands%7CTogo%7CThailand%7CTajikistan%7CTimor-Leste%7CTurkmenistan%7CTunisia%7CTonga%7CTrinidad+and+Tobago", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:01.349Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-06T17:51:24Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378879063", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Tajikistan, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Tajikistan, officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a landlocked country located in Central Asia. Dushanbe, its capital city, is its largest and most populous city with a population of over 1.2 million. Tajikistan borders Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east; it is narrowly separated from Pakistan by Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor. Its total population exceeds 11 million.\nThe territory was previously home to cultures of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, including the Oxus civilisation in the west. Parts of the country were part of the Sogdian and Bactrian civilisations, and were ruled by the Achaemenids, Alexander the Great, the Greco‑Bactrians, the Kushans, the Kidarites, the Hephthalites, the First Turkic Khaganate, the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, the Samanid Empire, the Kara‑Khanids, the Seljuks, the Khwarazmians, the Mongols, the Timurids, and the Khanate of Bukhara. The region was later conquered by the Russian Empire, before becoming part of the Soviet Union. Within the Soviet Union, the country's borders were drawn when it was part of Uzbekistan as an autonomous republic, before becoming a constituent republic of the Soviet Union on 5 December 1929.\nOn 9 September 1991, Tajikistan declared itself an independent sovereign state as the Soviet Union was disintegrating. A civil war was fought after independence, lasting from May 1992 to June 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow. The country has been led since 1994 by Emomali Rahmon, who heads an authoritarian regime and whose human rights record has been criticised.\nTajikistan is a presidential republic consisting of four provinces. Tajiks form the ethnic majority in the country, and their national language is Tajik. Russian is used as the official inter‑ethnic language. While the state is constitutionally secular, Islam is nominally adhered to by 97.5% of the population. In the Gorno-Badakhshan oblast, there is considerable linguistic diversity, with languages such as Rushani, Shughni, Ishkashimi, Wakhi, and Tajik being spoken. Mountains cover more than 90% of the country. It is a developing country with a transitional economy that is dependent on remittances and on the production of aluminium and cotton. Tajikistan is a member of the United Nations, CIS, OSCE, OIC, ECO, SCO, and CSTO, and is a NATO PfP partner.", "contentHash": "bd6e9be97d029ed295965199fcccfc13f8805c0af42f7379803f0b2b7a8a6417", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "TL:overview", "title": "Timor-Leste", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377935459", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Senegal%7CSomalia%7CSuriname%7CSouth+Sudan%7CS%C3%A3o+Tom%C3%A9+and+Pr%C3%ADncipe%7CEl+Salvador%7CSint+Maarten%7CSyria%7CEswatini%7CTurks+and+Caicos+Islands%7CChad%7CFrench+Southern+and+Antarctic+Lands%7CTogo%7CThailand%7CTajikistan%7CTimor-Leste%7CTurkmenistan%7CTunisia%7CTonga%7CTrinidad+and+Tobago", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:01.349Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-02T01:21:40Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377935459", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Timor-Leste, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Timor-Leste, also known as East Timor, officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is a country in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the coastal exclave of Oecusse in the island's northwest, and the islands of Atauro and Jaco, for a total land area of 15,007 square kilometres (5,794 sq mi). Timor-Leste shares a land border with Indonesia to the west; Australia is the country's southern neighbour, across the Timor Sea. Dili, on the north coast of Timor, is its capital and largest city.\nTimor was settled over time by various Papuan and Austronesian peoples, which created a diverse mix of cultures and languages linked to Southeast Asia and Melanesia. East Timor came under Portuguese influence in the sixteenth century, remaining a Portuguese colony until 1975. Internal conflict preceded a unilateral declaration of independence and an Indonesian invasion and annexation. The subsequent Indonesian occupation was characterised by extreme abuses of human rights, including torture and massacres, a series of events named the East Timor genocide. Resistance continued throughout Indonesian rule and in 1999, a United Nations–sponsored act of self-determination led Indonesia to relinquish control of the territory. On 20 May 2002, Timor-Leste became the first new sovereign state of the 21st century. That same year, relations with Indonesia were established and normalised, with Indonesia also supporting Timor-Leste's accession into ASEAN.\nThe national government is a semi-presidential system, with the popularly elected president sharing power with a prime minister appointed by the National Parliament. Power is centralised under the national government, although many local leaders have informal influence. The country maintains a policy of international cooperation and is a member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries and ASEAN, and is an observer of the Pacific Islands Forum. The country remains relatively poor, with an economy that relies heavily on natural resources, especially oil, and foreign aid.\nThe total population is over 1.44 million at the 2026 census, and is heavily skewed towards young people because of a high fertility rate. Education has led to increasing literacy over the past half-century, especially in the two official languages of Portuguese and Tetun. High ethnic and linguistic diversity is reflected by the 30 indigenous languages spoken in the country. Most of the population practices Roman Catholicism, which coexists alongside strong local traditions and beliefs, especially in rural areas.", "contentHash": "167b0ce588bc829b460864cb1c321caa8f83d5cb09815b8b34536646008df1bf", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "TM:overview", "title": "Turkmenistan", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378009079", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Senegal%7CSomalia%7CSuriname%7CSouth+Sudan%7CS%C3%A3o+Tom%C3%A9+and+Pr%C3%ADncipe%7CEl+Salvador%7CSint+Maarten%7CSyria%7CEswatini%7CTurks+and+Caicos+Islands%7CChad%7CFrench+Southern+and+Antarctic+Lands%7CTogo%7CThailand%7CTajikistan%7CTimor-Leste%7CTurkmenistan%7CTunisia%7CTonga%7CTrinidad+and+Tobago", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:01.349Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-02T11:56:09Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378009079", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Turkmenistan, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Turkmenistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan to the north, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, and the Caspian Sea to the west. It is one of six independent Turkic states. Ashgabat is the capital and largest city. With over 7 million people, Turkmenistan is the 35th most-populous country in Asia and has the lowest population of the Central Asian republics while being one of the most sparsely populated nations located on the Asian continent.\nTurkmenistan has long served as a thoroughfare for several empires and cultures. Merv is one of the oldest oasis-cities in Central Asia, and was once among the biggest cities in the world. It was also one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road. Annexed by the Russian Empire in 1881, Turkmenistan figured prominently in the anti-Bolshevik movement in Central Asia. In 1925, Turkmenistan became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR); it became independent after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.\nTurkmenistan is widely criticized for its poor human rights record, including for its treatment of minorities, and its lack of press and religious freedoms. Since the independence declared from the Soviet Union in 1991, Turkmenistan has been ruled by repressive totalitarian regimes: that of President for Life Saparmurat Niyazov (also known as Türkmenbaşy or \"Head of the Turkmens\") until his death in 2006; Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, who became president in 2007 after winning a non-democratic election (who had been the minister of health, vice-president, and then acting president previously); and his son Serdar, who won a subsequent 2022 presidential election described by international observers as neither free nor fair, and now shares power with his father.\nTurkmenistan possesses the world's fifth-largest reserves of natural gas, and many leaks. Most of the country is covered by the Karakum Desert. Turkmenistan is an observer state in the Organisation of Turkic States, a founding member of TÜRKSOY (the International Organization of Turkic Culture) and a member of the United Nations.", "contentHash": "4eef6dde132551a735c2dcf6e1c697730f5b8bafbcd69e1e7c87fc8be03079a0", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "TN:overview", "title": "Tunisia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378205219", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Senegal%7CSomalia%7CSuriname%7CSouth+Sudan%7CS%C3%A3o+Tom%C3%A9+and+Pr%C3%ADncipe%7CEl+Salvador%7CSint+Maarten%7CSyria%7CEswatini%7CTurks+and+Caicos+Islands%7CChad%7CFrench+Southern+and+Antarctic+Lands%7CTogo%7CThailand%7CTajikistan%7CTimor-Leste%7CTurkmenistan%7CTunisia%7CTonga%7CTrinidad+and+Tobago", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:01.349Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T13:39:55Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378205219", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Tunisia, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Tunisia also shares maritime borders with Italy through the islands of Sicily and Sardinia to the north and Malta to the east. It features the archaeological sites of Carthage dating back to the 9th century BC, as well as the Great Mosque of Kairouan. Known for its ancient architecture, souks, and blue coasts, it covers 163,610 km2 (63,170 sq mi), and has a population of 12.1 million. It contains the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert; much of its remaining territory is arable land. Its 1,300 km (810 mi) of coastline includes the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin. Tunisia is home to Africa's northernmost point, Cape Angela. Located on the northeastern coast, Tunis is the capital of the country, which is itself named after Tunis. The official language of Tunisia is Arabic. The vast majority of Tunisia's population is Arab and Muslim. Vernacular Tunisian Arabic is the most spoken language, and French serves as an administrative and educational language in some contexts, but has no official status.\nBeginning in early antiquity, Tunisia was inhabited by the indigenous Numidian people who were later subsumed by the Amazighs or Berbers. The Phoenicians, a Semitic people, began to arrive in the 12th century BC, settling on the coast and establishing several settlements, of which Carthage emerged as the most powerful by the 7th century BC. The descendants of the Phoenician settlers came to be known as the Punic people. Ancient Carthage was a major mercantile empire and a military rival to the Roman Republic until 146 BC when it was defeated by the Romans who occupied Tunisia for most of the next 800 years. The Romans introduced Christianity and left architectural legacies like the Amphitheatre of El Jem. In the 7th century AD, Arab Muslims conquered Tunisia and settled with their tribes and families, bringing Islam and Arab culture. A later large-scale Arab migration of Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym tribes in the 11th-12th centuries accelerated this process. By around the 15th century, the region of modern-day Tunisia had already been almost completely Arabised. Then, in 1546, the Ottoman Empire established control, holding sway until 1881, when the French conquered Tunisia. In 1956, Tunisia gained independence as the Tunisian Republic. Today, Tunisia's culture and identity are rooted in this centuries-long intersection of different cultures and ethnicities.\nIn 2011, the Tunisian Revolution, which was triggered by dissatisfaction with the lack of freedom and democracy under the 24-year rule of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, overthrew his regime and catalyzed the broader Arab Spring movement across the region. Free multiparty parliamentary elections were held shortly thereafter; the country again voted for parliament on 26 October 2014, and for president on 23 November 2014. From 2014 to 2020, it was considered the only democratic state in the Arab world, according to The Economist Democracy Index. After democratic backsliding under President Kais Saied, Tunisia was rated a hybrid regime in 2022 and as of 2025 it no longer has free and fair elections according to Freedom House. It is one of the few countries in Africa ranking high on the Human Development Index, with one of the highest per capita incomes on the continent, ranking 129th in GDP per capita income.\nTunisia is well integrated into the international community. It is a member of the United Nations, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, the Arab League, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the African Union, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, the Non-Aligned Movement, the International Criminal Court, the Group of 77, among others. It maintains close economic and political relations with some European countries, particularly with France and Italy, due to their geographical proximity. Tunisia also has an association agreement with the European Union and has attained the status of a major non-NATO ally of the United States.\n\n", "contentHash": "353b4ccf0ee060f2c7071e62ba3dd50b17c373a87907dd3614a6d94901dacb05", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "TO:overview", "title": "Tonga", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372967086", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Senegal%7CSomalia%7CSuriname%7CSouth+Sudan%7CS%C3%A3o+Tom%C3%A9+and+Pr%C3%ADncipe%7CEl+Salvador%7CSint+Maarten%7CSyria%7CEswatini%7CTurks+and+Caicos+Islands%7CChad%7CFrench+Southern+and+Antarctic+Lands%7CTogo%7CThailand%7CTajikistan%7CTimor-Leste%7CTurkmenistan%7CTunisia%7CTonga%7CTrinidad+and+Tobago", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:01.349Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-03T06:12:12Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1372967086", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Tonga, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Tonga, officially known as the Kingdom of Tonga, is an island country in Polynesia, part of Oceania. The country has 171 islands, of which 45 are inhabited. Its total surface area is about 750 km2 (290 sq mi), scattered over 700,000 km2 (270,000 sq mi) in the southern Pacific Ocean. As of September 2026, Tonga has a population of 103,291, 70% of whom live on the main island, Tongatapu. The country stretches approximately 800 km (500 mi; 430 nmi) north-south. It is surrounded by Fiji and Wallis and Futuna (France) to the northwest, Samoa to the northeast, New Caledonia (France) and Vanuatu to the west, Niue (the nearest foreign territory) to the east and Kermadec (New Zealand) to the southwest. Tonga is about 1,800 km (1,100 mi; 970 nmi) from New Zealand's North Island.\nTonga was first inhabited roughly 2,500 years ago by people who were a part of the Lapita culture, Polynesian settlers who gradually evolved a distinct and strong ethnic identity, language, and culture as the Tongan people. They quickly established a powerful footing across the South Pacific, and this period of Tongan expansionism and colonization is known as the Tuʻi Tonga Empire. From the rule of the first Tongan king, ʻAhoʻeitu, Tonga grew into a regional power. It was a thalassocracy that conquered and controlled unprecedented swathes of the Pacific, from parts of the Solomon Islands and the whole of New Caledonia and Fiji in the west to Samoa and Niue and even as far as parts of modern-day French Polynesia in the east. Tuʻi Tonga became renowned for its economic, ethnic, and cultural influence over the Pacific, which remained strong even after the Samoan revolution of the thirteenth century and Europeans' discovery of the islands in 1616.\nFrom 1900 to 1970, Tonga had British protected-state status. The United Kingdom looked after Tonga's foreign affairs under a Treaty of Friendship, but Tonga never relinquished its sovereignty to any foreign power. In 2010, Tonga took a decisive step away from its traditional absolute monarchy and became a semi-constitutional monarchy, after legislative reforms paved the way for its first partial representative elections.\nTonga is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the United Nations, the Pacific Islands Forum, and the Alliance of Small Island States.", "contentHash": "6eadbe58e6ef90de83cc169407084980ef42105cb02b2bb8d37b8d8882c8c5b0", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "TT:overview", "title": "Trinidad and Tobago", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1376359407", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Senegal%7CSomalia%7CSuriname%7CSouth+Sudan%7CS%C3%A3o+Tom%C3%A9+and+Pr%C3%ADncipe%7CEl+Salvador%7CSint+Maarten%7CSyria%7CEswatini%7CTurks+and+Caicos+Islands%7CChad%7CFrench+Southern+and+Antarctic+Lands%7CTogo%7CThailand%7CTajikistan%7CTimor-Leste%7CTurkmenistan%7CTunisia%7CTonga%7CTrinidad+and+Tobago", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:01.349Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-23T18:02:51Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1376359407", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Trinidad and Tobago, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Trinidad and Tobago, officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, is the southernmost archipelagic country in the Caribbean, comprising the main islands of Trinidad and Tobago, along with several smaller islets. The capital city is Port of Spain, while its largest and most populous municipality is Chaguanas. Trinidad and Tobago comprises the southernmost islands of the Caribbean eastern islands chain, and it is close to the continent of South America, being north to northeast of Venezuela and northwest of Guyana. \nTrinidad and Tobago is located six nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) north to northeast off the coast of Venezuela, 70 nautical miles (130 km; 81 mi) south of Grenada, and 155 nautical miles (287 km; 178 mi) southwest of Barbados. Indigenous peoples inhabited Trinidad for centuries prior to Spanish colonisation, following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1498. Spanish governor José María Chacón surrendered the island to a British fleet under Sir Ralph Abercromby's command in 1797. Trinidad and Tobago were ceded to Britain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens as separate states and unified in 1889. Trinidad and Tobago obtained independence in 1962, and became a republic in 1976.\nUnlike most Caribbean countries and territories, which rely heavily on tourism, the economy is primarily industrial, based on large reserves of oil and gas. The country sees fewer hurricanes than most of the Caribbean because it is farther south.\nTrinidad and Tobago is well known for its African and Indian Caribbean cultures, reflected in its large and famous Trinidad and Tobago Carnival, Hosay, and Diwali celebrations, as well as being the birthplace of the steelpan, the limbo, and musical styles such as calypso, soca, rapso, chutney music, and chutney soca.", "contentHash": "176984adb6f70bcd9f1c3e9603833548c837ceeda71d403b0cf132d96c3a69ee", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "TV:overview", "title": "Tuvalu", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378208703", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Tuvalu%7CTaiwan%7CTanzania%7CUganda%7CUruguay%7CUzbekistan%7CVatican+City%7CSaint+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines%7CVenezuela%7CBritish+Virgin+Islands%7CUnited+States+Virgin+Islands%7CVanuatu%7CWallis+and+Futuna%7CSamoa%7CKosovo%7CYemen%7CZambia%7CZimbabwe", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:03.820Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T14:00:30Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378208703", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Tuvalu, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Tuvalu ( too-VAH-loo) is an archipelagic country in the Polynesian sub-region of Oceania in the Pacific Ocean, about midway between Hawaii and Australia. It lies east-northeast of the Santa Cruz Islands (which belong to Solomon Islands), northeast of Vanuatu, southeast of Nauru, south of Kiribati, west of Tokelau, northwest of Samoa and Wallis and Futuna, and north of Fiji.\nTuvalu is composed of three reef islands and six atolls spread out between the latitude of 5° and 10° south and between the longitude of 176° and 180°. They lie west of the International Date Line. The 2022 census determined that Tuvalu had a population of 10,643, making it the 2nd least populated country in the United Nations, exceeding only Niue and the Vatican City in population. Tuvalu's total land area is 25.14 square kilometres (9.71 sq mi). It is the 4th smallest country in the world, the only smaller nations being Monaco, Naoero and Vatican City.\nThe first inhabitants of Tuvalu were Polynesians arriving as part of the migration of Polynesians into the Pacific that began about three thousand years ago. Scholars believe that the Polynesians spread out from Samoa and Tonga into the Tuvaluan atolls, which then served as a stepping stone for further migration into the Polynesian outliers in Melanesia and Micronesia. In 1568, Spanish explorer Álvaro de Mendaña became the first European known to sail through the archipelago, sighting the island of Nui during an expedition he was making in search of Terra Australis. The island of Funafuti, currently serving as the capital, was named Ellice's Island in 1819, with the islands later known collectively as the Ellice Islands. In 1892, a British protectorate was proclaimed over the islands and the nearby Gilbert Islands. They were incorporated into the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony in 1916, subject to a resident commissioner based in the Gilbert Islands.\nA referendum was held in 1974 to determine whether the Gilbert Islands and Ellice Islands should each have their own administration. As a result, the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony legally ceased to exist on 1 October 1975; on 1 January 1976, the old administration was officially separated, and two separate British colonies, Kiribati and Tuvalu, were formed. On 1 October 1978, Tuvalu became fully independent as a sovereign state within the Commonwealth, and is a constitutional monarchy with Charles III as King of Tuvalu. On 5 September 2000, Tuvalu became the 189th member of the United Nations.\nThe islands do not have a significant amount of soil, so the country relies heavily on imports and fishing for food. Licensing fishing permits to international companies, grants and aid projects, and remittances to their families from Tuvaluan seafarers who work on cargo ships are important parts of the economy. Because it is a low-lying island nation, Tuvalu is extremely vulnerable to sea level rise due to climate change. It is active in international climate negotiations as part of the Alliance of Small Island States.\n\n", "contentHash": "37dda50099edc676954158331179401fa595b981445451132a952c5cce494bd3", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "TW:overview", "title": "Taiwan", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378434038", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Tuvalu%7CTaiwan%7CTanzania%7CUganda%7CUruguay%7CUzbekistan%7CVatican+City%7CSaint+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines%7CVenezuela%7CBritish+Virgin+Islands%7CUnited+States+Virgin+Islands%7CVanuatu%7CWallis+and+Futuna%7CSamoa%7CKosovo%7CYemen%7CZambia%7CZimbabwe", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:03.820Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-04T13:09:45Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378434038", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Taiwan, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia. The main island of Taiwan, formerly known as Formosa, lies between the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south. It has an area of 35,808 square kilometers (13,826 square miles), with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third, where its highly urbanized population is concentrated. The combined territories under ROC control consist of 168 islands in total covering 36,193 square kilometers (13,974 square miles). The largest metropolitan area is formed by Taipei (the capital), New Taipei City, and Keelung. With around 23.9 million inhabitants, Taiwan is among the most densely populated countries.\nTaiwan has been settled for at least 25,000 years. Ancestors of Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island around 6,000 years ago. In the 17th century, large-scale Han Chinese immigration began under Dutch colonial rule and continued under the Kingdom of Tungning, the first predominantly Han Chinese state in Taiwanese history. The island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty and ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895. The Republic of China, controlled by Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang (KMT), assumed control following the surrender of Japan in World War II. With the loss of mainland China to the Communists in the Chinese Civil War, the government of the Republic of China moved to Taiwan in 1949.\nFrom the early 1960s, Taiwan saw rapid economic growth and industrialization known as the \"Taiwan Miracle\". In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ROC transitioned from a one-party state under martial law to a multi-party democracy, with democratically elected presidents beginning in 1996. Taiwan's export-oriented economy is the 21st-largest in the world by nominal GDP and the 20th-largest by PPP measures, with a focus on steel, machinery, electronics, and chemicals manufacturing. Taiwan is a developed country. It is ranked highly in terms of civil liberties, healthcare, and human development.\nThe political and international status of Taiwan is contentious. Despite being a founding member, the ROC no longer represents China as a member of the United Nations after UN members voted in 1971 to recognize the PRC instead. The ROC maintained its claim to be the sole legitimate representative of China and its territory until 1991, when it ceased to regard the Chinese Communist Party as a rebellious group and acknowledged its control over mainland China. Taiwan is claimed by the PRC, which refuses to establish diplomatic relations with countries that recognize the ROC. Taiwan maintains official diplomatic relations with 11 out of 193 UN member states and the Holy See. Many others maintain unofficial diplomatic ties through representative offices and institutions that function as de facto embassies and consulates. International organizations in which the PRC participates either refuse to grant membership to Taiwan or allow it to participate on a non-state basis. Domestically, the major political contention is between the Pan-Blue Coalition, which favors eventual Chinese unification under the ROC and promoting a pan-Chinese identity, contrasted with the Pan-Green Coalition, which favors eventual Taiwan independence and promoting a Taiwanese identity; in the 21st century, both sides have moderated their positions to broaden their appeal.", "contentHash": "a55ba416c21e8bb08c91d150725dcaba561d12921c8bd36829fd1fff318ed5c2", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "TZ:overview", "title": "Tanzania", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378336787", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Tuvalu%7CTaiwan%7CTanzania%7CUganda%7CUruguay%7CUzbekistan%7CVatican+City%7CSaint+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines%7CVenezuela%7CBritish+Virgin+Islands%7CUnited+States+Virgin+Islands%7CVanuatu%7CWallis+and+Futuna%7CSamoa%7CKosovo%7CYemen%7CZambia%7CZimbabwe", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:03.820Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-04T01:25:26Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378336787", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Tanzania, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It is bordered by Uganda to the northwest, Kenya to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the east, Mozambique and Malawi to the south, Zambia to the southwest, and Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. According to a 2024 estimate, Tanzania has a population of around 67.5 million, making it the most populous African country located entirely south of the equator.\nMany important hominid fossils have been found in Tanzania. In the Stone and Bronze Age, prehistoric migrations into Tanzania included Southern Cushitic speakers similar to modern day Iraqw people, who moved south from present-day Ethiopia; Eastern Cushitic people who moved into Tanzania from north of Lake Turkana about 2,000 and 4,000 years ago; and the Southern Nilotes, including the Datoog, who originated from the present-day South Sudan–Ethiopia border region between 2,900 and 2,400 years ago. These movements took place at about the same time as the settlement of the Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika areas. In the late 19th century, the mainland came under German rule as German East Africa. This was followed by British rule after World War I when it was governed as Tanganyika, with the Zanzibar Archipelago remaining a separate colonial jurisdiction. Following their gaining respective independence in 1961 and 1963, the two entities merged in 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania.\nTanganyika joined the Commonwealth on independence, becoming a republic a year later, with Tanzania remaining a Commonwealth member following unification with Zanzibar. Today, the country is a presidential constitutional republic with the federal capital located in Government City (Dodoma); the former capital, Dar es Salaam, retains most government offices and is the country's largest city, principal port, and leading commercial centre. For decades, Tanzania has been ruled by the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) as a de facto one-party state.\nTanzania's population comprises about 120 ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups. Christianity is the largest religion in Tanzania, with substantial Muslim and Animist minorities. Over 100 languages are spoken in Tanzania, making it the most linguistically diverse country in East Africa. The country does not have a de jure official language, although the national language is Swahili. English is used in foreign trade, in diplomacy, in higher courts, and as a medium of instruction in secondary and higher education. Arabic is widely spoken in Zanzibar, reflecting its history as a trading center dominated by Arabs.\nTanzania is mountainous and densely forested in the north-east, where Mount Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa and the highest single free-standing mountain above sea level in the world, is located. Three of the African Great Lakes are partly within Tanzania. To the north and west lie Lake Victoria, Africa's largest lake, and Lake Tanganyika, the continent's deepest lake, known for its unique species of fish. To the south lies Lake Malawi. The eastern shore is hot and humid, with the Zanzibar Archipelago just offshore. The Menai Bay Conservation Area is Zanzibar's largest marine protected area. The Kalambo Falls, located on the Kalambo River at the Zambian border, is the second-highest uninterrupted waterfall in Africa. Tanzania is one of the most visited tourist destinations for safaris. The country is an official member of the United Nations, Group of 77, African Union, East African Community, and the Non-Aligned Movement.", "contentHash": "ef40be622894069d77335dc31aeabf576fe189b443ba0d914dade3ea27644448", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "UG:overview", "title": "Uganda", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378452661", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Tuvalu%7CTaiwan%7CTanzania%7CUganda%7CUruguay%7CUzbekistan%7CVatican+City%7CSaint+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines%7CVenezuela%7CBritish+Virgin+Islands%7CUnited+States+Virgin+Islands%7CVanuatu%7CWallis+and+Futuna%7CSamoa%7CKosovo%7CYemen%7CZambia%7CZimbabwe", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:03.820Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-04T15:45:03Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378452661", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Uganda, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Uganda, officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, and to the south by Tanzania. The southern part includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, shared with Kenya and Tanzania. Uganda is in the African Great Lakes region, lies within the Nile basin, and has a varied equatorial climate. As of 2024, it had a population of 45.9 million, of whom 1.8 million live in the capital and largest city, Kampala.\nUganda is named after the Buganda kingdom, which encompasses a large portion of the south, including Kampala, and whose language Luganda is widely spoken; the official language is English, while Swahili is the second official language. The region was populated by people of various ethnicities before Bantu and Nilotic groups arrived around 3,000 years ago. These new inhabitants established influential kingdoms such as the Empire of Kitara. The arrival of Arab traders in the 1830s and British explorers in the late 19th century marked the beginning of foreign influence. The British established the Protectorate of Uganda in 1894, setting the stage for future political dynamics.\nUganda gained independence in 1962, with Milton Obote as the first prime minister. The 1966 Mengo Crisis marked a significant conflict with the Buganda kingdom, as well as the country's conversion from a parliamentary system to a presidential system. Obote was overthrown in a military coup in 1971 by Idi Amin, who subsequently ruled the country under a brutal dictatorship until he was overthrown in 1979 during the Uganda–Tanzania War.\nObote returned to power following the controversial 1980 Ugandan general election, prompting a six-year guerrilla war, ending with the victory of Yoweri Museveni's National Resistance Movement in 1986. While Museveni's rule resulted in stability and economic growth, political oppression and human rights abuses continued. The abolition of presidential term limits as well as allegations of electoral fraud and repression have raised concerns about Uganda's democratic future. Museveni was elected president in the 2011, 2016, 2021, and 2026 general elections. Human rights issues, corruption, and regional conflicts, such as involvement in the Congo Wars and the struggle against the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), continue to challenge Uganda. Despite this, it has made progress in education and health, improving literacy and reducing HIV infection, though challenges in maternal health and gender inequality persist.\nGeographically, Uganda is diverse, with volcanic hills, mountains, and lakes, including Lake Victoria, the world's second-largest freshwater lake. The country has significant natural resources, including fertile agricultural land and untapped oil reserves, contributing to its economic development. The service sector dominates the economy, surpassing agriculture. Uganda's rich biodiversity, with national parks and wildlife reserves, attracts tourism, a vital sector for the economy. Uganda is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the African Union, G77, the East African Community, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.", "contentHash": "216d2abf88e82f0018dc5fd62d5a92c5831e2f58f45f5be34dd131bd14f0b816", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "UY:overview", "title": "Uruguay", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378167505", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Tuvalu%7CTaiwan%7CTanzania%7CUganda%7CUruguay%7CUzbekistan%7CVatican+City%7CSaint+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines%7CVenezuela%7CBritish+Virgin+Islands%7CUnited+States+Virgin+Islands%7CVanuatu%7CWallis+and+Futuna%7CSamoa%7CKosovo%7CYemen%7CZambia%7CZimbabwe", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:03.820Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T06:51:38Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378167505", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Uruguay, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Uruguay, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, is a country in southeastern South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast, while bordering the Río de la Plata to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast. It is part of the Southern Cone region of South America. Uruguay covers an area of approximately 176,215 square kilometers (68,037 sq mi). It has a population of almost 3.5 million people, of whom nearly 2 million live in the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Montevideo.\nThe area that became Uruguay was first inhabited by groups of hunter gatherers 13,000 years ago. The first European explorer to reach the region was Juan Díaz de Solís in 1516, but the area was colonized later than its neighbors. At the time of European arrival, the Charrúa were the predominant tribe, alongside other groups such as the Guaraní and the Chaná. However, none of these peoples were socially or politically organized in large groups, which contributed to their decline. Amid territorial disputes, the Portuguese established Colônia do Sacramento in 1680, and the Spanish founded Montevideo as a military stronghold. Uruguay secured its independence between 1811 and 1828, following a four-way struggle involving Portugal, Spain, and later the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and the Empire of Brazil. In 1830, the country enacted its constitution and was formally established as an independent state.\nDuring the early years following its independence, Uruguay remained subject to foreign influence and intervention, along with a series of internal conflicts and political turmoil. From the second half of the 19th century, the country saw significant waves of European migration—mainly from Spain, Italy, and France—which greatly influenced its demographics and laid the foundation for modern-day Uruguayan culture and society. National politics were dominated by two political parties: the Colorado Party and the National Party, which clashed in several civil wars during the 19th century and are collectively known as the 'Traditional Parties'. In the early 20th century, a series of pioneering economic, labor, and social reforms laid the foundations of an advanced welfare state. Combined with a period of sustained political stability, these developments earned the country the reputation of being the \"Switzerland of the Americas\". A series of economic crises and the fight against far-left urban guerrilla warfare in the late 1960s and early 1970s culminated in the 1973 coup d'état, which established a civic-military dictatorship until 1985. Uruguay is today a democratic constitutional republic, with a president who serves as both head of state and head of government.\nUruguay is highly ranked in international measurements of democracy, government transparency, economic freedom, social progress, income equality, per capita income, innovation, and infrastructure. It is classified as a high-income economy. It is also highly socially liberal, and has fully legalized cannabis—the first country in the world to do so—as well as same-sex marriage, abortion and euthanasia. Uruguay is also a founding member of the United Nations, the OAS, and Mercosur.", "contentHash": "bcfba49f6e16dabc1c3f10569af8d7d0e4f078402dae533e096284fefb888ccd", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "UZ:overview", "title": "Uzbekistan", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378623458", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Tuvalu%7CTaiwan%7CTanzania%7CUganda%7CUruguay%7CUzbekistan%7CVatican+City%7CSaint+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines%7CVenezuela%7CBritish+Virgin+Islands%7CUnited+States+Virgin+Islands%7CVanuatu%7CWallis+and+Futuna%7CSamoa%7CKosovo%7CYemen%7CZambia%7CZimbabwe", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:03.820Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-05T08:08:49Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378623458", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Uzbekistan, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, is a sovereign, doubly landlocked country located in Central Asia. It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Kyrgyzstan to the northeast, Tajikistan to the southeast, Afghanistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the south-west. It is one of only two doubly landlocked countries in the world, the other being Liechtenstein. The country has a population of more than 39 million, making it the most populous country in Central Asia. Uzbekistan is a member of the Organisation of Turkic States. Uzbek (written in both Cyrillic and Latin scripts), spoken by the Uzbek people who form more than 89% of the population, is the official language of the country. Russian and Tajik are significant minority languages, with Russian serving as a lingua franca. Tajik is primarily spoken by Tajiks living in the southern parts of the country, such as Samarkand and Bukhara.\nThe first recorded settlers in Uzbekistan were Eastern Iranian nomads, known as Scythians, who founded kingdoms in Khwarazm, Sogdiana, and Bactria in the 8th–6th centuries BC, as well as in Fergana and Margiana in the 3rd century BC – 6th century AD. The area was incorporated into the Achaemenid Empire and, after a period of Greco-Bactrian rule, was part of the Sasanian Empire until the Muslim conquest of Persia in the seventh century. The early Muslim conquests and the subsequent Samanid Empire resulted in the spread of Islam among the local people. During this period, cities began to grow rich from the Silk Road, and became a centre of the Islamic Golden Age. The local Khwarazmian Empire was destroyed in the Mongol invasion in the 13th century, leading to a dominance by Mongol peoples. Timur in the 14th century established the Timurid Empire. The Timurid capital of Samarkand became a centre of science under the rule of Ulugh Beg, giving birth to the Timurid Renaissance. The territories of the Timurid dynasty were conquered by Turko-Mongol Shaybanids in the 16th century. Most of Central Asia was gradually incorporated into the Russian Empire during the 19th century, with Tashkent becoming the political centre of Russian Turkestan. In 1924, national delimitation created the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic as a republic of the Soviet Union. During the Soviet era, Uzbekistan became a leading producer of farm products such as cotton and melons, while also making significant advances in science and technology. It declared independence as the Republic of Uzbekistan in 1991 following the Soviet collapse.\nUzbekistan is a secular state, with a semi-presidential government. Uzbekistan comprises 12 regions (vilayats), Tashkent City, and the autonomous republic of Karakalpakstan. While NGOs have defined Uzbekistan as \"an authoritarian state with limited civil rights\", significant reforms under Uzbekistan's second President, Shavkat Mirziyoyev, have been made following the death of the first president, Islam Karimov. Owing to these reforms, relations with neighbours Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan have drastically improved. The country also holds strong ties with other major regional and global powers like China, Turkey, Russia, India, South Korea, Japan, and the UAE. In recent years, Uzbekistan's ties with the UK, the European Union and the United States have grown rapidly as well.\nThe Uzbek economy is undergoing a gradual transition to a market economy, with foreign trade policy being based on import substitution. In September 2017, the country's currency became fully convertible at market rates. Uzbekistan is a major producer and exporter of cotton. With gigantic power-generation facilities from the Soviet era and an ample supply of natural gas, Uzbekistan has become the largest electricity producer in Central Asia. Uzbekistan is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), United Nations (UN) and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO).", "contentHash": "8d9c25fbd9c775ddd4f934796638522c0315611a27990e836708f995a5b377c6", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "VA:overview", "title": "Vatican City", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378757908", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Tuvalu%7CTaiwan%7CTanzania%7CUganda%7CUruguay%7CUzbekistan%7CVatican+City%7CSaint+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines%7CVenezuela%7CBritish+Virgin+Islands%7CUnited+States+Virgin+Islands%7CVanuatu%7CWallis+and+Futuna%7CSamoa%7CKosovo%7CYemen%7CZambia%7CZimbabwe", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:03.820Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-06T01:29:09Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378757908", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Vatican City, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Vatican City, officially the Vatican City State (Italian: Stato della Città del Vaticano; Latin: Status Civitatis Vaticanae), often shortened as the Vatican, is a landlocked sovereign city-state in Southern Europe. Ruled by the pope, it is an enclave within the city of Rome, Italy, and serves as the administrative centre of the Catholic Church. Vatican City is governed by the See of Rome, commonly known as the Holy See, itself a sovereign entity under international law, which maintains its temporal power, governance, diplomacy, and spiritual independence. Vatican is also used as a metonym for the Holy See, which is the central governing body of the Catholic Church and Vatican City, comprising the pope and the Roman Curia. The independent state of Vatican City came into existence in 1929 via the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy, which spoke of it as a creation, not as a vestige of the much larger Papal States (756–1870), which had previously encompassed much of Central Italy.\nWith an area of 44 hectares (109 acres) and a population of about 882 in 2024, it is the smallest country in the world both by area and by population. It is the only country in the world with a population of fewer than 1,000 people. It is among the least populated capitals in the world. As governed by the Holy See, Vatican City State is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal-monarchical state ruled by the pope, who is the bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church; the highest state functionaries are all Catholic clergy of various origins. The Holy See dates to early Christianity and is the principal episcopal see of the Catholic Church, which in 2018 had about 1.329 billion baptized Catholics in the world, in the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches. After the Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) the popes have mainly resided at the Apostolic Palace within what is now Vatican City, although at times residing instead in the Quirinal Palace in Rome or elsewhere.\nVatican City contains religious and cultural sites such as St Peter's Basilica, the Sistine Chapel, the Vatican Apostolic Library, and the Vatican Museums. They feature some of the world's most famous paintings and sculptures. The economy of Vatican City is supported financially by donations from Catholic believers, by the sale of postage stamps and souvenirs, fees for admission to museums, and sales of publications. Vatican City has no taxes, and items are duty-free.", "contentHash": "ed8d0b56226ddd38740a9dc16de58fc168664913137ba97f30a2fe297e7a0466", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "VC:overview", "title": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378211546", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Tuvalu%7CTaiwan%7CTanzania%7CUganda%7CUruguay%7CUzbekistan%7CVatican+City%7CSaint+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines%7CVenezuela%7CBritish+Virgin+Islands%7CUnited+States+Virgin+Islands%7CVanuatu%7CWallis+and+Futuna%7CSamoa%7CKosovo%7CYemen%7CZambia%7CZimbabwe", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:03.820Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T14:19:13Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378211546", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, sometimes known simply as Saint Vincent, is an archipelagic country in the eastern Caribbean. It is located in the southeast Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles, which lie in the West Indies, at the southern end of the eastern border between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. To the north lies Saint Lucia, to the east is Barbados and Grenada lies to the south.\nSpanning a land area of 389 km2 (150 sq mi), most of its territory consists of the northernmost island of Saint Vincent, which includes the capital and largest city, Kingstown. To the south lie the northern two-thirds of the Grenadines, a chain of 32 smaller islands; the remaining southern third make up Grenada. Seven of the islands are inhabited, of which the largest and most populous are Bequia, Mustique, Canouan and Union Island.\nWith a population of around 109,296, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has a population density of 281 inhabitants/km2 (730 per sq mi). The majority of its people are descendants of enslaved Africans brought by France and then later Great Britain, which contested the islands during the 18th century. SVG remained a colony of the British Empire from 1783 until 1979, when it peacefully achieved independence; the country's culture, language, government and legal system reflect the long legacy of British rule. It is part of the Commonwealth of Nations and is a Commonwealth realm, with King Charles III as its official head of state.\nSaint Vincent is a member of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States, CARICOM, the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas, and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC).\nIn April 2021, the La Soufrière volcano erupted several times with \"explosive events\" continuing for two weeks, resulting in the evacuation of 16,000 residents. Assistance and emergency financial support was provided by several nearby islands, the United Kingdom, and agencies such as the United Nations. The first significant offer of long-term funding of US$20 million was announced on 13 April 2021 by the World Bank.", "contentHash": "00b7d6732cbc2cea51b908452924a9ff923a93cb7bdac75e85157c57bb7b19f7", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "VE:overview", "title": "Venezuela", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378159000", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Tuvalu%7CTaiwan%7CTanzania%7CUganda%7CUruguay%7CUzbekistan%7CVatican+City%7CSaint+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines%7CVenezuela%7CBritish+Virgin+Islands%7CUnited+States+Virgin+Islands%7CVanuatu%7CWallis+and+Futuna%7CSamoa%7CKosovo%7CYemen%7CZambia%7CZimbabwe", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:03.820Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T05:34:56Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378159000", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Venezuela, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and various islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. It comprises an area of 912,050 km2 (352,140 sq mi), with a population estimated at 31.8 million in 2025. The capital and largest urban agglomeration is Caracas. The continental territory is bordered on the north by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Colombia, on the south by Brazil, on the east by Guyana, and on the northeast by Trinidad and Tobago. Venezuela consists of 23 states, the Capital District, and the Federal Dependencies covering Venezuela's offshore islands. Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America, with an estimated urbanization rate of 88.4% in 2022. The vast majority of Venezuelans live in urban areas in the north, including in the capital.\nThe territory of Venezuela was colonized by Spain in 1522, amid resistance from Indigenous peoples. In 1811, it became one of the first Spanish American territories to declare independence from the Spanish and to form part of the first federal Republic of Colombia (Gran Colombia). It separated as a fully sovereign country in 1830. During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy, remaining dominated by regional military dictators until the mid-20th century. From 1958, the country had a series of democratic governments, as an exception where most of the region was ruled by military dictatorships, and the period was characterized by economic prosperity. Economic shocks in the 1980s and 1990s led to major political crises and widespread social unrest, including the deadly Caracazo riots of 1989, two attempted coups in 1992, and the impeachment of a president for embezzlement of public funds charges in 1993. Confidence in the existing political parties collapsed during the 1998 Venezuelan presidential election, in which Hugo Chávez was elected and which became the catalyst for the Bolivarian Revolution. During the 1999 Constituent Assembly, a new Constitution of Venezuela was written and ratified.\nThe government's populist and social welfare policies were temporarily bolstered by soaring oil prices, temporarily increasing social spending and reducing economic inequality and poverty in the early years of the Chávez government. Poverty began to rapidly increase, however, in mid- to late 2014. The 2013, 2018 and 2024 presidential elections were all widely disputed, with opposition candidates being arrested or exiled. This led to widespread protest and international condemnation, which triggered another nationwide crisis. In 2026, U.S. forces captured Maduro and Vice President Delcy Rodríguez was sworn in as acting president. Since this intervention, the country has been described as a puppet state of the U.S. in terms of its finances and domestic policy.\nVenezuela is officially a federal presidential republic, but has experienced democratic backsliding into an authoritarian state under the Chávez and Maduro administrations. It ranks poorly on international measurements of freedom of the press, civil liberties, and control of corruption. Venezuela is a developing country, has the world's largest known oil reserves, and has been one of the world's leading exporters of oil. Previously, the country was an underdeveloped exporter of agricultural commodities such as coffee and cocoa, but oil quickly came to dominate exports and government revenues. Venezuela struggles with hyperinflation, shortages of basic goods, unemployment, poverty, disease, high child mortality, malnutrition, environmental issues, severe crime, widespread corruption, and U.S. sanctions which have precipitated the Venezuelan refugee crisis where more than 7.9 million people had fled the country. The crisis in Venezuela has contributed to a rapidly deteriorating human rights situation.", "contentHash": "6b826b254523e2538dd121455898a7faa889b480e743d26e42dcb6491b2818a3", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "VG:overview", "title": "British Virgin Islands", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378283802", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Tuvalu%7CTaiwan%7CTanzania%7CUganda%7CUruguay%7CUzbekistan%7CVatican+City%7CSaint+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines%7CVenezuela%7CBritish+Virgin+Islands%7CUnited+States+Virgin+Islands%7CVanuatu%7CWallis+and+Futuna%7CSamoa%7CKosovo%7CYemen%7CZambia%7CZimbabwe", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:03.820Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T20:33:50Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378283802", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "British Virgin Islands, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "The British Virgin Islands (BVI), officially the Virgin Islands, is a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean, to the east of Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands and north-west of Anguilla. The islands are geographically part of the Virgin Islands archipelago and are located in the Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles and part of the West Indies.\nThe British Virgin Islands consist of the main islands of Tortola, Virgin Gorda, Anegada and Jost Van Dyke, along with more than 50 other smaller islands and cays. About 16 of the islands are inhabited. The capital, Road Town, is on Tortola, the largest island, which is about 20 km (12 mi) long and 5 km (3 mi) wide. The islands had a population of 28,054 at the 2010 Census, of whom 23,491 lived on Tortola; current estimates put the population at 35,802 (July 2018).\nThe economy of the territory is overwhelmingly dominated by tourism and financial services, with the territory using the United States dollar. In terms of financial services, the territory is known as a leading hub for tax evasion and concealment of assets.\nBritish Virgin Islanders are British Overseas Territories citizens and, since 2002, also British citizens.", "contentHash": "662ccb7b5cc0ad74df67a735bc4d4f6b09807adecbcd4d67f3095103de3b111e", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "VI:overview", "title": "United States Virgin Islands", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372813522", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Tuvalu%7CTaiwan%7CTanzania%7CUganda%7CUruguay%7CUzbekistan%7CVatican+City%7CSaint+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines%7CVenezuela%7CBritish+Virgin+Islands%7CUnited+States+Virgin+Islands%7CVanuatu%7CWallis+and+Futuna%7CSamoa%7CKosovo%7CYemen%7CZambia%7CZimbabwe", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:03.820Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-09-02T11:44:06Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1372813522", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "United States Virgin Islands, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "The United States Virgin Islands, officially the Virgin Islands of the United States, is a Caribbean unincorporated territory of the United States. The islands are geographically part of the Virgin Islands archipelago and are located in the Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles. The islands have a tropical climate.\nThe U.S. Virgin Islands consist of the main islands of Saint Croix, Saint John, and Saint Thomas and 50 other surrounding minor islands and cays. The total land area of the territory is 133.73 square miles (346.36 km2). The territory's capital is Charlotte Amalie on the island of St. Thomas.\nPreviously known as the Danish West Indies, controlled by Denmark–Norway (from 1754 to 1814) and the Kingdom of Denmark (from 1814 to 1917), they were sold to the United States by Denmark for $25 million ($628 million in 2025) in the 1917 Treaty of the Danish West Indies and have since been an organized, unincorporated United States territory. The U.S. Virgin Islands are organized under the 1954 Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands and have held five constitutional conventions. Like other territories of the United States, the U.S. Virgin Islands elects a delegate who can participate in debates in the House of Representatives but cannot vote.\nThe primary economic activities on the islands are tourism and services.\n\n", "contentHash": "dc585a02f4d579e674c95322807cd382864fc524d614177df79c78cca0d5d965", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "VU:overview", "title": "Vanuatu", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378629886", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Tuvalu%7CTaiwan%7CTanzania%7CUganda%7CUruguay%7CUzbekistan%7CVatican+City%7CSaint+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines%7CVenezuela%7CBritish+Virgin+Islands%7CUnited+States+Virgin+Islands%7CVanuatu%7CWallis+and+Futuna%7CSamoa%7CKosovo%7CYemen%7CZambia%7CZimbabwe", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:03.820Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-05T09:33:22Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378629886", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Vanuatu, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Vanuatu, officially the Republic of Vanuatu (French: République de Vanuatu; Bislama: Ripablik blong Vanuatu), is an archipelagic country in Melanesia located in the South Pacific Ocean. The archipelago, which is of volcanic origin, is 1,750 km (1,090 mi) east of northern Australia, 540 km (340 mi) northeast of New Caledonia, east of New Guinea, southeast of Solomon Islands, and west of Fiji.\nVanuatu was first inhabited by Melanesian people. The first Europeans to visit the islands were a Spanish expedition led by Portuguese navigator Fernandes de Queirós, who arrived on the largest island, Espíritu Santo, in 1606. Queirós claimed the archipelago for Spain, as part of the colonial Spanish East Indies and named it La Austrialia del Espíritu Santo.\nIn the 1880s, France and the United Kingdom claimed parts of the archipelago, and in 1906, they agreed on a framework for jointly managing the archipelago as the New Hebrides – through an Anglo-French condominium.\nIn the 1970s, an independence movement arose, and the Republic of Vanuatu was founded in 1980. Since its independence, the country has become a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, and the Pacific Islands Forum.", "contentHash": "30766a13752a3202e678766efe7a1dfceb598b87f6ea6531e63786d83664a91c", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "WF:overview", "title": "Wallis and Futuna", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371939191", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Tuvalu%7CTaiwan%7CTanzania%7CUganda%7CUruguay%7CUzbekistan%7CVatican+City%7CSaint+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines%7CVenezuela%7CBritish+Virgin+Islands%7CUnited+States+Virgin+Islands%7CVanuatu%7CWallis+and+Futuna%7CSamoa%7CKosovo%7CYemen%7CZambia%7CZimbabwe", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:03.820Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-08-29T13:27:51Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1371939191", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Wallis and Futuna, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Wallis and Futuna, officially the Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands ( ), is a French island collectivity in the South Pacific, situated between Tuvalu to the northwest, Fiji to the southwest, Tonga to the southeast, Samoa to the east, and Tokelau to the northeast.\nMata Utu is its capital and largest city. Wallis and Futuna is associated with the European Union as an overseas country and territory (OCT). The territory's land area is 142.42 km2 (54.99 sq mi). It had a population of 11,151 at the July 2023 census (down from 14,944 at the 2003 census). The territory is made up of three main volcanic tropical islands and a number of tiny islets. It is divided into two island groups that lie about 260 km (160 mi) apart: the Wallis Islands (also known as Uvea) in the northeast; and the Hoorn Islands (also known as the Futuna Islands) in the southwest, including Futuna Island proper and the mostly uninhabited Alofi Island.\nSince 28 March 2003, Wallis and Futuna has been a French overseas collectivity (collectivité d'outre-mer, or COM). Between 1961 and 2003, it had the status of a French overseas territory (territoire d'outre-mer, or TOM). Its official name did not change with the change in its status.", "contentHash": "2a7e4a6eb9386d2e64b12fa5bc4a31eb2a8dcaec9e5e2d676c33f5c2fe129da4", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "WS:overview", "title": "Samoa", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378037295", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Tuvalu%7CTaiwan%7CTanzania%7CUganda%7CUruguay%7CUzbekistan%7CVatican+City%7CSaint+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines%7CVenezuela%7CBritish+Virgin+Islands%7CUnited+States+Virgin+Islands%7CVanuatu%7CWallis+and+Futuna%7CSamoa%7CKosovo%7CYemen%7CZambia%7CZimbabwe", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:03.820Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-02T15:59:09Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378037295", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Samoa, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa, is an island country in Polynesia, a part of Oceania, which is in the South Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main islands (Savai'i and Upolu), two smaller, inhabited islands (Manono and Apolima), and several smaller, uninhabited islands, including the Aleipata Islands (Nuʻutele, Nuʻulua, Fanuatapu and Namua). Samoa is located 64 km (40 mi; 35 nmi) west of American Samoa, 889 km (552 mi; 480 nmi) northeast of Tonga, 1,152 km (716 mi; 622 nmi) northeast of Fiji, 483 km (300 mi; 261 nmi) east of Wallis and Futuna, 1,151 km (715 mi; 621 nmi) southeast of Tuvalu, 519 km (322 mi; 280 nmi) south of Tokelau, 4,190 km (2,600 mi; 2,260 nmi) southwest of Hawaii, and 610 km (380 mi; 330 nmi) northwest of Niue. The capital and largest city is Apia.\nThe Lapita people discovered and settled the Samoan Islands around 3,500 years ago. They developed a Samoan language and Samoan cultural identity. Because of the Samoans' seafaring skills, pre-20th-century European explorers referred to the entire island group, including American Samoa, as the \"Navigator Islands\". The country became a colony of the German Empire in 1899 after the Tripartite Convention, and was known as German Samoa. German administration ended in August 1914 after New Zealand troops bloodlessly occupied the colony at the start of World War I. New Zealand officially gained control of the region as a League of Nations mandate in 1920, when it became the Territory of Western Samoa. After being converted into a United Nations Trust Territory in 1946, Western Samoa gained independence on 1 January 1962 and officially returned to its original pre-occupation name Samoa on 4 July 1997.\nSamoa is a unitary parliamentary democracy with 11 administrative divisions. It was admitted to the United Nations on 15 December 1976 and the country is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and the Pacific Islands Forum. The island's defence is responsible to the New Zealand Defence Force.", "contentHash": "83f1e227c62b51d155e6bd3985b33f2443ca27d5a83b2acd7fcf442a624aa498", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "XK:overview", "title": "Kosovo", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378924371", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Tuvalu%7CTaiwan%7CTanzania%7CUganda%7CUruguay%7CUzbekistan%7CVatican+City%7CSaint+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines%7CVenezuela%7CBritish+Virgin+Islands%7CUnited+States+Virgin+Islands%7CVanuatu%7CWallis+and+Futuna%7CSamoa%7CKosovo%7CYemen%7CZambia%7CZimbabwe", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:03.820Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-06T23:21:14Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378924371", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Kosovo, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Kosovo, officially the Republic of Kosovo, is a landlocked country in Southeastern Europe with partial diplomatic recognition. It is bordered by Albania to the southwest, Montenegro to the west, Serbia to the north and east, and North Macedonia to the southeast. It covers an area of 10,887 km2 (4,203 sq mi) and has a population of nearly 1.6 million, of whom the vast majority (approximately 92%) are ethnic Albanians. Kosovo has a varied terrain, with high plains along with rolling hills and mountains, some of which have an altitude over 2,500 m (8,200 ft). Its climate is mainly continental with some Mediterranean and Alpine influences. Kosovo's capital and most populous city is Pristina; other major cities and urban areas include Prizren, Ferizaj, Gjilan, and Peja.\nKosovo formed the core territory of the Dardani, an Illyrian people, attested in classical sources from the 4th century BC. The Dardani established the Kingdom of Dardania, with its political and cultural center likely located near present-day Lipjan (ancient Ulpiana). The kingdom was incorporated into the Roman Empire in the 1st century BC; later, in the 3rd century AD, it was transformed into a separate Roman province. During the Byzantine period, the region was eventually organised as part of the Theme of Dardania and remained under imperial control, facing Slavic migrations in the 6th and 7th centuries AD. Control shifted between the Byzantines and the First Bulgarian Empire. In the 13th century, Kosovo became integral to the Serbian medieval state and the establishment of the Serbian Patriarchate. Ottoman expansion in the Balkans in the late 14th and 15th centuries led to the decline and fall of the Serbian Empire; the Battle of Kosovo of 1389, in which a Serbian-led coalition of various ethnicities fought against the Ottoman Empire, is considered one of the defining moments.\nVarious dynasties, mainly the Branković, governed Kosovo for much of the period after the battle. The Ottoman Empire fully conquered Kosovo after the Second Battle of Kosovo, ruling for nearly five centuries until 1912. Kosovo was the centre of the Albanian Renaissance and experienced the Albanian revolts of 1910 and 1912. After the Balkan Wars (1912–1913), it was ceded to the Kingdom of Serbia, and after World War II, it became an Autonomous Province within Yugoslavia. Tensions between Kosovo's Albanian and Serb communities simmered during the 20th century and occasionally erupted into major violence, culminating in the Kosovo War of 1998 and 1999, which resulted in the Yugoslav Army's withdrawal and the establishment of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo.\nKosovo unilaterally declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008 and has since gained diplomatic recognition by at least 110 member states of the United Nations. Serbia does not officially recognise Kosovo as a sovereign state and continues to claim it as its constituent Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija; however, it accepts the governing authority of the Kosovo institutions as part of the 2013 Brussels Agreement.\nKosovo is a developing country with an upper-middle-income economy. It has experienced significant economic growth over the last decade, as measured by international financial institutions, since the onset of the 2008 financial crisis. Kosovo is a member of the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank Group, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Venice Commission, and the International Olympic Committee, and has applied for membership in the Council of Europe, UNESCO, and Interpol, as well as observer status in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. In December 2022, Kosovo filed a formal application to become a member of the European Union.\n\n", "contentHash": "33dfa6a8a9d05eb5c575ae664df6bdf37b40779b8e227b27bb561695c39c5ce9", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "YE:overview", "title": "Yemen", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378954560", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Tuvalu%7CTaiwan%7CTanzania%7CUganda%7CUruguay%7CUzbekistan%7CVatican+City%7CSaint+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines%7CVenezuela%7CBritish+Virgin+Islands%7CUnited+States+Virgin+Islands%7CVanuatu%7CWallis+and+Futuna%7CSamoa%7CKosovo%7CYemen%7CZambia%7CZimbabwe", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:03.820Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-07T02:30:19Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378954560", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Yemen, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Yemen, officially the Republic of Yemen, is a country in West Asia. Located in southern Arabia, the country includes the Socotra Archipelago and borders Saudi Arabia to the north, Oman to the northeast, the Arabian Sea to the east, the Gulf of Aden to the south, and the Red Sea to the west. It also shares maritime borders with Djibouti, Eritrea, and Somalia across the Horn of Africa. Covering 455,503 square kilometres (175,871 sq mi), with a coastline of approximately 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi), Yemen is the second-largest country on the Arabian Peninsula by area and the second-largest by population. Sanaa is its constitutional capital and largest city. Yemen's population is estimated at 34.7 million, predominantly Muslim Arabs. \nOwing to its geographic location, Yemen has been at the crossroads of many civilisations for over 7,000 years. The Sabaeans formed a thriving commercial kingdom that influenced parts of modern Ethiopia and Eritrea. In AD 275, it was succeeded by the Himyarite Kingdom, which spanned much of Yemen's present-day territory and was heavily influenced by Judaism. Christianity arrived in the fourth century, followed by the rapid spread of Islam in the seventh century. From its conversion to Islam, Yemen became a centre of Islamic learning, and Yemenite troops played a crucial role in early Islamic conquests. For centuries, it was a primary producer of coffee, exported through the port of Mocha. Various dynasties emerged between the ninth and sixteenth centuries. During the 19th century, the country was divided between the Ottoman and British empires. After World War I, the Kingdom of Yemen was established, which in 1962 became the Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) following the North Yemen civil war. In 1967, the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) gained independence from the British Aden Protectorate, becoming the first and only communist state in the Middle East. In 1990, the two Yemeni states united to form the modern Republic of Yemen, with Ali Abdullah Saleh serving as the first president until his resignation in 2012 in the wake of the Arab Spring.\nSince 2011, Yemen has been enduring a political crisis, marked by street protests against poverty, unemployment, corruption, and President Saleh's plan to amend Yemen's constitution. By 2015, the country became engulfed in an ongoing civil war with multiple entities vying for governance, including the Presidential Leadership Council of the internationally recognised government and the Houthi movement's Supreme Political Council. This conflict has led to a severe humanitarian crisis.\nYemen is one of the least developed countries in the world, facing significant obstacles to sustainable development, and is one of the poorest countries in the Middle East and North Africa. In 2019, the United Nations reported that Yemen had the highest number of people in need of humanitarian aid, amounting to about 24 million individuals, or nearly 75% of its population. It is a member of the Arab League, the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.", "contentHash": "1966d8e74287b83880f348ab1d000d1861aceb7ffc24c75ea2ff41a533946153", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "ZM:overview", "title": "Zambia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1377769284", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Tuvalu%7CTaiwan%7CTanzania%7CUganda%7CUruguay%7CUzbekistan%7CVatican+City%7CSaint+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines%7CVenezuela%7CBritish+Virgin+Islands%7CUnited+States+Virgin+Islands%7CVanuatu%7CWallis+and+Futuna%7CSamoa%7CKosovo%7CYemen%7CZambia%7CZimbabwe", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:03.820Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-01T01:41:36Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1377769284", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Zambia, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Zambia (), officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. It is bordered to the north by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania to the northeast, Malawi to the east, Mozambique to the southeast, Botswana (via a tiny border of Chobe District) and Zimbabwe to the south, Namibia (via the Caprivi Strip) to the southwest, and Angola to the west. The capital city of Zambia is Lusaka, located in the south-central part of Zambia. The population is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt Province to the north, the core economic hubs of Zambia.\nOriginally inhabited by Khoisan peoples, the region was affected by the Bantu expansion of the thirteenth century. Following European expeditions in the eighteenth century, the British Empire began to consolidate control of the area following the 1890 British Ultimatum against the Portuguese, who had claimed the area between Angola and Mozambique in the 1885 Pink Map. Britain formed the British protectorates of Barotziland–North-Western Rhodesia and North-Eastern Rhodesia towards the end of the nineteenth century. These were merged in 1911 to form Northern Rhodesia. For most of the colonial period, Zambia was governed by an administration appointed from London with the advice of the British South Africa Company. \nOn 24 October 1964, Zambia became independent of the United Kingdom as a republic in the Commonwealth, and prime minister Kenneth Kaunda became the inaugural president. Kaunda's socialist United National Independence Party (UNIP) maintained power from 1964 until 1991, with him playing a role in regional diplomacy, cooperating with the United States in search of solutions to conflicts in Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Angola, and Namibia. From 1972 to 1991, Zambia was a one-party state with UNIP as the sole legal political party under the motto \"One Zambia, One Nation\" coined by Kaunda. Following the introduction of a multiparty system in the early 1990s, Kaunda was defeated in the 1991 Zambian general election. Zambia has since continued to experience peaceful transitions of power.\nNatural resources in Zambia include minerals, wildlife, forestry, freshwater, and arable land. As of an estimate in 2018, 47.9% of the population is affected by multidimensional poverty. The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) is headquartered in Lusaka.", "contentHash": "ca67416e05c66422e7dd1cff9f4e65730d4e59204d07f597ec96ac9afbe8264b", "publicationStatus": "research_only" }, { "id": "ZW:overview", "title": "Zimbabwe", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1378188377", "retrievalUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=query&format=json&formatversion=2&prop=extracts%7Crevisions&exintro=1&explaintext=1&exlimit=20&rvprop=ids%7Ctimestamp&redirects=1&titles=Tuvalu%7CTaiwan%7CTanzania%7CUganda%7CUruguay%7CUzbekistan%7CVatican+City%7CSaint+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines%7CVenezuela%7CBritish+Virgin+Islands%7CUnited+States+Virgin+Islands%7CVanuatu%7CWallis+and+Futuna%7CSamoa%7CKosovo%7CYemen%7CZambia%7CZimbabwe", "retrievedAt": "2026-10-07T10:40:03.820Z", "sourceUpdatedAt": "2026-10-03T10:49:45Z", "publishedAt": null, "revision": "1378188377", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "attribution": "Zimbabwe, Wikipedia contributors", "text": "Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country in Southeast Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo River, bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the north, and Mozambique to the east. The capital and largest city is Harare, and the second largest is Bulawayo.\nA country of roughly 17.3 million people per 2026 estimates, Zimbabwe's largest ethnic groups are the Northern Ndebele and Shona, who make up 95% of the population, followed by the other smaller minorities. Zimbabwe has 16 official languages, with English, Shona, and Ndebele the most common. Zimbabwe is a member of the United Nations, the Southern African Development Community, the African Union, and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa.\nThe region was long inhabited by the San, and was settled by Bantu peoples around 2,000 years ago. Beginning in the 11th century the Shona people constructed the city of Great Zimbabwe, which became one of the major African trade centres by the 13th century. From there, the Kingdom of Zimbabwe was established, followed by the Mutapa and Rozvi empires. The British Empire began to consolidate control of the area following the 1890 British Ultimatum against the Portuguese, who had claimed the area between Angola and Mozambique in the 1885 Pink Map. The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes demarcated the Rhodesia region in 1890 when they conquered Mashonaland and later in 1893 Matabeleland after the First Matabele War. Company rule ended in 1923 with the establishment of Southern Rhodesia as a self-governing British colony. In 1965, the white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia. The state endured international isolation and a 15-year guerrilla war with black rebel forces; this culminated in a peace agreement that established de jure sovereignty as Zimbabwe in April 1980.\nRobert Mugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980; he was the President of Zimbabwe from 1987, after converting the country's initial parliamentary system into a presidential one (with the abolishment of direct presidential elections as of 2026 it is now an assembly independent system), until his resignation in 2017 following a coup. Under Mugabe's authoritarian regime, the state security apparatus dominated the country and was responsible for widespread human rights violations, which received worldwide condemnation. From 1997 to 2008, the economy experienced consistent decline (and in the latter years, hyperinflation), though it has since seen rapid growth after the use of currencies other than the Zimbabwean dollar was permitted. In 2017, in the wake of over a year of protests against his government as well as Zimbabwe's rapidly declining economy, a coup d'état resulted in Mugabe's resignation. Emmerson Mnangagwa has since served as Zimbabwe's president.", "contentHash": "77cb69dc6c787e4ddf86ce7809db797a4f4a149a6f2d0488f8e8943a1e0612b7", "publicationStatus": "research_only" } ] }